高考英語大二輪總復(fù)習(xí) 專題一 閱讀理解課件.ppt
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專題一閱讀理解,考點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)與考情分析,高頻考點(diǎn)與技巧點(diǎn)撥,深度閱讀?精讀精練,,考點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)(略),,考點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)與考情分析,1.2015年設(shè)題類型基本與往年高考一致,以事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)類和推理判斷類為主。各個(gè)題型的分布已逐步成熟且趨于平穩(wěn),預(yù)計(jì)2016年題型分布及比重仍保持不變。,考情分析,2.題材仍然體現(xiàn)了來源于實(shí)際生活、緊貼時(shí)代、反映英美文化等特點(diǎn)。所選文章多源于國(guó)外的英文圖書、報(bào)刊、網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體,原汁原味,地道純正,具有鮮明的英語語言文化特點(diǎn)。從體裁看,文章分別屬于記敘文、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文。3.語篇結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化,句子長(zhǎng)度、難度有所增加。行文具有跳躍性,隱含信息較多。4.詞匯運(yùn)用要求高,一詞多義、熟詞生義、詞匯活用頻繁出現(xiàn),閱讀速度要求提高。,考點(diǎn)1細(xì)節(jié)理解類,,高頻考點(diǎn)與技巧點(diǎn)撥,,考點(diǎn)2推理判斷類,,考點(diǎn)3主旨大意類,,考點(diǎn)4猜測(cè)類,,細(xì)節(jié)理解類,常見的題干設(shè)問形式:1.疑問句式以5W1H(what,who,when,where,why和how)等開頭的特殊疑問句。Whatdid...plantodoafter...?Whichistherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?Howdidithappen?Which...isclosestto...?,,考點(diǎn),1,2.以是非題的形式常含true(except),notright/correct(except)等詞語。Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true/correct?Allthestatementsaretrueexcept.3.不完整的陳述句式Accordingto...,before...,Americanshadlittleideaabout.Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassage,theauthormeansthat.,歷年的高頻考點(diǎn)與解題方法:1.尋找信息題——題干定位法題干定位法是做事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題最基本也是最常用的方法。事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題主要考查對(duì)某句話或某幾句話的理解,可根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子,然后進(jìn)行比較和分析,便可確定最佳答案。“題干定位法”分為三步:第一步:先通過題干信息來選擇定位詞。,定位詞主要是題干中的名詞、動(dòng)詞和數(shù)詞,即問題的核心信息。第二步:在原文中查找定位詞或定位詞的近義詞,找出相關(guān)的句子。第三步:分析這些句子和選項(xiàng),得出正確答案。如:2015全國(guó)ⅡB片段Mindthecolors.Researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablue,roomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing,whilecoldcolorsmakeusfeellesshungry.Sowhenit’stimetorepaint,goblue.,6.Ahomeenvironmentinbluecanhelppeople.A.digestfoodbetterB.reducefoodintakeC.burnmorecaloriesD.regaintheirappetites解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干中的Ahomeenvironmentinblue對(duì)應(yīng)文章中的peoplewhoatemealsinablueroom,可知在藍(lán)色的房間內(nèi)人吃的相對(duì)較少。,B,2.語意轉(zhuǎn)換題——斷章取義法在高考試題中,細(xì)節(jié)理解題已由過去簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)號(hào)入座直接答題轉(zhuǎn)向通過語句的同義或反義轉(zhuǎn)換來考查學(xué)生對(duì)英語語言的理解能力。解答這類題可用“斷章取義法”,即帶著問題,有針對(duì)性地掃讀短文,迅速鎖定相關(guān)詞句,然后尋找相關(guān)的同義或反義表述。如:2015浙江A片段,Fromtheverybeginningofschoolwemakebooksandreadingaconstantsourceofpossiblefailureandpublichumiliation.Whenchildrenarelittlewemakethemreadaloud,beforetheteacherandotherchildren,sothatwecanbesurethey“know”allthewordstheyarereading.Thismeansthatwhentheydon’tknowaword,theyaregoingtomakeamistake,rightinfrontof,everyone.Afterhavingtaughtfifthgradeclassesforfouryears,Idecidedtotryatallcoststoridthemoftheirfearanddislikeofbooks,andtogetthemtoreadoftenerandmoreadventurously.41.Accordingtothepassage,children’sfearanddislikeofbooksmayresultfrom.A.readinglittleandthinkinglittleB.readingoftenandadventurously,C.beingmadetoreadtoomuchD.beingmadetoreadaloudbeforeothers解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干的意思是:根據(jù)文章,孩子們害怕或者不喜歡讀書是因?yàn)?。