外文翻譯發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸問(wèn)題探討

畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯學(xué)院 (系)： 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 機(jī)械制造及自動(dòng)化 姓 名： 學(xué) 號(hào)： (用外文寫(xiě))外文出處： Discussion Pull Cylinder Engine 附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。 指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)：此翻譯文章簡(jiǎn)述發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的機(jī)理，分析造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的原因，并提出了防止拉缸的措施。翻譯用詞比較準(zhǔn)確，文筆也較為通順，為在以后工作中接觸英文資料打下了基礎(chǔ) 簽名： 年 月 日注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸問(wèn)題探討摘要 簡(jiǎn)述發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的機(jī)理，分析造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的原因，并提出了防止拉缸的措施。關(guān)鍵詞 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) 拉缸 預(yù)防措施發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在工作過(guò)程中常常遇到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸現(xiàn)象，所謂拉缸，就是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的活塞環(huán)或活塞與缸套的工作表面出現(xiàn)拉傷、拉毛、拉成溝槽的現(xiàn)象。拉缸具有相當(dāng)?shù)奈：Γ讜r(shí)缸套的的磨損率很高，最高可達(dá)正常的幾百倍，使活塞、活塞環(huán)及缸套的壽命大為降低，使活塞與缸套咬死，造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)損壞。因此，掌握拉缸形成的機(jī)理，認(rèn)真分析造成拉缸的原因，研究預(yù)防措施，對(duì)避免拉缸的產(chǎn)生具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義1 拉缸形成的機(jī)理 拉缸的機(jī)理，直觀地說(shuō)，就是活塞或活塞環(huán)與缸套之間局部產(chǎn)生高溫使環(huán)與缸套產(chǎn)生高溫熔蝕粘附，活塞與缸套之間的油膜中斷是產(chǎn)生拉缸的主要原因，活塞與缸套之間的油膜一旦中斷，則兩種金屬就產(chǎn)生干磨擦，由于高速的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的高溫會(huì)超過(guò)金屬的熔點(diǎn)，引起活塞、活塞環(huán)與缸套表面產(chǎn)生熔蝕粘附，活塞繼續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，兩表面熔蝕粘附點(diǎn)又被扯斷，產(chǎn)生拉缸。 2 造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的原因 2.1 超負(fù)荷 新機(jī)械或剛大修出廠的機(jī)械都存在一個(gè)合理的磨合期，磨合期內(nèi)不能全速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)速不應(yīng)大于標(biāo)定轉(zhuǎn)速的80%，由于在磨合階段，各配合面最有利的工作表面和潤(rùn)滑油膜還未形成，在這個(gè)階段就以大負(fù)荷工作，將造成過(guò)熱，局部產(chǎn)生高溫熔蝕粘附，形成拉缸。 2.2 活塞與缸套配合間隙過(guò)小 從密封角度來(lái)講，活塞與缸套配合間隙越小越好，但如果太小，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)，產(chǎn)生的高溫使活塞、活塞環(huán)、缸套受熱膨脹。由于活塞的膨脹系數(shù)比活塞環(huán)、缸套的膨脹系數(shù)大，因此，活塞受熱后的膨脹量比缸套膨脹量大，這樣將破壞活塞與缸套之間的油膜，導(dǎo)致拉缸。 2.3 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高 由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高，使活塞膨脹量過(guò)大，消除配合間隙，造成拉缸。造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高的原因主要有： (1) 冷卻系漏水、缺水 氣缸墊水道口沖壞或濕式缸套突出量不符合要求，以及濕式缸套水封圈老化或損壞都會(huì)造成冷卻水內(nèi)泄漏。散熱器遭腐蝕或破損，水管老化碰壞，水管接頭松動(dòng)，水泵水封損壞等，都會(huì)引起冷卻水外泄漏。另外，氣缸蓋本身鑄造有缺陷或使用不當(dāng)產(chǎn)生裂紋也會(huì)造成漏水，從而引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 (2) 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間超負(fù)荷使用 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間超負(fù)荷使用，將使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生大量的熱能，冷卻系統(tǒng)不能散去多余的熱量，這樣就維持不了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)正常的工作溫度，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生高溫。 (3) 節(jié)溫器失效，無(wú)大循環(huán) 節(jié)溫器的作用是控制水溫在一定范圍，在水溫較低時(shí)，節(jié)溫器關(guān)閉，水從節(jié)溫器直接經(jīng)旁通管流回冷卻水泵，不經(jīng)過(guò)散熱器，這就是冷卻水的小循環(huán)過(guò)程。當(dāng)水溫升到一定程度時(shí)，節(jié)溫器自動(dòng)打開(kāi)，水經(jīng)過(guò)散熱器循環(huán)，這就是冷卻水的大循環(huán)，如果節(jié)溫器失效，冷卻水無(wú)大循環(huán)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作產(chǎn)生多余的熱量就不能通過(guò)散熱器散發(fā)出去，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 (4) 冷卻水泵損壞強(qiáng)制冷卻水在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)水套和散熱器之間進(jìn)行循環(huán)靠的是冷卻水泵，冷卻水泵損壞，冷卻水就不能循環(huán)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)熱量也就沒(méi)法通過(guò)水循環(huán)散發(fā)到大氣中去，從而引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 (5) 水道或散熱器通風(fēng)受堵 水道受阻必將造成循環(huán)水量減少，從而影響到散熱量。