(江蘇專用)2019高考英語二輪增分策略 專題五 書面表達 第二節(jié) 分類突破 二 段落概括的9大技巧課件.ppt
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二、段落概括的9大技巧,專題五第二節(jié)分類突破,讀寫任務型寫作中,開頭的30詞的段落概括是一篇好的書面表達的開始。我們必須從文體入手,分析文章結構,準確把握要點,注意區(qū)分事實和觀點、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關與不相關、原因和結果等邏輯關系。在概括文章時,可考慮命題人提供的寫作內容,因為它能夠幫助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要點的速度與準確性。1.概括的標準:瞄準目的,省卻細節(jié),拋棄例子。2.概括的寫作步驟:(1)確定主題句;(2)尋找關鍵詞;(3)重構主題句;(4)重組支撐句。,3.注意概括段落的文體(1)對于故事性、記敘性的文體:要找出文中的時間、地點、人物、事件(過程)、原因、結果(影響、感悟、啟發(fā)、啟迪、結論)。即when,where,who,what,why,how。(2)對于議論文,轉述時則要準確而全面地概括作者的觀點和態(tài)度。①在文中找關鍵詞(主題字眼);②找出涉及主題的問題(作者看法);③找出相關問題的解決辦法。可以借助相關過渡詞,恰當?shù)馗爬ㄎ恼乱c,切勿照抄原文句子。,4.如何寫主題句進行讀寫任務型寫作時,因“寫作內容”所列要點的順序已具有內在的邏輯性,所以考生按照所給內容要點順序寫作即可,無需重新調整。一般是每個寫作要點安排一段,且將寫作內容的每個要點作為各段的主題句,放在句首。這樣既符合英語的寫作習慣,又可以避免寫作時跑題或漏掉要點,并且層次分明,方便閱卷老師落實要點是否齊全。當然,如果所給要點之間有非常緊密的聯(lián)系,也可以安排在同一段內。,,微技能突破,,隨堂限時練,內容索引,微技能突破,微技能(一)直接翻譯對不含提問性質的要點,一般將其譯成英語即可,必要時可增加關聯(lián)詞。例如:1.其他督促學生認真學習的辦法。However,thereareotherwaystomakestudentsworkhard.2.中學生活和大學生活的差別。Frommypointofview,thecollegelifewillbedifferentfromthelifeinhighschool.,微技能(二)回答要點主題句對要點提問作出明確回答。例如:1.要點:學生的壓力來源是什么?Nowadays,studentsareundergreatpressure,whichmainlyesfromtheirschoolworkaswellaspeerrelationship.2.要點:在小孩幾歲的時候教他們理財?用什么形式理財?Ithinkfivetosixisanappropriateagetobeginteachingchildrenmoneymanagementskills.Parentsmayacpanytheirchildrentothebankandhelpthemopenanaccountinwhichtheycansavetheirluckymoney.,微技能(三)明確觀點對帶有一般問句性質、要求考生作出肯定或否定回答的要點,考生要明確表示支持還是反對、贊同還是不贊同、該還是不該等,或表明會不會做某事。例如:1.你是否也埋怨過父母。Asforme,Ialwaysplainaboutmyparents’highexpectationonmeandtheirignoringmyrealfeelings.,2.你是否贊同“狼爸”式的教育,并陳述你的理由。PersonallyIdisapproveofwhatisadvocatedinthebookentitled“That’sWhyTheyGotoPekingUniversity”,becauseIwonderwhethertheadmissiontoaprestigiousuniversityhasbeetheonlymarkerofsuccessinmostparents’mind,orrather,afullstoptoparentalduties.,微技能(四)“重要”表達如果要點是“談談……的重要性”,主題句則為“……有重要作用”;如果要點是“談談……有何重要意義”,主題句則為“……很有意義”等。說明必要、重要或意義的常用表達有:1.Weshouldattachmoreimportancetosth.2.Itisimportant/significantforsb.todosth.3.sth.playsaveryimportantrole/partin...4.sth.isplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlife.,5.Peopleareingtorealizetheimportanceof...6.Thesignificanceof...cannotbeovervalued.例如:1.談談獨立的重要性。Inspiredbythestory,Isuddenlyrealizedtheimportanceofindependence.2.談談在危急的狀況下保持鎮(zhèn)靜的重要意義。Firstofall,keepingcalminanemergencyisofgreatsignificance.,微技能(五)表明看法對“你對……的看法/態(tài)度”之類的寫作要點,考生可用inmyopinion/view,personally,asfarasI’mconcerned等開頭,直接表明自己的看法。例如:1.你對父母溺愛孩子的看法。Inmyopinion,overprotectionandtoomuchcareareextremelybadforchildren’sdevelopment.2.我對大學擴招的看法。Frommypointofview,thistendencyshouldbecontinued,asweneedmorecapablepeopletocontributetothefast-growingeconomy.,微技能(六)引出經(jīng)歷由別人的經(jīng)歷引出自己的經(jīng)歷時可用以下句型來表達:1.Itremindsmeofthetimewhen...2.Itremindsmeofanaccidentwhichhappenedseveraldaysago.3.Afterreadingthestoryabove,Irecalltheexperienceofmyfriendwho...4.Thestoryaboveremindsmeofoneofmyexperiences...,例如:1.講述一次你(或你的朋友)想家的經(jīng)歷(時間、地點和起因)。