根?jù)本段第二、三句“Whenchildrenarelittlewemakethemreadaloud,beforetheteacherandotherchildren,sothatwecanbesurethey‘know’allthewordstheyarereading.Thismeansthatwhentheydon’tknowaword,theyaregoingtomakeamistake,rightinfrontof,everyone.”可知孩子們被要求當(dāng)眾大聲朗讀,當(dāng)他們不認(rèn)識(shí)單詞的時(shí)候,他們會(huì)犯錯(cuò),而且是在所有的人面前犯錯(cuò),這會(huì)讓他們害怕。此題沒有直接答案而是用一種同義表達(dá)的形式提示答案。答案D,3.圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題——按“文”索“圖”法圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題即根據(jù)短文描述找出相應(yīng)圖形,或根據(jù)圖形選出相應(yīng)文字答案??刹捎谩拔淖宙i定法”,找出描繪圖形的句段,按“文”索“圖”,迅速鎖定相關(guān)圖形。圖表類閱讀題常常只有少量的文字表述,要依據(jù)所提供的圖表或描述進(jìn)行理解。閱讀時(shí)必須弄清圖表中各部分的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,同時(shí)針對(duì)所設(shè)問題進(jìn)行有目的地識(shí)讀。也可采用“圖形標(biāo)示法”,在圖形中標(biāo)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容,以便確定正確答案。,如:2015年浙江B片段,BarGraphsAbargraphhastwoaxesandusesbarstoshowamounts.InGraph1,weseethatthexaxisshowsgradesthatstudentsearned,andtheyaxisshowshowmanystudentsearnedeachgrade.Youcanseethat6studentsearnedanAbecausethebarforAstretchesupto6ontheverticalmeasurement.Thereisalotofinformationwecangetfromasimplegraphlikethis(SeeGraph1).,47.WhatisthetotalnumberofstudentswhoearnedaCorbetter?A.4.B.6.C.10.D.20.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)圖1所示,C等級(jí)以上的包括A、B、C,A等級(jí)的有6個(gè)人,B等級(jí)的有10個(gè)人,C等級(jí)的有4個(gè)人,加起來一共是20人,故選D項(xiàng)。答案D,4.是非判斷題——對(duì)號(hào)入座法、排除法(1)對(duì)號(hào)入座法。帶著細(xì)節(jié)性問題中所給出的關(guān)鍵詞返回原文,找出相關(guān)的詞或相對(duì)應(yīng)的句子,仔細(xì)閱讀,從中找出答案。但需要注意的是,這些問題的提問方式往往不是直接照搬文中的原話,而是使用同義詞、近義詞等來復(fù)述,所以考生一定要認(rèn)真審題。雖然這類細(xì)節(jié)題在文章中能夠找到答案,但是正確選項(xiàng)與文章中的原句還是會(huì)有出入的,命題者通常用不同的詞語或句型表達(dá)同一個(gè)意思。如用同義詞替換、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、肯定否定互換等,但萬變不離其宗。,如:2015浙江C片段Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars,wewouldgoindarknesshappily,themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜間活動(dòng)的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’slight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdon’tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit’stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe’vedonetothenight:We’veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.,50.Accordingtothepassage,humanbeings.A.prefertoliveinthedarknessB.areusedtolivinginthedaylightC.werecuriousaboutthemidnightworldD.hadtostayathomewiththelightofthemoon解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)本段第二句中“...witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’slight.”可以知道答案。其中adaptedto和usedtodoing同義,意為“習(xí)慣于”。,B,(2)排除法。對(duì)于是非判斷題中的“三錯(cuò)一對(duì)”或“三對(duì)一錯(cuò)”類試題,考生通??梢杂门懦ń獯?。這就要求考生仔細(xì)閱讀文章,排除未在文章中提及或轉(zhuǎn)述錯(cuò)誤的三個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)選項(xiàng),或排除文章中已知信息的三個(gè)選項(xiàng),剩下的選項(xiàng)便是正確答案。,如:2015福建第59題59.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.ThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorportwine.B.Morethan10,000ChinesetakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.C.ThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshowintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.,D.AnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginningofLaTomatina.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“CompetitionisfierceandthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos(disappointingly,butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones).Allthecompetitorsareservedwithbeerorportwine...”可知A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;根據(jù)第二段“Everyyearmorethan10,000peopleheadforthecityof,Albuquerque,NewMexico.TheycomefromasfarawayasAustralia,theCaribbeanandChina...”可知B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;由倒數(shù)第二段中的“OnthelastWednesdayofeveryAugust,theSpanishtownofhostsLaTomatina—theworld’slargestfoodfight.Aweeklongcelebrationleadsuptoanexcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweek’sevents.”可知D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)文中的“Youmightliketotry...oranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatareonshow.”可知你可以任意品嘗展出的上千種食物。故選C。,答案C,5.數(shù)字計(jì)算題——結(jié)果求證法數(shù)字事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題一般會(huì)涉及時(shí)間、年齡、價(jià)錢、數(shù)量、距離等的簡(jiǎn)單計(jì)算。一般來說,從數(shù)學(xué)的角度講,計(jì)算量都比較小,容易計(jì)算。但是英語閱讀中的數(shù)字計(jì)算必須要找出計(jì)算背后所隱含的信息。這些“暗”信息會(huì)涉及對(duì)某個(gè)難句的理解,從這個(gè)角度上講,理解文中相應(yīng)的復(fù)雜句是解這類題的關(guān)鍵。解決此類問題可將原文信息的表述以數(shù)字計(jì)算的形式表現(xiàn)出來,進(jìn)行結(jié)果求證。,如:2015四川C片段Mothershavelongknownthattheirhomeworkloadwasjustasheavyaspaidwork.Now,thenewstudyhasshownthatiftheywerepaidfortheirparentallabours,theywouldearnasmuchas£172,000ayear.Thestudylookedattherangeofjobsmothersdo,aswellasthehourstheyareworking,todeterminethefigure.Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome£30,000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns.,38.HowmuchwouldamotherearnayearifworkingasthePrimeMinister?A.£30,000.B.£142,000.C.£172,000.D.£202,000.解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文中的“...theywouldearnasmuchas£172,000ayear.”以及“Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome£30,000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns.”可知,總理的工資是172000-30000=142000。故選擇B。答案B,6.細(xì)節(jié)排序題——首尾定位法排序題會(huì)出現(xiàn)在各種文體中,記敘文中的排序題通常以故事發(fā)生的時(shí)間為線索,也就是排列出什么時(shí)間發(fā)生了什么事情;說明文中的排序題通常以說明的先后順序?yàn)榫€索,也就是排列出先說明什么后說明什么;而議論文中的排序題則要以邏輯順序?yàn)榫€索,比如解決問題的方法步驟等。,做此類排序題可采用“首尾定位法”,即先找出第一件事情和最后一件事情,這樣可以迅速縮小范圍,從而快速選出正確答案,或用代入淘汰法順序逐一排除,從而得出正確答案。如:2014四川C片段Aschoolgirlsavedherfather’slifebykickinghiminthechestafterhesufferedaseriousallergic(過敏的)reactionwhichstoppedhisheart.,Izzy,nine,restartedfatherColm’sheartbystamping(踩)onhischestafterhefelldownathomeandstoppedbreathing.Izzy’smother,Debbie,immediatelycalled999butIzzyknewdoctorswouldneverarriveintimetosaveherfather,sodecidedtouseCPR.,However,shequicklydiscoveredherarmsweren’tstrongenough,soshestampedonherfather’schestinstead.Debbiethentookoverwithsomemoreconventionalchestcompressions(按壓)untiltheambulancearrived.,Izzy,whohasbeengivenabraveryawardbyherschool,said,“Ijustkickedhimreallyhard.MymumtaughtmeCPRbutIknewIwasn’tstrongenoughtousehands.Iwasquitescared.ThedoctorsaidImightaswellbeadoctororanurse.MymumsaidthatDadwasgoingtohospitalwithabigfootprintonhischest.”,“She’salittlestar,”saidDebbie.