散熱器通風(fēng)受堵，影響散熱器的有效散熱面積，有效散熱面積減少，散熱能力就下降，這些原因都會(huì)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的多余熱量得不到散發(fā)而造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 (6) 噴油提前角過(guò)小或噴油量過(guò)大 噴油提前角過(guò)小，使燃燒推后，造成補(bǔ)充燃燒量增加，噴油量過(guò)大使燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱量增加，這兩種情況都會(huì)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 3 機(jī)油不足 不按規(guī)定檢查機(jī)油量，或在工作過(guò)程因機(jī)油管松動(dòng)造成機(jī)油外漏，均可造成潤(rùn)滑油膜中斷，活塞與缸套表面失油，造成嚴(yán)重磨損，發(fā)生拉缸、燒連桿軸承等嚴(yán)重事故，特別是工作過(guò)程因機(jī)油外漏，沒(méi)有及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，將產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果。造成活塞與缸套表面機(jī)油供油不足的原因還有以下幾個(gè)主要方面： 3.1 潤(rùn)滑油路堵塞 當(dāng)潤(rùn)滑系長(zhǎng)期使用，沒(méi)有定期進(jìn)行清洗時(shí)，過(guò)多的雜質(zhì)會(huì)堵塞油路或機(jī)油濾清器，使循環(huán)油量不足。 3.2 活塞環(huán)與活塞邊緣刮油能力太強(qiáng) 刮油能力太強(qiáng)會(huì)把潤(rùn)滑油刮掉，造成潤(rùn)滑油不足。 3.3 機(jī)油變質(zhì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油變質(zhì)造成活塞與缸套之間的潤(rùn)滑條件惡化，磨損加快，引起拉缸，造成潤(rùn)滑油變質(zhì)的主要原因有：(1) 冷卻水、燃油因泄漏進(jìn)入下曲軸箱 (2) 塵埃過(guò)多混入下曲軸箱4 活塞銷與活塞裝配過(guò)緊活塞銷與活塞裝配過(guò)緊，使活塞產(chǎn)生變形，形成反橢圓，改變了正常的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙，形成局部間隙過(guò)小破壞油膜，引起干磨擦過(guò)熱拉缸。5 修理裝配錯(cuò)誤 修理裝配錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，漏裝活塞銷卡環(huán)或未完全裝入槽內(nèi)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在工作時(shí)活塞銷竄出刮傷缸套造成拉缸。安裝時(shí)清潔工作差，把金屬屑或硬物碎粒帶進(jìn)缸里，也會(huì)引起拉缸。另外，活塞環(huán)裝錯(cuò)、裝反、漏裝均可造成拉缸?；钊h(huán)有油環(huán)和氣環(huán)之分，油環(huán)主要是用來(lái)刮油，并使?jié)櫥途鶆蚍植荚诟滋變?nèi)表面上，改善缸套潤(rùn)滑條件。氣環(huán)主要是保證活塞與缸套的密封，氣環(huán)一般又設(shè)置一、二、三道。根據(jù)工作條件以及承受壓力的不同，各道氣環(huán)在材料選用和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方面有所不同，如果把活塞環(huán)裝錯(cuò)、裝反或漏裝，均有可能造成密封不嚴(yán)或是沒(méi)有刮油作用，使缸套內(nèi)表面潤(rùn)滑條件惡化，造成缺油引起拉缸。 6 活塞環(huán)折斷 活塞環(huán)折斷卡死在環(huán)槽內(nèi)，將使環(huán)失去彈性，加速缸套的磨損，引起拉缸。造成環(huán)折斷卡死的原因主要是環(huán)的開(kāi)口間隙過(guò)小、活塞在缸套中偏斜、燃燒不良，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)經(jīng)常處于爆燃的狀況下運(yùn)行。爆燃的高壓振動(dòng)沖擊力超過(guò)了環(huán)的材料的抗沖擊強(qiáng)度，引起活塞環(huán)折斷。其折斷一般發(fā)生在第一道環(huán)，其次是第二道環(huán)?；钊h(huán)卡死是由于燃燒時(shí)生成的積炭，尤其是竄機(jī)油或塵土、磨屑等堵塞在活塞環(huán)與環(huán)槽之間，使活塞環(huán)卡死在環(huán)槽中所致。 此外，活塞、活塞環(huán)、缸套的質(zhì)量及材料對(duì)拉缸也有一定的影響。 7 防止發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的措施 7.1 司機(jī)操作必須嚴(yán)格遵守操作規(guī)程起動(dòng)前，必須按規(guī)定檢查潤(rùn)滑油，冷卻水是否符合規(guī)定，不足時(shí)需補(bǔ)足，檢查判斷潤(rùn)滑油是否變質(zhì)，潤(rùn)滑油呈乳白色一般是進(jìn)水所致，潤(rùn)滑油變稀且有柴油味說(shuō)明進(jìn)了柴油，潤(rùn)滑油變質(zhì)應(yīng)查明原因，排除后更換潤(rùn)滑油。要嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行保養(yǎng)制度，按期進(jìn)行例保、一級(jí)保養(yǎng)和二級(jí)保養(yǎng)。 不超負(fù)荷作業(yè)。起動(dòng)后不猛加油門(mén)，尤其在寒冷的冬季，需經(jīng)低速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)幾分鐘后再起步運(yùn)行。 遇有異常情況，如機(jī)油壓力低，水溫高，有異常響聲等，應(yīng)及時(shí)排除，堅(jiān)持不帶病作業(yè)。 7.2 在修理裝配方面，必須嚴(yán)格遵守技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和工藝要求 對(duì)換新用的零配件必須逐個(gè)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，把不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的零配件剔除出去，不能認(rèn)為新產(chǎn)品就是合格的產(chǎn)品。 安裝缸套時(shí)，缸套要放平，壓力要作用在缸套正中，且慢慢加壓，勿用沖擊力。安裝完后進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，檢測(cè)缸套與活塞裝配間隙是否符合規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙。同樣，檢測(cè)活塞環(huán)與槽的邊隙、背隙、活塞環(huán)的端隙以及活塞銷與活座孔的裝配間隙是否符合規(guī)范要求，檢查活塞環(huán)是否有裂縫以及環(huán)的彈力是否符合要求，裝好環(huán)后能自由活動(dòng)，不得有卡滯現(xiàn)象。活塞環(huán)三隙（端隙、背隙、側(cè)隙）的檢查是組裝活塞連桿組的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，特別是端隙大小尤為重要，稍有不慎就可能造成拉缸，環(huán)端隙的檢查要按工藝要求進(jìn)行，檢查活塞環(huán)端隙的工藝要求是：將環(huán)放入缸套中，用活塞頂部將活塞環(huán)頂入缸套里，把環(huán)頂?shù)皆诨钊谐虄?nèi)最小直徑處測(cè)量，這樣測(cè)量的數(shù)據(jù)才準(zhǔn)確。認(rèn)真檢查活塞、連桿與曲軸安裝位置偏差情況、要求校正到符合技術(shù)規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 在市場(chǎng)上購(gòu)買(mǎi)的活塞，難辨優(yōu)劣，在裝配前最好進(jìn)行消除應(yīng)力處理，即將活塞放在60-80度的機(jī)油中加溫6小時(shí)，以消除應(yīng)力，使活塞穩(wěn)定后再裝配使用。 安裝活塞環(huán)時(shí)各道環(huán)必須裝準(zhǔn)位置，不能裝錯(cuò)、裝反、漏裝，注意方向性，扭曲環(huán)內(nèi)圓切口朝上，外圓切口朝下，有標(biāo)記的一面朝上，同時(shí)，在裝入缸套時(shí)必須清潔和加一定的潤(rùn)滑油，各道環(huán)口應(yīng)按規(guī)定錯(cuò)開(kāi)，第一道環(huán)開(kāi)口與曲軸軸線成45度，余下各道的開(kāi)口按90度、180度一一錯(cuò)開(kāi)。 裝配完畢，必須經(jīng)15小時(shí)左右的熱磨合，試車磨合時(shí)，應(yīng)先低速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，然后才中速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，應(yīng)注意響聲、機(jī)油壓力、水溫等情況，在確定無(wú)異常后，再投入生產(chǎn)。 總之，只要我們掌握造成拉缸的原因，科學(xué)地管理和正確使用，嚴(yán)格遵守操作規(guī)程，落實(shí)預(yù)防措施，就一定能減少甚至避免拉缸的發(fā)生。附件2：外文原文Discussion on the engine cylinder scoring 摘要簡(jiǎn)述發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的機(jī)理，分析造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的原因，并提出了防止拉缸的措施。 Abstract this paper pull-cylinder engine mechanism, analyze the reasons for the engine cylinder scoring and proposed measures to prevent the pull cylinder. 關(guān)鍵詞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) 拉缸 預(yù)防措施 Key words pull-cylinder engine of preventive measures 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在工作過(guò)程中常常遇到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸現(xiàn)象，所謂拉缸，就是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的活塞環(huán)或活塞與缸套的工作表面出現(xiàn)拉傷、拉毛、拉成溝槽的現(xiàn)象。 In the course of the engine is often encountered in the engine cylinder scoring phenomenon, the so-called pull-cylinder, that is, engine piston rings or piston and cylinder liner surface of the work injury, nap, pull into the groove phenomenon. 拉缸具有相當(dāng)?shù)奈：?，拉缸時(shí)缸套的的磨損率很高，最高可達(dá)正常的幾百倍，使活塞、活塞環(huán)及缸套的壽命大為降低，使活塞與缸套咬死，造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)損壞。 Pull cylinder considerable harm, pull the cylinder when the cylinder liner wear rate is high, up to several hundred times the normal, so that the piston, piston ring and cylinder liner greatly reduced life expectancy, so that the piston and cylinder liner bite, resulting in engine damage. 因此，掌握拉缸形成的機(jī)理，認(rèn)真分析造成拉缸的原因，研究預(yù)防措施，對(duì)避免拉缸的產(chǎn)生具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義 Therefore, the master cylinder pull forming mechanism, carefully analyze the reasons for pulling cylinder to study the preventive measures to avoid pull-cylinder produces an important guiding significance for 1拉缸形成的機(jī)理 1 The mechanism of the formation of a pull-cylinder 拉缸的機(jī)理，直觀地說(shuō)，就是活塞或活塞環(huán)與缸套之間局部產(chǎn)生高溫使環(huán)與缸套產(chǎn)生高溫熔蝕粘附，活塞與缸套之間的油膜中斷是產(chǎn)生拉缸的主要原因，活塞與缸套之間的油膜一旦中斷，則兩種金屬就產(chǎn)生干磨擦，由于高速的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的高溫會(huì)超過(guò)金屬的熔點(diǎn)，引起活塞、活塞環(huán)與缸套表面產(chǎn)生熔蝕粘附，活塞繼續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，兩表面熔蝕粘附點(diǎn)又被扯斷，產(chǎn)生拉缸。 