Sam’sstoryremindsmeofmysimilarexperience.2.你(或你同學)的一次車禍經(jīng)歷。Ialsoexperiencedasimilarcaraccident.,題組過關1根據(jù)所給要點寫出每個段落的主題句1.要點:發(fā)脾氣的害處。______________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.要點:我們能以木匠建房的態(tài)度去對待我們的生活嗎?________________________________________________________,Asweknow,gettingangrynotonlydoesharmtoone’shealth,butalsohasabadeffectontherelationshipbetweenpeople.,答案,Innowayshouldwetreatourlifeinthewaylikethecarpenter.,3.要點:作為校方應該采取哪些措施避免此類悲劇(校園安全問題)的發(fā)生。________________________________________________________________________4.要點:你是否支持該校長的做法,并陳述理由。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,Morelecturesshouldbeheldonsafetytoenhancestudents’awarenessoftheissue.,答案,I’mpletelyforwhattheheadmasterdid.Onlywhenstudentsbehavewellcantheycreateagoodenvironmentforstudy,soit’snecessarytosuspendthemisbehavedstudentsandhelpthemtobehavewell.,5.要點:北大不應該拒絕游客。____________________________________________________________________________________________6.要點:越來越多的人又開始騎自行車的原因。___________________________________________________________________,ItsurprisesmetolearnthatPekingUniversityshutsitsdoortogrouptours,whichseemsinappropriate.,答案,Nowadays,moreandmorepeopleridebicycles.Themainreasonisthat...,7.要點:你是否贊成文中對出國游學的看法?_____________________________________________________________8.要點:日常生活中為了保護環(huán)境我們還可以做些什么?____________________________________________________________________________________,Icouldn’tagreemorewiththeauthor./Itotallyagreewiththeauthor.,答案,Ashighschoolstudents,wearesupposedtomakegreateffortstohelpprotectourenvironment.,微技能(七)要素串聯(lián)法對記敘文進行概括時,要抓住原文的人物、事件、結果三大要素。有些記敘文的結尾有一個點題句,表達深刻內涵或故事帶給人們的啟示,在寫概要時也需把故事寓意表達出來。1.尋詞摘句,確定要素:記敘文通常包含時間(when)、地點(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)、起因(why)、經(jīng)過(how)等六大要素。在閱讀時要圈定這些要素。2.整合信息,串聯(lián)要素:列出上述要素和關鍵詞后,需要對其進行整合,把所圈定的要素按一定的邏輯順序,在整合時要有所取舍,對于能揭示主題的主要信息,應該全部概括;而對于主題之外的內容要毫不吝嗇地舍棄。,3.認真審題,注意表達:表達時要注意以下三點:(1)確定人稱:如果原文是第一人稱,在轉述時一般要改為第三人稱。(2)確定時態(tài):記敘文以一般過去時為主。若記敘文中有作者從中得到的“啟示”或“意義”等,一般用一般現(xiàn)在時表達。(3)確定詞數(shù)與句數(shù):概要要求是“以約30個詞概括”,滿分作文概括的詞數(shù)在26~38個單詞之間。受詞數(shù)限制,概括部分一般用1~3句表達,以用兩句最佳,句子過多,要么內容累贅,要么句式過于簡單,均會影響表達效果。注意:故事性閱讀材料,應該用最簡練的語言來說明故事講述了什么,不能拖泥帶水,而且最好講述該故事給你的啟示或其中的一個道理。,題組過關2閱讀下面短文,然后以約30個詞概括下文的主要內容,并按要求寫出步驟。Afathercamehomefromworklate,tiredandexhausted.Heworkeddayandnighthopingtoearnmoremoneyforhisonlychild.His5-year-olddaughterwaswaitingforhimatthedoor.“Dad,howmuchdoyouearnanhour?”askedthedaughter.,“Whydoyouaskthat?”“Ijustwanttoknow.Pleasetellmehowmuchyouearnanhour.”“Ifyoureallywanttoknow...Iearn$20anhour.”“Oh,”thelittlegirlrepliedwithherheaddown.Lookingupshesaid,“Dad,mayIborrow$10?”Thefatherbecameangry.“Gotobedrightnow!Thinkabouthowselfishyouare!Iworkhardeverydaybutyoujustwanttobuyyoursillytoy!”,Thelittlegirlquietlywenttoherbedroomfeelingsad.Afteranhourorsothefathercalmeddownandstartedtofeelsorrybecauseshereallydidn’taskformoneyveryoften.Sohewenttohisdaughter’sroomandgaveher$10.Thelittlegirljumpedfromthebed.