“IwasreallyupsetbutIzzyjusttookover.Ijustcan’tbelievewhatshedid.Ireallythinkallchildrenshouldbetaughtfirstaid.IzzydidCPRthenthedoctorturnedup.Colmhadtohavemoretreatmentonthewaytothehospitalandwe’vegottoseeanexpert.”,40.What’stherightorderoftheevents?,,A.③①②④B.④②③①C.③④②①D.④③①②,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由上下文可知,Izzy先前了解了一些CPR(心肺復(fù)蘇術(shù)),后來她父親因過敏反應(yīng)心臟停止了工作,Izzy的母親Debbie撥了999急救電話,然后Izzy采取了急救措施。答案C,常見的題干設(shè)問形式:1.Thispassage/textwouldmostlikelybefoundin/takenfrom...2.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?4.Wecaninferfromthetextthat.../Accordingtothepassage/text/author,wecan...5.Whatcanwelearn/inferfrom...?,推理判斷類,,考點(diǎn),2,6.Whichofthefollowingwords/statementsdoes...?7.Whydidtheauthormention...?/Howdidthe...?8.Theauthorimpliesthat...9.FromParagraph4wecaninferthat...10.Itcanbeinferred/concluded/seenfromthepassagethat...11.Thepassageisprobablywritten/intendedfor...12.Theauthorusestheexamplesof...toshowthat...13.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards/opinionon...,14.Thewriterofthepassageseemstothinkthat...15.Whatdidsb.meanwhenhe/shesaid...?16.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?17.Whattypeofwritingisthistext?18.Whichofthefollowingreflectstheauthor’sopinion?19.Theauthordevelopsthetextby...,推理判斷題的相關(guān)知識(shí)與解題方法:1.推理判斷題應(yīng)注意的5個(gè)問題(1)抓關(guān)鍵信息,逆向或正向推理。抓住某一段話中的關(guān)鍵信息,即某些關(guān)鍵詞或短語,去分析、推理、判斷。充分利用逆向思維或正向推理等方式,推斷出所隱含的深層含義。(2)整合全文(段)信息,綜合推斷。做推理題時(shí),需要在弄懂全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上,整合與題目相關(guān)的信息,綜合起來去推理判斷,確定最佳選項(xiàng)。,(3)從語境褒貶性看寫作意圖。幾乎每篇文章的語境都有一定的褒貶性,它反映了主人公的特定心理和情緒狀態(tài)及作者的寫作意圖,因此利用好這一點(diǎn),就能在把握主旨大意的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的邏輯判斷。(4)尋字里行間,定情感脈絡(luò)。作者的思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的字里行間,或流露于起修飾作用的詞語之中。在推斷過程中,應(yīng)特別注意作者的措辭,尤其是表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞。,(5)據(jù)上下文邏輯,實(shí)事求是判斷。邏輯結(jié)論是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料進(jìn)行推理,從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論,而不是僅僅根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛好去理解。,2.推理判斷題的常見題材(1)報(bào)紙:前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱。(2)廣告:因其格式特殊,容易辨認(rèn)。(3)產(chǎn)品說明:器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式,而藥品的服用說明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等。如果沒有以上格式,就需要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推斷如:2015浙江C片段,Livinginaglareofourownmaking,wehavecutourselvesofffromourevolutionaryandculturalheritage—thelightofthestarsandtherhythmsofdayandnight.Inaveryrealsense,lightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse,toforgetthescaleofourbeing,whichisbestmeasuredagainstthedimensionsofadeepnightwiththeMilkyWay—theedgeofourgalaxy—archingoverhead.,53.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthat.A.lightpollutiondoesharmtotheeyesightofanimalsB.lightpollutionhasdestroyedsomeoftheworldheritagesC.humanbeingscannotgototheouterspaceD.humanbeingsshouldreflectontheirpositionintheuniverse,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Inaveryrealsense,lightpollutioncausesustolosesightofourtrueplaceintheuniverse...”可推斷出我們?nèi)祟悜?yīng)該反思自己,審視自己的位置。故選D項(xiàng)。答案D,3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題(1)要學(xué)會(huì)辨清文章的體裁。