Pull cylinder mechanism, intuitively, this means between piston or piston ring and cylinder liner locally generated heat to produce high-temperature melting ring and cylinder liner erosion adhesion between the piston and cylinder liner oil film disruption is to generate the main reason for pulling cylinder , oil film between the piston and cylinder liner, once interrupted, then the two metals to produce dry friction, high-speed relative motion due to the heat generated will exceed the melting point of metal, causing piston, piston ring and cylinder liner erosion surface of the melt adhesion, Pistons continue to exercise, the two adhesion points of the surface ablation was snapped, resulting in cylinder scoring. 2 造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的原因 2 cylinder causing the engine pulling the reasons for 2.1超負(fù)荷 2.1 Overload 新機(jī)械或剛大修出廠的機(jī)械都存在一個(gè)合理的磨合期，磨合期內(nèi)不能全速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)速不應(yīng)大于標(biāo)定轉(zhuǎn)速的80%，由于在磨合階段，各配合面最有利的工作表面和潤(rùn)滑油膜還未形成，在這個(gè)階段就以大負(fù)荷工作，將造成過(guò)熱，局部產(chǎn)生高溫熔蝕粘附，形成拉缸。 New machinery or just overhaul the mechanical factory there a reasonable run-in period, running-in period and can operate at full speed, speed should not exceed 80% of the speed calibration, since the run-in period, the mating surface of the most favorable working surface and lubricant film has not yet formed at this stage of large load of work, it will cause overheating and partial melting high-temperature corrosion resulting adhesion, the formation of pull-cylinder. 2.2活塞與缸套配合間隙過(guò)小 2.2 The gap with the piston and cylinder is too small 從密封角度來(lái)講，活塞與缸套配合間隙越小越好，但如果太小，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)，產(chǎn)生的高溫使活塞、活塞環(huán)、缸套受熱膨脹。 From the sealing point of view, the piston and cylinder with the gap as small as possible, but if too small, engine work, the resulting heat to the piston, piston rings, cylinder liner thermal expansion. 由于活塞的膨脹系數(shù)比活塞環(huán)、缸套的膨脹系數(shù)大，因此，活塞受熱后的膨脹量比缸套膨脹量大，這樣將破壞活塞與缸套之間的油膜，導(dǎo)致拉缸。 As the piston expansion coefficient than the piston ring, cylinder liner expansion coefficient, therefore, than the expansion of the piston cylinder after heat expansion of volume, which would undermine the oil film between the piston and cylinder liner, resulting in cylinder scoring. 2.3發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高 2.3 engine temperature is too high 由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高，使活塞膨脹量過(guò)大，消除配合間隙，造成拉缸。 As the engine temperature is too high, so that excessive expansion of the piston to eliminate with the gap, resulting in cylinder scoring. 造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高的原因主要有： Causing the engine temperature is too high main reasons are: (1) 冷卻系漏水、缺水 (1) cooling system leaks, water shortages 氣缸墊水道口沖壞或濕式缸套突出量不符合要求，以及濕式缸套水封圈老化或損壞都會(huì)造成冷卻水內(nèi)泄漏。 Cylinder Head Gasket water crossings washed out or highlight the amount of wet cylinder liner does not meet the requirements, as well as wet-aging or damaged cylinder seal ring will result in leakage of cooling water. 散熱器遭腐蝕或破損，水管老化碰壞，水管接頭松動(dòng)，水泵水封損壞等，都會(huì)引起冷卻水外泄漏。 Radiator has been corrosion or damage, aging of the pipe break something, plumbing joints loose, water pump seal damage and so on, would give rise to the cooling water that leaked. 另外，氣缸蓋本身鑄造有缺陷或使用不當(dāng)產(chǎn)生裂紋也會(huì)造成漏水，從而引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 In addition, the cylinder head casting itself is defective or improper use can also cause cracks leaking, causing the engine temperature is too high. (2) 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間超負(fù)荷使用 (2) the use of long overload 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間超負(fù)荷使用，將使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生大量的熱能，冷卻系統(tǒng)不能散去多余的熱量，這樣就維持不了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)正常的工作溫度，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生高溫。 