數(shù)控技術(shù)和數(shù)控裝備外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯
數(shù)控技術(shù)和數(shù)控裝備外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯,數(shù)控技術(shù),數(shù)控,裝備,外文,文獻(xiàn),翻譯,中英文
附錄一：外文翻譯
翻譯資料(中文)
數(shù)控技術(shù)和數(shù)控裝備
數(shù)控技術(shù)和數(shù)控裝備是制造工業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要基礎(chǔ)。這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)是否牢固直接影響到一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和綜合國(guó)力，關(guān)系到一個(gè)國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)略地位。因此，世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家均采取重大措施來(lái)發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)。在我國(guó)， 數(shù)控技術(shù)與裝備的發(fā)展亦得到了高度重視，近年來(lái)取得了相當(dāng)大的進(jìn)步。特別是在通用微機(jī)數(shù)控領(lǐng)域，以 PC 平臺(tái)為基礎(chǔ)的國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，已經(jīng)走在了世界前列。但是，我國(guó)在數(shù)控技術(shù)研究和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展方面亦存在不少問(wèn)題，特別是在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力、商品化進(jìn)程、市場(chǎng)占有率等方面情況尤為突出。在新世紀(jì)到來(lái)時(shí)，如何有效解決這些問(wèn)題，使我國(guó)數(shù)控領(lǐng)域沿著可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路，從整體上全面邁入世界先進(jìn)行列，使我們?cè)趪?guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中有舉足輕重的地位，將是數(shù)控研究開(kāi)發(fā)部門(mén)和生產(chǎn)廠家所面臨的重要任務(wù)。 為完成此任務(wù)，首先必須確立符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的發(fā)展道路。為此，本文從總體戰(zhàn)略和技 術(shù)路線兩個(gè)層次及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、功能部件、數(shù)控整機(jī)等幾個(gè)具體方面探討了新世紀(jì)的發(fā)展途徑。
1.發(fā)展具有中國(guó)特色的新一代 PC 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)
數(shù)控系統(tǒng)是各類數(shù)控裝備的核心，因此通過(guò)科技創(chuàng)新首先發(fā)展具有中國(guó)特色的新型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，將是推動(dòng)數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化進(jìn)程的有效技術(shù)途徑。 實(shí)踐證明，10 年來(lái)我們所走的 PC 數(shù)控道路是完全正確的。PC 機(jī)（包括工業(yè) PC）產(chǎn)量大、 價(jià)格便宜，技術(shù)進(jìn)步和性能提高很快，且可靠性高（工業(yè) PC 主機(jī)的 MTBF 已達(dá)30 年〔3〕）。 因此，以其作為數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的軟硬件平臺(tái)不但可以大幅度提高數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的性能價(jià)格比，而且還可充分利用通用微機(jī)已有軟硬件資源和分享計(jì)算機(jī)領(lǐng)域的最新成果，如大容量存儲(chǔ)器、 高分辨率彩色顯示器、多媒體信息交換、聯(lián)網(wǎng)通訊等。此外，以通用微機(jī)作為數(shù)控平臺(tái)還可獲得快速的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，當(dāng) PC 機(jī)升級(jí)換代時(shí)，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)也可相應(yīng)升級(jí)換代，從而長(zhǎng)期保持 技術(shù)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中立于不敗之地。 目前，PC 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)有 2 種主要形式： （1）
專用數(shù)控加 PC 前端的復(fù)合式結(jié)構(gòu)；（2）通用 PC 加位控卡的遞階式結(jié)構(gòu)。另外還有一種正在發(fā)展的數(shù)字化分布式結(jié)構(gòu)。其方 案是將由 DSP 等組成的數(shù)字式伺服通過(guò)以光纜等為介質(zhì)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)與數(shù)控裝置連接起來(lái)，組成 完整的數(shù)控系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)雖然性能很好，但由于開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)成本太高，近期難以被國(guó)內(nèi) 廣大用戶所接受。我們認(rèn)為上述結(jié)構(gòu)并不是符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的最好方案，適合中國(guó)國(guó)情的應(yīng)是將所有數(shù)控功能全軟件化的集成式結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)檫@種結(jié)構(gòu)的硬件規(guī)模最小，不但有利于 降低系統(tǒng)成本，而且更重要的是可以有效提高系統(tǒng)的可靠性。 