高考閱讀理解題涉及各類文章,以議論文為主,文章的主題句往往會(huì)直接或間接地表明作者的態(tài)度、立場(chǎng);說明文,因?yàn)槠潴w裁的客觀性,所以作者往往采取中立態(tài)度;記敘文,因?yàn)樽髡邔懽鲿r(shí)也常帶有某種感情傾向性,所以考生在讀這種體裁的文章時(shí)要細(xì)心,捕捉那些烘托氣氛、表達(dá)或暗示情感或態(tài)度的詞句。,(2)要分清選項(xiàng)中的表示支持或肯定、中立、反對(duì)或否定的詞語,再以此對(duì)照文章內(nèi)容。下面是一些常見的有關(guān)作者情感、態(tài)度的詞語:①表示支持或肯定的詞語positive積極的,樂觀的;supportive支持的;optimistic樂觀的;enthusiastic熱情的;pleasant愉快的等。,②表示中立的詞語indifferent不感興趣的,漠不關(guān)心的,中立的;uninterested不感興趣的;neutral中立的;subjective主觀的;objective客觀的等。③表示反對(duì)或否定的詞語disgusted憎惡的,厭惡的;critical批評(píng)的;negative否定的,消極的;suspicious懷疑的;disappointed失望的;ironic諷刺的等。,④表示情感的詞語bitter令人不快的;emotional情緒激動(dòng)的;angry氣憤的等。如:2015北京DTechnologicalchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife,mostlyforthebetter.However,socialchangesthatarebroughtaboutbynewtechnologyareoftenmistakenforachangeinattitudes.,Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattendingcollege.Surveys(調(diào)查)onthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe“very”or“somewhat”overlyprotectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories.Thesamesurveysalsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.Thisisusuallyinterpreted,asasignthattoday’sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren’slivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.However,greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatparentsarefailingtoletgooftheir“adult”children.Inthecontext(背景)ofthisdiscussion,itseemsvaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinthecaseofparents’involvementwiththeirgrownchildren.If,parentsofearliergenerationshadwantedtobeintouchwiththeircollegeagechildrenfrequently,wouldthishavebeenpossible?Probablynot.Ontheotherhand,doesthepossibilityoffrequentcommunicationtodaymeanthattheurgetodosowasn’tpresentagenerationago?Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today’sgrandparents—wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.,Furthermore,studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfrequentsubjectofcommunicationbetweenparentsandtheircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheirparentsisnothingnew;norarerequestsformoremoneytobesentfromhome.Thisphenomenonisneithergoodnorbad;itisafactofcollegelife,todayandinthepast.,Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,weliveinanageofbetteredcommunication.Thishasmanyimplicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemtoplayinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohaveleftforcollege.Butitisusefultobearinmindthatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.,68.Thewriterbelievesthat.A.parentstodayaremoreprotectivethanthoseinthepastB.thedisadvantagesofnewtechnologyoutweighitsadvantagesC.technologyexplainsgreaterparentalinvolvementwiththeirchildrenD.parents’changedattitudesleadtocollegechildren’sdelayedindependence,解析觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。第三段作者提出調(diào)查的結(jié)果并不能理解為現(xiàn)在的家長(zhǎng)對(duì)孩子不放手,接下來的兩段作者論述了出現(xiàn)這種結(jié)果的真正原因是科技的發(fā)展使得交流的手段更豐富,成本更低廉,第四段最后一句“Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today’sgrandparents—wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.”以及最后一段更是再一次強(qiáng)調(diào)了這種觀點(diǎn)。故選C。答案C,4.文章結(jié)構(gòu)題的解題方法(1)按事情發(fā)展的順序;(2)按時(shí)間的先后順序;(3)按地點(diǎn)或空間位置的變換;(4)按內(nèi)容的總分關(guān)系;(5)按人物的活動(dòng)內(nèi)容。