(江蘇專用)2019高考英語(yǔ)二輪增分策略 專題三 閱讀理解 第二節(jié) 分類突破 十一 主旨大意-文章 段落大意題課件.ppt
《(江蘇專用)2019高考英語(yǔ)二輪增分策略 專題三 閱讀理解 第二節(jié) 分類突破 十一 主旨大意-文章 段落大意題課件.ppt》由會(huì)員分享,可在線閱讀,更多相關(guān)《(江蘇專用)2019高考英語(yǔ)二輪增分策略 專題三 閱讀理解 第二節(jié) 分類突破 十一 主旨大意-文章 段落大意題課件.ppt(44頁(yè)珍藏版)》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。
十一、主旨大意——文章/段落大意題,專題三第二節(jié)分類突破,,真題感悟,,名師點(diǎn)津,內(nèi)容索引,,隨堂限時(shí)練,真題感悟,(2018江蘇,B)Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted(享有)aspecialmeatsoupcalledconsomm.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze’schainshopsalsosetanewstandardfordiningout,whichhelpedtoestablishRozeastheinventorofthemodernrestaurant.,Today,scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchaboutrestaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeat:dinersservedthemselvesabout20percentmorepasta(意大利面食)whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.Whenadark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customersrecognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.Lightingmatters,too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness,theycouldn’ttellhowmuchthey’dhad:thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller,andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.,Timeismoney,butthatprinciplemeansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypesofrestaurants.Unlikefast-foodplaces,finediningshopsprefercustomerstostaylongerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:putonsomeMozart(莫扎特).Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohaveaneffect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender(薰衣草)stayedlongerandspentmorethanthosewhosmelledlemon,ornoscent.,Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—“bad”tables,crowding,highprices—don’tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables—nexttothekitchendoor,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthatrestaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout‘bad’tables”,giventhatthey’reprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfoundthattheyincreasedarestaurant’sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublingabuffet’spriceledcustomerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.,語(yǔ)篇解讀,語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。它主要通過(guò)引入現(xiàn)代餐館的鼻祖馬蒂蘭羅茲制訂的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以及學(xué)者對(duì)于餐館的研究來(lái)介紹現(xiàn)代餐館在經(jīng)營(yíng)中影響食客消費(fèi)的幾個(gè)要素:視覺(jué)要素(餐具、燈光)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)要素(音樂(lè))、嗅覺(jué)要素(氣味)、其他要素(桌位、擁擠程度和價(jià)格)。素材旨在通過(guò)現(xiàn)代餐館的經(jīng)營(yíng)理念,讓考生了解西方現(xiàn)代餐館的經(jīng)營(yíng)之道。,58.Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoodqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided,解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段中的“...thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse,butwerenonethewiser—theydidn’tfeelfuller...”可知,那些被給以大份飯菜的食客比其他人吃得多,但他們沒(méi)有飽腹感,這說(shuō)明在黑暗的就餐環(huán)境下,食客并沒(méi)有意識(shí)到自己比平時(shí)吃得多,所以nonethewiser意為“不清楚,不知道”。故選A項(xiàng)。,答案,解析,√,59.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?A.Playingclassicalmusic.B.Introducinglemonscent.C.Makingthelightbrighter.D.Usingplatesoflargersize.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,dinersspentmore.”可知,當(dāng)演奏古典音樂(lè)而不是流行音樂(lè)的時(shí)候,食客們會(huì)花更多的錢(qián)。spentmore就是對(duì)題干中makemoreprofit的語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)化。故選A項(xiàng)。,√,答案,解析,60.Whatdoesthelastparagraphtalkabout?A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.C.Waystoimproverestaurants’reputation.D.Commonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.,√,答案,解析,解析段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段首句“Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—‘bad’tables,crowding,highprices—don’tnecessarily.”