幾十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，可靠性好壞是國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)能否發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵。雖然影響數(shù)控系統(tǒng) 可靠性的因素很多，但過(guò)大的硬件規(guī)模和較低的硬件制造工藝水平往往對(duì)可靠性造成最大的威脅。以往，國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)在總體設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)由于種種原因的限制，不得不選用技術(shù)指標(biāo)不太高的普通 CPU，這樣，為完成數(shù)控的復(fù)雜功能往往需要由多個(gè) CPU 來(lái)組成系統(tǒng)，有時(shí)還需另加一些專用或通用硬件電路來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的一些高實(shí)時(shí)性功能（如細(xì)插補(bǔ)、位置伺服控制等），從而造成系統(tǒng)硬件規(guī)模龐大。對(duì)于數(shù)控系統(tǒng)這種批量不大的產(chǎn)品，在國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)有 工藝條件下，很難從硬件制造的角度保證系統(tǒng)的可靠性，因而使得國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)在生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的表現(xiàn)不佳，對(duì)國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的形象和聲譽(yù)造成嚴(yán)重影響，使得不少用戶現(xiàn)在還心有余悸。 因此， 我們?cè)陂_(kāi)發(fā)新型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)時(shí)，應(yīng)優(yōu)先選用新型高性能 CPU（如高主頻的 Pentium II、Pentium III 等）作為系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)算和控制核心，并盡量用軟件來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控的所有功能。 這樣，可大幅度減小系統(tǒng)硬件的規(guī)模。此外，還應(yīng)在軟件設(shè)計(jì)、電源設(shè)計(jì)、接插件設(shè)計(jì)與選用、接地與屏蔽設(shè)計(jì)和施工等方面采用強(qiáng)抗擾高可靠性設(shè)計(jì)與制造技術(shù)，從而全面提高 系統(tǒng)的可靠性。 由于一個(gè)新型高性能 CPU 可以代替數(shù)十個(gè)普通 CPU（如 80286、80386 等），因此，在基于高性能 CPU 的PC 平臺(tái)上不僅可以完成數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的基本功能（如信息處理、刀補(bǔ)計(jì)算、插 補(bǔ)計(jì)算、加減速控制等）和開(kāi)關(guān)量控制功能（內(nèi)裝 PLC），而且還可以完成伺服控制功能。 這樣，以前由 DSP 完成的數(shù)字化伺服控制功能（如位置控制、速度控制、矢量變換控制等） 均可由 PC 中的 CPU 完成，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)內(nèi)裝式伺服控制， 這不僅有效縮小了數(shù)控部分的硬件規(guī)模，而且還大幅度縮小了伺服控制部分硬件規(guī)模。 這種具有內(nèi)裝 PLC 和內(nèi)裝伺服控制的全軟件化集成式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，其硬件規(guī)模將達(dá)到最小化，整個(gè)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)除一個(gè) PC 平臺(tái)外，剩下的只有驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)床運(yùn)動(dòng)
的功率接口和反饋接口。 這既有效提高了系統(tǒng)可靠性，又消除了信息傳遞瓶頸， 提高了系統(tǒng)性能，同時(shí)還可顯著降低系統(tǒng)成本，使系統(tǒng)（包括電機(jī)）售價(jià)將可降至現(xiàn)有數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的一半左右。顯然，這種高性能、高可靠性、低成本的新型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)將具有極強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，很有可能為開(kāi)創(chuàng)中國(guó)數(shù)控的新局面作出貢獻(xiàn)。
2 推進(jìn)數(shù)控功能部件的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)
解決數(shù)控系統(tǒng)問(wèn)題后，如何實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)與制造便是我國(guó)機(jī)床制造企業(yè)快速響應(yīng)市場(chǎng)需求，在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中獲勝的另一關(guān)鍵。要實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)控機(jī)床的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)制造，必須解決數(shù)控機(jī)床功能部件的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)問(wèn)題。目前我國(guó)在這方面離實(shí)際需求還有相當(dāng)大的差距。因此，在今后的若干年內(nèi)，我們必須大力促進(jìn)數(shù)控機(jī)床功能部件的開(kāi)發(fā)和專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。 其要點(diǎn)如下： (1)新型永磁電主軸單元電主軸已成為國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上最熱門(mén)的數(shù)控機(jī)床功能部件。但目前這類產(chǎn)品幾乎都為感應(yīng)異步型，存在以下突出問(wèn)題：①轉(zhuǎn)子上存在繞組，有大電流流過(guò)， 因此轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)熱嚴(yán)重，直接影響主軸精度；②低速出力小且轉(zhuǎn)矩脈動(dòng)大，難以滿足寬范圍切削要求；③效率和功率因素低，不僅電機(jī)體積和重量大而且要求逆變器容量大、