針對(duì)此類題,考生應(yīng)做到:一讀,就是通讀全文;二想,就是想一想每一段落的主要意思;三歸,就是把一些內(nèi)容相同或關(guān)系密切的段落合并在一起,成為一個(gè)大段;四查,就是再把各,段段意連起來,看是否能構(gòu)成一個(gè)連貫的整體;五選,選出符合文章結(jié)構(gòu)的正確答案。此外,做這類題時(shí)應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路,如文章可能按事件發(fā)展的順序描寫,也可能通過舉例、分類、對(duì)比來敘述,從而作出比較科學(xué)的、合情合理的推測(cè)。如:2015北京D(文章見上),70.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?,解析文章結(jié)構(gòu)題。分析全文可知第一段簡(jiǎn)單介紹,提出問題;第二段為第一個(gè)論點(diǎn),指出父母在子女生活中參與度較高的現(xiàn)象;第三段是第二個(gè)論點(diǎn),指出通過調(diào)查并不能推斷出父母未能對(duì)子女放手;第四、五段為兩個(gè)次論點(diǎn),第一個(gè)次論點(diǎn)是科技的進(jìn)步導(dǎo)致父母對(duì)子女生活更多的參與,第二個(gè)次論點(diǎn)是子女經(jīng)濟(jì)不獨(dú)立導(dǎo)致父母對(duì)子女的生活更多的參與;最后一段得出結(jié)論。故選B。答案B,主旨大意類,常見的題干設(shè)問形式:1.主題型主旨?xì)w納題Themainidea(centralidea)ofthepassageis...Thepassageismainlyabout...Thepassagemainlydiscusses...Thepassageisconcernedprimarilyabout...Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbestsummarize/sumupthe,,考點(diǎn),3,mainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?Whatisthepassage/textmainlyabout?,2.標(biāo)題型主旨?xì)w納題Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe...Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage?Whatcan/mightbethebesttitleforthetext/thepassage?,3.目的型主旨?xì)w納題Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto...Thepassageismeantto...Theauthor’spurposeistoshow...Thepurposeofthearticleisto...Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?Whatisthepurposeofthetext?,主旨大意題的解題方法:主題句是文章的核心,它往往是一個(gè)有很強(qiáng)概括性和代表性的句子。找到了文章主題句,文章的中心思想也就顯而易見了。1.主題句位于首段:其特點(diǎn)是開門見山地提出論點(diǎn),再分別說明。2.主題句位于尾段:其特點(diǎn)是歸納式,即細(xì)節(jié)在前,概括在后。,3.主題句位于中間段落:其特點(diǎn)是引出話題→論述主題→解釋。了解這一特點(diǎn)有利于考生根據(jù)文章開頭和結(jié)尾的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行綜合推理。若文章無主題句,考生可以依據(jù)文中的事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)、觀點(diǎn),歸納出文章的主題。,主旨大意題的出題形式:1.標(biāo)題歸納題(1)標(biāo)題特征①概括性。文章的標(biāo)題能最大程度地概括全文,直接指向文章的主要內(nèi)容,體現(xiàn)文章主旨。②醒目性。標(biāo)題要能吸引讀者的注意力,喚起讀者對(duì)文章的閱讀興趣。標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆,是文章的靈魂,要簡(jiǎn)潔、突出、新穎。標(biāo)題的好壞往往影響讀者閱讀的興趣。讀者一般會(huì)通過閱讀標(biāo)題來取舍文章,故標(biāo)題要醒目,以吸引讀者的注意力。,(2)標(biāo)題的歸納方式要做好標(biāo)題歸納題,還需要了解標(biāo)題的歸納方式。一般來說,標(biāo)題的歸納方式是:以話題為核心,將控制性概念的詞按一定的語法原則濃縮為概括主題句句意或中心思想的詞組。比如某文章的中心句子為:Coffeeisauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.話題:Coffee,控制性概念:isauniversalbeveragethatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld標(biāo)題:CoffeeAroundtheWorld注意,做此類題時(shí),要避免下列三種錯(cuò)誤:(1)概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分替代整體,從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小);(2)過度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍);(3)以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代文章大意。,如:2015浙江C片段Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars,wewouldgoindarknesshappily,themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal(夜間活動(dòng)的)speciesonthisplanet.Instead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun’slight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdon’tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit’stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe’vedonetothenight:We’veengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithlight.,54.