Overload the engine a long time to use, the engine will generate a lot of heat, cooling system can not disperse the excess heat, so that the engine can not maintain the normal operating temperature, so that the engine produces heat. (3)節(jié)溫器失效，無(wú)大循環(huán) (3) The thermostat failed, no big loop 節(jié)溫器的作用是控制水溫在一定范圍，在水溫較低時(shí)，節(jié)溫器關(guān)閉，水從節(jié)溫器直接經(jīng)旁通管流回冷卻水泵，不經(jīng)過(guò)散熱器，這就是冷卻水的小循環(huán)過(guò)程。 The role of thermostat is to control the water temperature in a certain range, in the water temperature is low, the thermostat off, water from the thermostat directly through the bypass pipe flow back into the cooling water pump, not through the radiator, which is the cooling water-cycle process. 當(dāng)水溫升到一定程度時(shí)，節(jié)溫器自動(dòng)打開(kāi)，水經(jīng)過(guò)散熱器循環(huán)，這就是冷卻水的大循環(huán)，如果節(jié)溫器失效，冷卻水無(wú)大循環(huán)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作產(chǎn)生多余的熱量就不能通過(guò)散熱器散發(fā)出去，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 When the water temperature rose to a certain extent, the thermostat automatically open, the water circulating through the radiator, which is a large cycle of cooling water, if the thermostat fails, no big loop cooling water, the engine work of excess calories as heat can not be devices distributed out, the engine temperature is too high. (4) 冷卻水泵損壞 (4) cooling water pump is damaged 強(qiáng)制冷卻水在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)水套和散熱器之間進(jìn)行循環(huán)靠的是冷卻水泵，冷卻水泵損壞，冷卻水就不能循環(huán)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)熱量也就沒(méi)法通過(guò)水循環(huán)散發(fā)到大氣中去，從而引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 Forced cooling water in the engine water jacket and circulating between the radiator depends on the cooling water pump, cooling water pump is damaged, the cooling water is not circulating, the engine output also can not produce heat emitted to the atmosphere through the water cycle going, which led to the engine temperature too high. (5)水道或散熱器通風(fēng)受堵 (5) watercourse or by blocking the ventilation radiator 水道受阻必將造成循環(huán)水量減少，從而影響到散熱量。 Watercourse blocked will inevitably lead to reduced water circulation, which affects the heat dissipation. 散熱器通風(fēng)受堵，影響散熱器的有效散熱面積，有效散熱面積減少，散熱能力就下降，這些原因都會(huì)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的多余熱量得不到散發(fā)而造成發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 Cooler air by blocking, affecting the effective thermal radiator area, effective heat dissipation area of reduced ability to decrease heat dissipation, which would make the engine caused by excess heat is not distributed the engine temperature is too high. (6) 噴油提前角過(guò)小或噴油量過(guò)大 (6) injector fuel injection advance angle is too small or too large 噴油提前角過(guò)小，使燃燒推后，造成補(bǔ)充燃燒量增加，噴油量過(guò)大使燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱量增加，這兩種情況都會(huì)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)溫度過(guò)高。 Fuel injection advance angle is too small, so that combustion pushed back, resulting in increased complement combustion, fuel injection combustion heat generated by excessive increase in both cases will cause the engine temperature is too high. 3機(jī)油不足 3 oil shortage 不按規(guī)定檢查機(jī)油量，或在工作過(guò)程因機(jī)油管松動(dòng)造成機(jī)油外漏，均可造成潤(rùn)滑油膜中斷，活塞與缸套表面失油，造成嚴(yán)重磨損，發(fā)生拉缸、燒連桿軸承等嚴(yán)重事故，特別是工作過(guò)程因機(jī)油外漏，沒(méi)有及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，將產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重后果。 