“Oh,thankyouDad!”Shewasreallyhappyindeed.Thenshetookoutherownsavingsandsaid,“Dad,Ihave$20now.CanIbuyanhourofyourtime?Pleaseehomeearliertomorrow.Iwouldliketohavedinnerwithyou.”,第一步:圈定本文的要素,agirlandherfather,答案,atthetimewhenherfathercamehomefromwork,athome,Thegirlborrowed$10fromherfatherandwantedtobuyanhourfromherfather.,第二步:確定人稱和時態(tài)1.人稱:;2.時態(tài):。第三步:串聯(lián)要素,確定表達_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,第三人稱,答案,一般過去時,Inthepassage,alittlegirlaskedherfather,whooftencamehomelatefromhardwork,howmuchheearnedanhour.Thensheborrowedsomemoneyfromherfatherandaskedhimtosellonehourofhistimetoacpanyher.,微技能(八)中心詞挖掘法說明性短文,用概括的文字介紹或說明某種事物的性質功用或社會現(xiàn)象。所以我們碰到這樣的文體,可以用中心詞挖掘法。,題組過關3閱讀下面短文,寫出文章關鍵詞,然后以約30個詞歸納文章大意。WelebacktoModernParenting.We’vealreadytalkedaboutbeingopenandhonestwithyourkids,butthereisonethingthatallgoodparentsdo,andit’ssurprisinglysimple:readtoyourkids.Studiesshowthatchildrenarebetterpreparedforschoolandtendtogetbettergradeslateroniftheirparentsmakeahabitofreadingtothemfromayoungage.,OnestudyfromHarvardUniversityfoundthatthenumberofbooksinthehomewasthesinglebiggestfactorrelatedtosuccessinschool,morethantheeducationorineoftheparents!Readingisfun,anditcanbeanimportantpartofrelaxingatbedtime.Bestofall,itgivesparentsanopportunitytomunicatewiththeirchildrenandteachthemabouttheworld.It’snevertooearlytostartreadingtoyourchildren.Manyparentsbuybooksfortheirkidslongbeforetheycantalk,andsomeevenstartreadingtotheirchildrenbeforetheyareborn!Tripstothelibraryorthebookstorecanbefunactivitiesforyoungfamiliestodotogether.,Soparents,ifyouarewonderingwhattodowithyourkidstonight,remember:allyouneedisagoodbook!That’sallforModernParenting.ThisisLesley,on105.7FM,sayinggoodnight.1.關鍵詞:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________,答案,readtoyourkids;bebetterfor;ahabitofreading;thebiggestfactor;success;opportunity;municatewith;activities,2.根據(jù)以上關鍵詞提示,請歸納文章大意:我們可以用這樣的句式:(1)Thepassageintroduces...tous,especiallyits...,fromwhichweknow...(2)Thepassagetellsus...,including...(方法1),...(方法2),and...(方法3).(3)Thepassagepointsoutthat..._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,答案,Theprogramintroducesasimplewaytoparents:readtotheirchildrenasearlyaspossible,whichisvitaltochildren’spersonalgrowth,academicachievementsandmunicationwithparents.,微技能(九)主題概括法1.找出關鍵詞和主題句任何議論文包括論點、論據(jù)、論證三部分,所以在寫議論文的摘要時也要扣住這三大要素。議論文是圍繞某個主題展開的,因此,許多文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現(xiàn)的中心詞,即高頻詞,也叫做主題詞。抓住了它,便容易抓住文章的中心。一般來說,主題詞通常是名詞、動詞或形容詞。,議論文通常用來講明道理、議論是非、提出觀點或看法。作者先正面或反面提出論點,然后用事實論證論點,最后以重申論點或提出建議的方式得出結論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段,或者在各段的首句或尾句。2.根據(jù)關鍵詞和主題句進行概括根據(jù)圈定的關鍵詞和主題句進行改寫,用相應的同義詞進行替換或進行句型轉換,千萬不能原封不動地抄寫原文。,3.整合要點,限制詞數(shù)用相應的連詞對各要點進行連接,使其連貫,整合中心要點,使用形容詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語合并、簡化句子,使之符合概括短文內容要點的詞數(shù)(30個詞左右)。,題組過關4閱讀下面短文,然后以約30個詞概括下文的主要內容。