可知,你可能認(rèn)為會(huì)打消你消費(fèi)的念頭的東西——位置“不好”的桌位、擁擠和價(jià)格高——未必如此(指在某些人看來(lái),這些不利因素未必不會(huì)帶來(lái)利潤(rùn)的增加)。由此可知,作者認(rèn)為這些對(duì)于餐館的常見(jiàn)的觀點(diǎn)是一種誤解,故選D項(xiàng)。,名師點(diǎn)津,一、文章大意題的題型解讀說(shuō)明文、記敘文、議論文三種文體涉及的多種話題如社會(huì)文化類、人物故事類、科普說(shuō)明類,多會(huì)考查文章大意類題。設(shè)問(wèn)形式常有:(1)Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthispassage?(2)Thepassageismainlyabout.(3)Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageis.(4)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.,二、文章大意題的解題技巧——“主題句定位”尋主旨文章是由段落組成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想,具體段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句,各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句,各段主題句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。有的文章無(wú)明顯主題句,主題句隱含在段意之中,這就需要進(jìn)一步加工概括。觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排,理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細(xì)節(jié)。,主題句的位置一般有以下幾種:(1)主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,提出主題,用細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)解釋或拓展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想,是最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫(xiě)作方式。新聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文或議論文通常采用這種寫(xiě)法。(2)主題句出現(xiàn)在文末。在表述細(xì)節(jié)后,歸納要點(diǎn)以概括主題,是最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式。(3)主題句首尾呼應(yīng)。為突出主題,作者先提出主題,結(jié)束時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題。(4)主題句出現(xiàn)在中間。寫(xiě)作方式為:細(xì)節(jié)描述——?dú)w納主題——進(jìn)一步解釋。,以下是找主題句的四個(gè)小竅門(mén):1.段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(yǔ)(如however,but,infact,actually等)時(shí),該句很可能是主題句。2.首段出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句時(shí),對(duì)該問(wèn)題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意識(shí)地重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn),通常是主旨;反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ),一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4.表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等詞。,三、段落大意題的題型解讀段落大意類題型多在說(shuō)明文和議論文中所涉及的各類話題如社會(huì)文化類、科普說(shuō)明類等進(jìn)行考查。設(shè)問(wèn)形式常有:(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis.(2)Whatisthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?(3)Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.,四、段落大意題的解題技巧,首尾兼顧知段意,,(1)段首:說(shuō)明文和議論文中的主題句常在段首句,(2)段尾:先表述細(xì)節(jié),后歸納概括,段落中心在段尾,關(guān)鍵點(diǎn):抓住段落的主題句,(3)段中間:先用一句或幾句話引出要表達(dá)的主題,再陳述主題,再論述細(xì)節(jié),即引出主題→段落中心→再論述,,,,(4)沒(méi)有明顯段落中心時(shí),需概括段落內(nèi)容,總結(jié)段落中心,,例如:真題感悟中第60題,根據(jù)文章最后一段首句“Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending—‘bad’tables,crowding,highprices—don’tnecessarily.”可知,你可能認(rèn)為會(huì)打消你消費(fèi)的念頭的東西——位置“不好”的桌位、擁擠和價(jià)格高——未必如此(指在某些人看來(lái),這些不利因素未必不會(huì)帶來(lái)利潤(rùn)的增加)。由此可知,作者認(rèn)為這些對(duì)于餐館的常見(jiàn)的觀點(diǎn)是一種誤解,故選D項(xiàng)。,隨堂限時(shí)練,A(2018貴州安順質(zhì)檢)Mostofushavelostourwalletatsomestageinourlives.Butfewwouldimaginehavingitreturnedafteranearlyseven-decadegap.EdwardParkerdroppedhiswalletin1950intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf,whileworkingasanelectrician,repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace.Thewalletstayedthereuntilthisyearwhenabuilder,doingsome1restorationwork,finallyfoundit.,Thewalletisatimecapsule.Itsleatherandwebbinghaslongagostartedtodisintegrate.Butitcontainsnumerouspicturesoffamily,invoices(發(fā)票),receipts,oldunioncards,resultsofachestX-ray(senttohimin1948,thesameyearastheNHSwasfounded),anationalservicecarddated9December1944andamedicalinsurancecard.Hisbusinesscards—EParker,ElectricalContractor—seemalmostoriginal.Reflectingthetypicalmethodsofcontactofthetime,theyhaveanaddressbutnotelephonenumber.,AmonthagoIwasspeakingtoa8pressofficeratLambethPalaceandhementionedthatthewallethadjustbeenhandedin.Wethoughtitmightbenicetotryandworkoutwhoseitwasandgiveitbacktothefamily.EdwardParkerisaprettymonname,buthismedicalcardcontainedtwoplacesofresidence—PoetsRoadandSpringdaleRoadinnorthLondon.Fromthis,IslingtonCouncilwereabletofinddetailsofamarriagebetweenEdwardParkerandConstanceButlerin1947.,ThatinformationwasenoughtoworkoutthathewasstillaliveandinacarehomeinEssex,soIwenttovisithim.Now89,Edwardhasdementia(癡呆),buthewasclearlyhappytogetthewalletandinparticular,thephotographsback.Hepointedoutpicturesofhismotherandfather,hisbrother,hiscousinsandhiswifeConstance,whowaswithhimwhenIvisited.