Do not check the oil quantity required, or in the work process due to loosening caused by oil leakage of oil pipes, can cause interruption of lubricating oil film, the surface loss of oil piston and cylinder, causing serious wear and tear, occurred pull cylinder, connecting rod bearings and other serious incidents burning , especially in the work process due to oil leakage, failure to make timely discovery, will have serious consequences. 造成活塞與缸套表面機(jī)油供油不足的原因還有以下幾個(gè)主要方面： Caused by the surface of the piston and the cylinder fuel supply shortage of oil because there are several main areas: 3.1 潤(rùn)滑油路堵塞 3.1 Lubrication plug 當(dāng)潤(rùn)滑系長(zhǎng)期使用，沒(méi)有定期進(jìn)行清洗時(shí)，過(guò)多的雜質(zhì)會(huì)堵塞油路或機(jī)油濾清器，使循環(huán)油量不足。 Lubrication System When the long-term use, there is no regular cleaning, excessive impurities will plug the oil line or oil filter, so that enough fuel cycles. 3.2 活塞環(huán)與活塞邊緣刮油能力太強(qiáng) 3.2 piston rings and piston scraping the edge of the oil capacity is too strong 刮油能力太強(qiáng)會(huì)把潤(rùn)滑油刮掉，造成潤(rùn)滑油不足。 Lubricating oil capacity is too strong will scratch scratch, resulting in insufficient lubricant. 3.3機(jī)油變質(zhì) 3.3 Oil metamorphic 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油變質(zhì)造成活塞與缸套之間的潤(rùn)滑條件惡化，磨損加快，引起拉缸，造成潤(rùn)滑油變質(zhì)的主要原因有： Degeneration caused by engine oil lubrication between the piston and cylinder liner deterioration in the terms, accelerated wear and tear caused pull-cylinder, resulting in deterioration of the main reasons oil are: (1)冷卻水、燃油因泄漏進(jìn)入下曲軸箱 (1) cooling water, fuel leaking into the next due to crankcase (2) 塵埃過(guò)多混入下曲軸箱 (2) mixed with too much dust under the crankcase 4 活塞銷與活塞裝配過(guò)緊 4 piston pin and piston assembly of tight 活塞銷與活塞裝配過(guò)緊，使活塞產(chǎn)生變形，形成反橢圓，改變了正常的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙，形成局部間隙過(guò)小破壞油膜，引起干磨擦過(guò)熱拉缸。 Piston pin and piston assembly too tight, so that the piston deformation, the formation of anti-oval, changing the normal standards of space, form a partial destruction of oil film clearance is too small, causing dry friction pull cylinder overheating. 5修理裝配錯(cuò)誤 5 repair assembly error 修理裝配錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，漏裝活塞銷卡環(huán)或未完全裝入槽內(nèi)，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在工作時(shí)活塞銷竄出刮傷缸套造成拉缸。 Repair assembly errors, and missed mounted piston pin snap ring or fully loaded tank, the engine piston pin sprang at work scratching caused by pulling cylinder liner. 安裝時(shí)清潔工作差，把金屬屑或硬物碎粒帶進(jìn)缸里，也會(huì)引起拉缸。 Installation, cleaning work is poor, the hard objects of metal scrap or crushed into the tank, can cause pulling cylinder. 另外，活塞環(huán)裝錯(cuò)、裝反、漏裝均可造成拉缸。 In addition, the piston rings installed wrong, install anti-, leakage may be caused by pulling cylinder installed. 活塞環(huán)有油環(huán)和氣環(huán)之分，油環(huán)主要是用來(lái)刮油，并使?jié)櫥途鶆蚍植荚诟滋變?nèi)表面上，改善缸套潤(rùn)滑條件。 Of oil and gas piston ring of the sub-ring, oil ring is mainly used to scrape oil, lubricants and to evenly distributed in the inner surface of the cylinder to improve the conditions for cylinder lubrication. 氣環(huán)主要是保證活塞與缸套的密封，氣環(huán)一般又設(shè)置一、二、三道。 Gas ring main is to ensure that the sealing piston and cylinder, gas ring in general has set up one, two, three. 