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMagicLightB.TheOrangeHazeC.TheDisappearingNightD.TheRhythmsofNature解析標(biāo)題歸納題。本文第一段點(diǎn)明文章主旨:人類使夜晚充滿了人造光線,使得夜晚不再黑暗,但這么做導(dǎo)致了光污染,其不好影響是非常巨大的。且文章中出現(xiàn)最多的就是,light和night。之所以不選A,是因?yàn)樗褂玫男稳菰~magic意思是“奇幻的”,這個(gè)詞具有褒義的意思,而C選項(xiàng)中的disappearing意為“消失的”,故選項(xiàng)C最合適。答案C,2.寫作目的題每篇文章都有一個(gè)特定的寫作目的,而這些信息通常并不是明確表達(dá)出來的,而是隱含在文章之中的。因此,這類問題要求學(xué)生在理解文章總體內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,去領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意。不同的文章可能有不同的寫作目的,但寫作目的通常有以下三種:(1)toentertainreaders(娛樂讀者,讓人發(fā)笑);(2)topersuadereaders(說服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn));(3)toinformreaders(告知讀者某些信息)。,如:2015廣東C片段Foryearsresearchershaveattemptedtoshowthattelevisionisdangeroustochildren.However,byshowingthattelevisionpromotesnoneofthedangerouseffectsasconventionallybelieved,Andersonsuggeststhattelevisioncannotbecondemnedwithoutconsideringotherinfluences.,40.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?A.ToadviseontheeducationaluseofTV.B.TodescribeTV’sharmfuleffectsonchildren.C.ToexplaintraditionalviewsonTVinfluences.D.TopresentAnderson’sunconventionalideas.,解析寫作目的題。根據(jù)本段“...Andersonsuggeststhattelevisioncannotbecondemnedwithoutconsideringotherinfluences.”可知Anderson認(rèn)為不應(yīng)該按照常規(guī),不考慮電視的其他影響而去譴責(zé)電視,故推斷這篇文章的目的是呈現(xiàn)Anderson打破常規(guī)的想法,故選D。答案D,3.段落大意題段落大意即某一段的中心思想,一般體現(xiàn)在某個(gè)句子(即主題句)中,主題句具有明顯的概括性,句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,段落中其他句子均用來解釋、支撐或擴(kuò)展主題句所表述的中心思想。主題句通常位于段首,但也可位于段尾、段中或者段首段尾前后呼應(yīng)。把握好段落的主題句是解答此類題的關(guān)鍵。,如:2015福建E片段Groupexerciseisoneofthemosteffectivewaystoimprovephysicalfitnessandsustain(保持)ahealthylifestyle.Groupexerciseischallenging,yetfunandempowering!Ofcourseeveryoneknowsthatexerciseisgoodforthebody.However,studieshaveshownthatwhenexerciseisperformedingroups,it’snotonlygreatforimprovingphysicalhealthbutforpsychologicalhealth.It’sanopportunitytobesocial,release,endorphins(內(nèi)啡肽),andimproveyourstrength.Additionally,groupexercisecreatesacommunityfeelandthesharedcommongoalmotivatesparticipantstoworkhard.Theinstrumentalsupportoftakingonafitnessjourneywithothersprovesmoreeffectivethangoingtothegymalone.,72.Thefirstparagraphfocuseson.A.thegreatestchallengeofgroupexerciseB.themosteffectivewaytoimprovephysicalfitnessC.thecontributionofgroupexercisetopsychologicalhealthD.thesharedcommongoalinperformingexerciseingroups,解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第一段第四句可知,研究表明,群體健身不僅對(duì)改善身體健康有益處,而且能有效地改善心理健康。答案C,常見的題干設(shè)問形式:1.Whichofthefollowingisthenearestinmeaningto...?2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword/sentencemeaninthelastparagraph?3.Whatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“...”?4.Theunderlinedword“...”inthecontext/inParagraph...probablymeans“”.5.Theterm“...”canbebestreplacedby“”.,猜測(cè)類,,考點(diǎn),4,6.Theword“...”probablyrefersto“”.7.Asusedintheline...,theword“...”refersto“”.8.Accordingtothepassage,theword“...”isknownas.9.Theword/phrase“...”isclosestinmeaningto.10.Bysaying“...”,theauthormeans.11.Thepassageusestheword“...”toreferto.12.Thewords“...”inParagraph3probablyrefertopeoplewho.,13.Inthelastparagraph“...”probablymeans“”.14.Accordingtotheauthor,theunderlinedword“...”means“”.15.Fromthecontext/passage,wecaninferthattheword“...”means“”.16.Whatdoesthe(underlined)word“...”referto?,歷年猜測(cè)題的出題形式:1.