Ifyouaskpeoplewhatmakesthemhappy,youwillprobablygetmanydifferentanswers,buttherearetwofundamentalthingsthatwillensurehappiness.,Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.Whenyoufeellikeyouareimprovingyourlife,that’swhenyouarehappy.Itdoesn’tnecessarilymeanthatyouhavetoconstantlybuybiggerandbetterthings.Youneedtofeellikeyouaregrowingonapersonallevel.Youneedtoknowthattheessenceofwhoyouareiscontinuallyimprovinginsomeway.Keeplookingforwaystomakeyourselfbettertodaythanyouwereyesterday.Thiscanmeandifferentthingstodifferentpeoplebutthepointisthatyouhavetofeellikeyouareimprovingandgettingbetterasahumanbeingastimegoesby.,Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.Everyonewantstobelievethattheyareputheretodosomethinggreat.Aslongasyouknowthatbyyourbeinghere,bydoingwhatyouaredoing,youarehelpingsomeonesomewhere,itwillbringyouhappiness.Thesearetwowaysofhowtofindhappiness.Arethesetheonlyanswerstowhatmakespeoplehappy?Thatdependsonhowyoudefinehappiness.,第一步:圈定文章的關鍵詞和主題句1.關鍵詞:______________________________________________2.主題句:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________第二步:根據(jù)文章大意可知本文為“觀點對比式議論文”1.人們的觀點:_______________________________________________________2.作者的觀點:_______________________________________,答案,happy,differentanswers;twofundamentalthings,Thefirstpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisgrowth.,Thesecondpartofwhatmakespeoplehappyisthesenseofcontribution.,Peoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthem,Happinessesfromfundamentalsources.,happy.,第三步:整合要點,確定答案___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,答案,Whilepeoplehavedifferentopinionsaboutwhatmakesthemhappy,thewriterthinksthathappinessesfromfundamentalsources:theimprovementofone’slifeandthesenseofcontribution.,隨堂限時練,【1】閱讀下面短文,寫出記敘文的六大要素,并連成一段30詞左右的段落大意。TheBestGiftDellaandJimbrokeawayfromtheirfamiliestogetmarried.Nowtheylivedinasmallatticofacoldandoldbuilding.Theywerenowdigestingthehardshipoflife.Theonlyjoywastheirsweetloveforeachother.Thehandsomehusbandhadtobeburdenedwithafamilythoughhewasyoung.Thebeautifulwifetookcareoftheshabbyhousewiththefewcoinsshesaved.,Christmaswasing.Theywerethinkingofagoodgiftforeachother.Dellaworeawaterfallofblackhair,butherbwasbroken.Jimhadagoldwatchwithanoldchain,whichwaspassedfromhisoldgrandfather.Thebigdayfinallycame.Onarrivinghome,JimwassurprisedtofindDella’slonghaircutshort.ButDellawasalsosurprisedtofindJim’sgoldwatchgone.Shehadsoldherhairtobuyagoldwatchchainforhim!Hehadsoldhisgoldwatchtobuyanexpensivebforher!Thegiftswerenowuseless.Butinfacttheygotthebestgifts.,thetruelovebetweenacouple,DellaandJim.Theybothsacrificedtheirmostvaluablethingstobuytheirpartneragifttofulfilltheirlittledreams,Thepassageisabout____________________________________________________________________________________________________.,答案,DellaandJim,asmallattic,beforeChristmas,buygiftsforeachother,selltheirpreciousthings,lovebetweenthem,【2】閱讀下面短文,并用30詞左右來概括段落大意。