根據(jù)工作條件以及承受壓力的不同，各道氣環(huán)在材料選用和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方面有所不同，如果把活塞環(huán)裝錯(cuò)、裝反或漏裝，均有可能造成密封不嚴(yán)或是沒(méi)有刮油作用，使缸套內(nèi)表面潤(rùn)滑條件惡化，造成缺油引起拉缸。 According to the working conditions as well as the pressure difference, the Tao gas ring in the material selection and structural design is different, if the piston rings installed wrong, or omitted to install anti-loaded, are likely to result in Mifengbuyan or no role in the oil scraper , so that the inner surface of cylinder liner lubrication condition deteriorated, resulting in short of oil caused by pull-cylinder. 6 活塞環(huán)折斷 6 piston ring broken 活塞環(huán)折斷卡死在環(huán)槽內(nèi)，將使環(huán)失去彈性，加速缸套的磨損，引起拉缸。 Broken piston ring stuck in the ring tank, will ring to lose flexibility, speed up the cylinder liner wear and tear, causing pulling cylinder. 造成環(huán)折斷卡死的原因主要是環(huán)的開(kāi)口間隙過(guò)小、活塞在缸套中偏斜、燃燒不良，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)經(jīng)常處于爆燃的狀況下運(yùn)行。 Caused by broken ring stuck due mainly to ring the opening gap is too small, the deflection piston in the cylinder, burning bad, so often in the engine running under deflagration conditions. 爆燃的高壓振動(dòng)沖擊力超過(guò)了環(huán)的材料的抗沖擊強(qiáng)度，引起活塞環(huán)折斷。 Deflagration of the high-pressure vibrating ring impact than the material impact strength, caused by broken piston rings. 其折斷一般發(fā)生在第一道環(huán)，其次是第二道環(huán)。 Its breaking generally occurs in the first ring, followed by the second ring. 活塞環(huán)卡死是由于燃燒時(shí)生成的積炭，尤其是竄機(jī)油或塵土、磨屑等堵塞在活塞環(huán)與環(huán)槽之間，使活塞環(huán)卡死在環(huán)槽中所致。 Stuck piston ring is due to combustion-generated carbon deposition, particularly in channeling oil or dust, debris and other plug in between the piston and ring groove, so that piston rings stuck in the ring slot due. 此外，活塞、活塞環(huán)、缸套的質(zhì)量及材料對(duì)拉缸也有一定的影響。 In addition, piston, piston rings, cylinder liner quality and materials on the pull-cylinder also has a certain impact. 7 防止發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)拉缸的措施 7 of measures to prevent the engine cylinder scoring 7.1 司機(jī)操作必須嚴(yán)格遵守操作規(guī)程 7.1 and drivers to strictly observe the operational procedures 起動(dòng)前，必須按規(guī)定檢查潤(rùn)滑油，冷卻水是否符合規(guī)定，不足時(shí)需補(bǔ)足，檢查判斷潤(rùn)滑油是否變質(zhì)，潤(rùn)滑油呈乳白色一般是進(jìn)水所致，潤(rùn)滑油變稀且有柴油味說(shuō)明進(jìn)了柴油，潤(rùn)滑油變質(zhì)應(yīng)查明原因，排除后更換潤(rùn)滑油。 Starting before they are required inspection of lubricating oil, cooling water to check for compliance, required to make up for insufficient check to determine whether the deterioration oil, lubricating oil is milky white water is generally caused by thinning and lubricating oil shows a diesel smell into the diesel oil, lubricating oil deterioration causes should be identified, removed, replace the oil. 要嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行保養(yǎng)制度，按期進(jìn)行例保、一級(jí)保養(yǎng)和二級(jí)保養(yǎng)。 To strictly enforce the maintenance of the system, scheduled for cases of insurance, maintenance and a maintenance 2. 不超負(fù)荷作業(yè)。 Do not overload operation. 起動(dòng)后不猛加油門(mén)，尤其在寒冷的冬季，需經(jīng)低速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)幾分鐘后再起步運(yùn)行。 Meng did not start after refueling door, especially in the cold winter, subject to a few minutes and then started to run low-speed operation. 遇有異常情況，如機(jī)油壓力低，水溫高，有異常響聲等，應(yīng)及時(shí)排除，堅(jiān)持不帶病作業(yè)。 