猜測(cè)詞義題(1)利用構(gòu)詞法解答此類題目,首先要熟練掌握構(gòu)詞法的基本知識(shí)。高考閱讀理解中的猜測(cè)詞義題主要集中在派生和合成兩種形式上,對(duì)猜測(cè)的詞義可帶入句子進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,看是否符合語境,從而推測(cè)出答案。,(2)通過同義、反義關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。在生詞所在的上下文中,有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或反義的詞語,這時(shí)可根據(jù)熟悉的詞語的含義推知生詞的含義。(3)通過定義、解釋和舉例猜測(cè)詞義。在一些文章中,特別是新聞報(bào)道及科普類說明文中,生詞后面往往用thatis,mean,standfor,namely,referto,inotherwords等或破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)引出說明性的內(nèi)容,有時(shí)也用同位語、定語從句進(jìn)行解釋說明。還有些文章經(jīng)常用例子來說明前面較難理,解的詞,這些例子可幫助考生準(zhǔn)確猜測(cè)生詞。文章舉例時(shí),常常會(huì)用一些連詞,如suchas,like,forexample等。(4)通過上下文的聯(lián)系猜測(cè)詞義。任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對(duì)孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有聯(lián)系。因此,考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析,進(jìn)而猜測(cè)詞義。這是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵,也是近年來高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。,(5)有的生詞詞義的猜測(cè)要求利用自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及科學(xué)常識(shí)進(jìn)行分析推斷。比如了解一些英美國(guó)家的天文地理、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、宗教信仰、社會(huì)制度;了解掌握自然知識(shí)、自然現(xiàn)象以及現(xiàn)代科技知識(shí)。,2.猜測(cè)短語題猜測(cè)短語的方法與猜測(cè)詞義的方法大致相同。有時(shí)先注意分析短語的意思,然后結(jié)合具體語境去推測(cè)短語的含義會(huì)更有利于解決問題。如:2015陜西D片段Parentswhohelptheirchildrenwithhomeworkmayactuallybebringingdowntheirschoolgrades.Otherformsof,parentalinvolvement,includingvolunteeringatschoolandobservingachild’sclass,alsofailtohelp,accordingtothemostrecentstudyonthetopic.58.Theunderlinedexpression“parentalinvolvement”inParagraph1probablymeans“”.A.parents’expectationonchildren’shealthB.parents’participationinchildren’seducationC.parents’controloverchildren’slifeD.parents’planforchildren’sfuture,解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章第一段“幫助孩子做家庭作業(yè)的家長(zhǎng)也許真的會(huì)讓孩子的成績(jī)下降。其他形式的參與也沒有多大幫助?!笨芍@是父母在參與孩子的教育。involvement涉及,卷入,對(duì)應(yīng)B項(xiàng)中的participation一詞。答案B,3.猜測(cè)句意題做猜測(cè)句意題目時(shí),考生除了可借鑒猜測(cè)生詞和短語的方法之外,還要注意:(1)返回原文,找到該句子,對(duì)原句進(jìn)行語法和詞義上的準(zhǔn)確分析。正確選項(xiàng)與原句之間往往不需要很多的推理。(2)一般說來,正確選項(xiàng)的意思與原句的意思完全相同,只不過是用其他的英語詞匯表達(dá)而已。如:2015福建D片段,Decideandactbeforeoverthinking.Whenyoudothisyoumayfeelalittle,orlarge,releasefromthejailofyourmindandyou’llbeonyourway.,70.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlinedpartinthelastparagraph?A.Escapefromyourpunishment.B.Realizationofyourdreams.C.Freedomfromyourtension.D.Reductionofyourexpectations.,解析句意猜測(cè)題。releasefromthejailofyourmind“從你思想的監(jiān)獄里走出來”,意思就是解放自己的思想,擺脫緊張感,對(duì)應(yīng)C項(xiàng)中的freedom。答案C,4.猜測(cè)指代題解這類題時(shí),應(yīng)注意代詞指代的總原則——就近指代:代詞指代在數(shù)(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))、格(主格或賓格)、邏輯、意義、位置等方面與之接近的名詞。就位置而言,代詞所指代的名詞通常在本句或其上句中。指代的除名詞外,還可指的是一(多)件事,形式可以是句子、v.ing形式的短語、動(dòng)詞不定式等。,如:2015重慶D片段Severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure,providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta.Thecampshaveexcellenthorses,professionalguidesandlotsofsupportworkers.- 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