“Hehadn’tseenapictureofhisfathersincehelostthewallet,”Constance,90,says.,語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇新聞報(bào)道,介紹了一個(gè)物歸原主的故事。愛(ài)德華帕克曾是一名電工,他于1950年維修因二戰(zhàn)受損的宮廷時(shí),不慎將錢(qián)包丟失。直到今年,錢(qián)包被一名宮廷修復(fù)工人發(fā)現(xiàn)。錢(qián)包里的物品充滿了那個(gè)年代的回憶,89歲的愛(ài)德華帕克重新拿到錢(qián)包,非常開(kāi)心。,語(yǔ)篇解讀,1.WecanpossiblyinferthatEdwardParker.A.onceworkedasanelectricaltechnicianB.alwayslosthiswalletC.onceparticipatedinWorldWarⅡD.onceworkedasarestorationbuilder,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句可知,EdwardParker曾是一名electrician(電工),因此A項(xiàng)正確。,√,答案,解析,2.What’sthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?A.Thematerialofthewallet.B.Theproducerofthewallet.C.The9contentsofthewallet.D.Theshapeofthewallet.,√,答案,解析,解析段落大意題。本題適合用排除法。A項(xiàng)錢(qián)包的材質(zhì);B項(xiàng)錢(qián)包的制造商;C項(xiàng)錢(qián)包里的東西;D項(xiàng)錢(qián)包的外形。根據(jù)文章第二段,其中提到了錢(qián)包的外皮及邊線已破損,錢(qián)包里有picturesoffamily(家人照片),invoices(發(fā)票),receipts(收據(jù)),oldunioncards(工會(huì)卡),resultsofachestX-ray(胸片報(bào)告),anationalservicecard(服務(wù)卡),amedicalinsurancecard(醫(yī)???,businesscards(名片)等物品,可知A項(xiàng)表述片面,B、D項(xiàng)未提及,僅C項(xiàng)符合題意。故選C。,解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Butitcontains...(但是,錢(qián)包里有……)”可知,錢(qián)包外皮還在,排除C、D項(xiàng),A項(xiàng)“維護(hù)”,不符合文意;B項(xiàng)“損壞”,根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知,“雖然錢(qián)包的外皮及邊線已破損,但里面有……”,符合題意。故選B。,3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disintegrate”inthesecondparagraphmean?A.2Maintain.B.Damage.C.Disappear.D.Destroy.,√,答案,解析,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第三句中的“buthismedicalcardcontainedtwoplacesofresidence”可知,他的醫(yī)??ㄉ嫌袃蓚€(gè)住址,此處明確了醫(yī)保卡是找到主人的關(guān)鍵物品。故選D。,4.Whatplaysakeyroleinreturningthewallettoitsowner?A.Businesscard.B.Nationalservicecard.C.Oldunioncard.D.Medicalcard.,√,答案,解析,BInthird-worldcountriessuchasSwazilandandHaiti,a$15-dollarinventionismakingaworldofdifference.Nokero,apanystartedbyBrianRants,sellslampsthatdonotrequirekerosene(煤油).Thesesolarlampshavebeeastaple(主流產(chǎn)品)incountriesinAfrica,toprovidelightforreadingandsafetyatnight.Nokerohassoldover500,000lampsinover120countriessinceitwasfirstfoundedin2010andRantsthinksthedemandforhisproductwillonlycontinuetoincrease.Mostlampsfoundinthird-worldcountries3currentlyrequirekerosenetorun,butkerosenecausesindoorpollutionandhasbeenlinkedtofiresthathavecausedoveramilliondeaths.,Insteadofexperiencingtheeffectsofsmoking40cigarettesadayfromkerosenelamps,Rantsthinkshissolarlampscouldbetheanswerforthird-worldcountries.TheEconomistagrees,callingsolarlights“thenextbig4innovationfortheworld’spoor”.Nokero’ssolarlampsarehigherinqualityandlessexpensivethanalotofsolartechnology,makingthemapractical6optionformanypeopleinthird-worldcountries.,Ratherthangivingsolarlampstoindividualsinneed,Nokero’s7missionistomakethem5affordable.ThroughresearchRantshasrealizedthatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree.FamilieswhobuyNokero’ssolarlampsmakeupthecostinjustafewmonthsofnothavingtobuykeroseneorpayforoff-the-gridelectricity.,語(yǔ)篇解讀本文主要介紹了由Nokero公司發(fā)明的不需要煤油的太陽(yáng)能燈具,這些太陽(yáng)能燈已經(jīng)成為非洲國(guó)家的主流產(chǎn)品,為夜間的閱讀和安全提供照明。,SomeactivistshaveattackedpaniessuchasNokeroforsellingproductstothepoorratherthansimplygivingthemoutforfree.Theyarguethatthesepaniesunfairlyprofitfromthepoor.However,Rantsdisagrees.Familiesreceiveaproductthatismuchhigherinqualitythanwhattheymightreceiveforfreeandfeelasenseofownershiphavingpurchaseditforthemselves.,語(yǔ)篇解讀,5.