The event of unusual circumstances, such as low oil pressure, water temperature high, abnormal noise, etc., should be promptly removed, insisted on not sick job. 7.2 在修理裝配方面，必須嚴(yán)格遵守技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和工藝要求 7.2 In the repair of assembly, it should be strict compliance with technical standards and technological requirements 對(duì)換新用的零配件必須逐個(gè)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，把不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的零配件剔除出去，不能認(rèn)為新產(chǎn)品就是合格的產(chǎn)品。 Spare parts for new ones to be used to detect one by one, to remove non-compliant spare parts to go out and can not believe that the new product is qualified product. 安裝缸套時(shí)，缸套要放平，壓力要作用在缸套正中，且慢慢加壓，勿用沖擊力。 Install cylinder, the cylinder should be flat, the pressure to the role of the middle of the cylinder, and slowly pressurized, do not use impact. 安裝完后進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，檢測(cè)缸套與活塞裝配間隙是否符合規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)間隙。 After you install, testing, testing whether the cylinder and piston assembly clearance gap meet the required standards. 同樣，檢測(cè)活塞環(huán)與槽的邊隙、背隙、活塞環(huán)的端隙以及活塞銷與活座孔的裝配間隙是否符合規(guī)范要求，檢查活塞環(huán)是否有裂縫以及環(huán)的彈力是否符合要求，裝好環(huán)后能自由活動(dòng)，不得有卡滯現(xiàn)象。 Similarly, the detection of piston ring and groove side clearance, backlash, piston ring end gap and piston pin hole with live seat assembly clearance compliance with regulatory requirements, check whether there are cracks as well as the piston ring elastic compliance requirements, install a good Central, can be freely, without catching the phenomenon. 活塞環(huán)三隙（端隙、背隙、側(cè)隙）的檢查是組裝活塞連桿組的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，特別是端隙大小尤為重要，稍有不慎就可能造成拉缸，環(huán)端隙的檢查要按工藝要求進(jìn)行，檢查活塞環(huán)端隙的工藝要求是：將環(huán)放入缸套中，用活塞頂部將活塞環(huán)頂入缸套里，把環(huán)頂?shù)皆诨钊谐虄?nèi)最小直徑處測(cè)量，這樣測(cè)量的數(shù)據(jù)才準(zhǔn)確。 Piston Ring Gap 3 (terminal gaps, backlash, backlash) in check is the piston rod assembly of a focus group, in particular the end-gap size is particularly important at the slightest mistake could result in pull-cylinder, ring end gap of the inspection should carried out according to process requirements, check the piston ring end gap of the process requirements are: the ring into the cylinder, the piston ring with the piston at the top of the roof into the cylinder where the top ring to the piston stroke measured at the smallest diameter, so that measurement data are correct. 認(rèn)真檢查活塞、連桿與曲軸安裝位置偏差情況、要求校正到符合技術(shù)規(guī)范標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 Carefully check the piston, connecting rod and crankshaft installation position deviation, demand technical specifications that meet standards for calibration. 在市場(chǎng)上購(gòu)買(mǎi)的活塞，難辨優(yōu)劣，在裝配前最好進(jìn)行消除應(yīng)力處理，即將活塞放在60-80度的機(jī)油中加溫6小時(shí)，以消除應(yīng)力，使活塞穩(wěn)定后再裝配使用。 In the market to buy the piston, is hard to determine strengths and weaknesses, in the best pre-assembled to eliminate the stress treatment, about 60-80 degrees on the piston heating oil in 6 hours, in order to eliminate the stress, so that the piston assembly and stability before use. 安裝活塞環(huán)時(shí)各道環(huán)必須裝準(zhǔn)位置，不能裝錯(cuò)、裝反、漏裝，注意方向性，扭曲環(huán)內(nèi)圓切口朝上，外圓切口朝下，有標(biāo)記的一面朝上，同時(shí)，在裝入缸套時(shí)必須清潔和加一定的潤(rùn)滑油，各道環(huán)口應(yīng)按規(guī)定錯(cuò)開(kāi)，第一道環(huán)開(kāi)口與曲軸軸線成45度，余下各道的開(kāi)口按90度、180度一一錯(cuò)開(kāi)。 When installing the piston rings must be installed with a position where the Tao can not be installed wrong, loaded trans, drain installation, pay attention to directions, twist ring round incision upward, cylindrical cut down, marked side facing up, at the same time, in the loaded cylinder m