Aboyfoundaneagle’seggandheputitinthenestofahen.Theeaglehatchedandthoughthewasachicken.Hegrewupdoingwhatchickensdid—scratchingforfoodandflyingshortdistances.Itwasadulllife.Graduallytheeaglegrewolderandbitter.Onedayheandhischickenfriendssawabeautifulbirdsoaringonthecurrentsofair,highabovethemountains.,“Oh,IwishIcouldflylikethat!”saidtheeagle.Thechickenreplied,“Don’tgiveitanotherthought.That’sthemighty(強大的)eagle,thekingofallbirds—youcouldneverbelikehim!”Andtheeagledidn’tgiveitanotherthought.Hewentoncacklingandplainingaboutlife.Hediedthinkinghewasaprairiechicken.,Myfriends,youwerebornaneagletoo.TheCreatorintendedyoutobeaneagle,sodon’tlistentothechickens!__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,Hatchedbyahen,aneaglelivedlikeachicken.Hewantedtoflylikeaneaglebutwasdiscouragedbyhisfellows.Eventuallyhediedbitterlywithoutknowinghehimselfwasaneagle.,答案,【3】閱讀下面短文,并用30詞左右的段落大意來概括。Honestymeansspeakingthetruthandbeingfair.Honestyisagoodvirtue.Ifyouarehonestallthetime,you’llbetrustedandrespectedbyothers.Aliarisalwayslookeddownuponandregardedasablacksheepbythepeoplearound.Onceyoulie,peoplewillneverbelieveyouevenifyouspeakthetruth.,However,nowadaysitseemsthatmoreandmorepeoplebelieveinmoneyatthesacrificeofhonesty.Tothem,amongsuchthingsashealth,beauty,money,intelligence,honesty,reputationandtalent,honestyistheonlythingthatcanbethrownaway.Theydon’tunderstandorpretendnottounderstandthathonestyisthebiggestfortuneforhumans,andthatitisnecessarytodoeverythingwell.,Inshort,honestyisgold.Honest,yourreputationwillbeegreat;dishonest,yournamewillbespoiled.Therefore,weshouldnevermakesuchanexcuseas“Alittledishonestyisonlyaslightthing.”Weshouldremoveimmediatelytheseedofdishonestyonceit’ssowedinourminds.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,Itisknownthathonestyplaysanimportantroleinourlife,whichcancontributetooursuccessandearnusrespectfromothers.Therefore,honestyisofvitalimportanceandbringspeoplebenefits.,答案,【4】閱讀下面短文,并用30詞左右的段落大意來概括。Thereisnodoubtthatacademicstudyisanimportantpartoftheschooldays.However,itisnottheonlythingthatstudentsshouldbelearning.Schoolsshouldalsobeteachingstudentscertainlifeskillssothattheygraduate.Followingthisreasoning,Ibelievethatphysicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday.,Physicalexercisewillbenefitstudentsinmanyways.Firstofall,regularexerciseisanimportantpartofahealthylifestyle.However,withtheirbusyschedules,manystudentsmaynothavetheopportunitytoexerciseathomeandtheymaybeeweaker.Ifschoolsallowstudentstodosomephysicalactivityeveryday,theywillbehappierandhealthierstudents.Second,doingsomesportsduringtheschooldaywillgivethestudentsabreakandallowthemtorelaxtheirminds.Theywillbeabletoreturntotheirstudiesrefreshedandwithmoreenergytolearn.,Asfitnessissuchanimportantingredientofsuccess,Ibelievethatschoolsshouldrequirestudentstoengageinsomephysicalactivitieseveryday.Itwillbegoodnotonlyfortheirbodies,butalsofortheirminds.Happierandhealthierstudentswilldobetterattheiracademicstudiesandinlife._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________,Theauthorarguesthatdailyphysicalexerciseisnecessaryforstudents,becausetheywillbenefitalotinmanyways.Additionally,thewritersuggeststhatschoolshouldencouragestudentstotakesomeexerciseeveryday.,答案,- 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