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarlampsinthepassage?A.Theysaveenergyandcausenopollution.B.Theyequaltheeffectof40cigarettesaday.C.Theyaregiventotheindividualsfreeofcharge.D.Theyhelptosavekeroseneinthird-worldcountries.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段末句可知,這種太陽(yáng)能燈既節(jié)約能源,又沒(méi)有污染。故選A。,√,答案,解析,6.AccordingtoRants,ifthepooraregiventhelampsforfree,they.A.willhavetopayforkeroseneorelectricityB.won’ttakegoodcareoforvaluethelampsC.willfeelasenseofownershipofthelampsD.won’thelptoincreasethesalesofthelamps,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段第二句可知,如果免費(fèi)送給窮人這種燈,他們就不會(huì)好好珍惜它們了。故選B。,√,答案,解析,7.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Aninnovationoftheworld.B.Advantagesofthesolarlights.C.Solutiontoworld’spovertyproblems.D.Heavypollutioncausedbykerosenelamps.,解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第三段所說(shuō)Nokero的太陽(yáng)能燈質(zhì)量更好,價(jià)格也比很多太陽(yáng)能技術(shù)的燈便宜,適合發(fā)展中國(guó)家的人們使用,所以可知該段主要介紹了這種太陽(yáng)能燈的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。故選B。,√,答案,解析,素材提煉再拓展,做完以上兩篇閱讀后,巧妙運(yùn)用語(yǔ)境,解決障礙詞和長(zhǎng)難句,Ⅰ.障礙詞匯突破(一)閱讀下列句子,并根據(jù)句意猜測(cè)畫(huà)線部分的意思1.We’dbetterdosomerestorationworktosomethingsuchasanoldbuildingorapieceoffurniture,sothatitlooksthesameasitoriginallywas._____________2.CareersOfficersstillmaintaincontactwithyoungpeoplewhentheyhaveleftschool.____________,恢復(fù),復(fù)原,維持;保持,3.Thematterwhichhasbeenconfusingusiscurrentlybeingdiscussedamongmanyexpertsinthemeetingroom.4.Wemustpromoteoriginality,inspirecreativityandencourageinnovation.5.Wethushavefullbeliefinpersonalgenomicsandpersonalisedmedicinethattheywillcertainlybeaffordabletomostpeopleindevelopingcountries.,目前,現(xiàn)在,改革,革新,支付得起,(二)同義詞語(yǔ)替換6.Criminalsaregiventheoptionofgoingtojailorfacingpublichumiliation._______7.Hewassentonover200missionsbeforebeingkilledinaction.(三)一詞多義8.pressvt.壓,按;逼迫;vi.重壓;n.壓,按;報(bào)刊;印刷媒體;報(bào)道;評(píng)論;記者;新聞工作者;出版社;印刷機(jī)(1)Don’tpressyouropinionsuponher.______(2)Pressthisbuttontostarttheengine.,choice,assignments,逼迫,壓,按,(3)Tojudgefromthepress,theconcertwasagreatsuccess.__________(4)Christielookedrelaxedandcalmasshefacedthepressafterwards._____(5)Apressoraprintingpressisamachineusedforprintingthingssuchasbooksandnewspapers._______9.contentn.內(nèi)容;目錄;容量,含量;滿足;滿意;adj.滿意的;vt.使?jié)M足(1)I’mperfectlycontentwiththewaythecampaignhasgone.______(2)Sunflowermargarinehasthesamefatcontentasbutter.____________(3)Sheisreluctanttodiscussthecontentsoftheplay._____(4)Youhavetocontentyourselfwithwhatyouhave.________,報(bào)道;評(píng)論,記者,印刷機(jī),滿意的,含量,容量,內(nèi)容,使?jié)M足,Ⅱ.長(zhǎng)難句理解1.EdwardParkerdroppedhiswalletin1950intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf,whileworkingasanelectrician,repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace.[句式分析]本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,句子的主干部分是EdwardParkerdroppedhiswallet;in1950作狀語(yǔ);intoaninaccessiblespotbehindabookshelf作狀語(yǔ);whileworkingasanelectrician,repairingWorldWarTwobombdamageinthepalace為while引導(dǎo)的從句。,時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),[精美譯文],愛(ài)德華帕克在1950年作為電工維修王宮中二戰(zhàn)中炸彈炸毀處時(shí),把錢(qián)包掉在了書(shū)櫥后面很難發(fā)現(xiàn)的地方。,2.ThroughresearchRantshasrealizedthatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree.[句式分析]本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,thatindividualswhobuyasolarproductwouldtakebettercareofitandvalueitmorethaniftheyreceiveditforfree為從句,其中又含有一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的從句。[精美譯文]_____________________________________________________________________________________________,賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),通過(guò)調(diào)查研究,蘭特意識(shí)到那些個(gè)體購(gòu)買(mǎi)太陽(yáng)能產(chǎn)品比免費(fèi)得到這些產(chǎn)品,能更好地照顧和珍惜這些東西。,- 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