耗能多； ④控制系統(tǒng)復(fù)雜、成本高。(2)廉價(jià)的高性能伺服系統(tǒng) 目前，一套進(jìn)
給交流伺服系統(tǒng)（驅(qū)動(dòng)器+電機(jī)）的價(jià)格一般都在萬(wàn)元以上，主軸伺服系統(tǒng)的價(jià)格高達(dá)數(shù)萬(wàn)元，已成為降低國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床成本的一大障礙。因此，應(yīng)配合新型集成化國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，大力開(kāi)發(fā)廉價(jià)的高性能內(nèi)裝式伺服系統(tǒng)。由于內(nèi)裝式伺服的硬件部分只有電機(jī)和功率接口，充分利用我國(guó)的永磁資源優(yōu)勢(shì)， 通過(guò)專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)可以把電機(jī)的造價(jià)降下來(lái)，而采用智能化的 IPM 模塊作為功率接口也很便宜，因此將內(nèi)裝式進(jìn)給伺服的價(jià)格控制在數(shù)千元以內(nèi)，將內(nèi)裝式主軸伺服的價(jià)格控制在 2 萬(wàn)元以內(nèi)，將是完全可能的。 (3)直線交流伺服系統(tǒng) 直線交流伺服系統(tǒng)是下一世紀(jì)數(shù)控機(jī)床不可缺少的功能部件， 目前我國(guó)還沒(méi)有成熟產(chǎn)品， 因此應(yīng)加強(qiáng)研究、開(kāi)發(fā)和推廣應(yīng)用?？紤]到常規(guī)機(jī)床的防磁問(wèn) 題較難解決，而并聯(lián)機(jī)床的防磁相對(duì)容易，因此可為常規(guī)結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)床開(kāi)發(fā)感應(yīng)異步型直線電 機(jī)， 為并聯(lián)結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)床開(kāi)發(fā)永磁同步型直線電機(jī)，從而揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短，構(gòu)成符合實(shí)際應(yīng)用要求的新型高速高精度進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)。在此基礎(chǔ)上，可進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)將驅(qū)動(dòng)與支承合二為
一的磁懸浮工作臺(tái)。 (4)高速高精度檢測(cè)裝置 高速高精度是下世紀(jì)數(shù)控機(jī)床發(fā)展的主題，這不但需要高性能的控制和驅(qū)動(dòng)，同時(shí)還需要高品質(zhì)的檢測(cè)環(huán)節(jié)，因此應(yīng)在現(xiàn)有技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā) 0.1 μm 以上精度的高速(60 m/min 以上)線位移傳感器和 100 萬(wàn)脈沖/r 的角位移傳感器， 此類技術(shù)國(guó)外對(duì)我國(guó)是封鎖的。
3 加速數(shù)控機(jī)床的全國(guó)產(chǎn)化，打好市場(chǎng)翻身仗
數(shù)控產(chǎn)業(yè)化的最終成功將體現(xiàn)在數(shù)控機(jī)床的全國(guó)產(chǎn)化和市場(chǎng)占有率上。在上述總體戰(zhàn)略指導(dǎo)下， 采取抓兩頭（低價(jià)位數(shù)控機(jī)床和高速高效數(shù)控機(jī)床） 、帶中間 （普通數(shù)控機(jī)床） 、 促重型（重型關(guān)鍵裝備）的方針，將是在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上快速收復(fù)失地，在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上穩(wěn)步進(jìn)軍，最終打贏國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床市場(chǎng)翻身仗的一種有效戰(zhàn)術(shù)和策略。關(guān)于普通數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展已有許多文章作了專門(mén)論述，因此下面僅就低價(jià)位數(shù)控機(jī)床、高速高效數(shù)控機(jī)床和重型數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展問(wèn)題作一討論。 (1)大力發(fā)展低價(jià)位數(shù)控機(jī)床低價(jià)位機(jī)床是功能滿足用戶要求(無(wú)功能浪費(fèi))、技術(shù)指標(biāo)適中、可靠性好、價(jià)格便宜的普及型數(shù)控機(jī)床。這類機(jī)床已成為國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上數(shù)控機(jī)床的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)之一，也是國(guó)內(nèi)眾多用戶渴求的產(chǎn)品，其市場(chǎng)前景相當(dāng)廣闊。然而，如果采用國(guó)外數(shù)控系統(tǒng)（包括伺服）按照傳統(tǒng)思路來(lái)發(fā)展低價(jià)位機(jī)床，是很難將價(jià)格降至廣大用戶所能接受的水平的。因此，采用本文提出的新型集成化國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)來(lái)發(fā)展高性能的低價(jià)位數(shù)控機(jī)床，將是一條最有希望成功的道路。只要有一定批量，由此構(gòu)成的全國(guó)產(chǎn)普及型數(shù)控車床的售價(jià)完全可以控制在 10 萬(wàn)元以內(nèi)，三坐標(biāo)數(shù)控銑床可控制在 15 萬(wàn)元左右，加工中 心可控制在 20 萬(wàn)元左右。此價(jià)位的國(guó)產(chǎn)數(shù)控機(jī)床將是具有較強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的。 (2)加速開(kāi)發(fā)高速高效數(shù)控機(jī)床高速高效是數(shù)控機(jī)床發(fā)展的另一大潮流。發(fā)展高速高效數(shù)控機(jī)床的技術(shù)途徑可有以下幾條：①通過(guò)提高切削速度和進(jìn)給速度，從而達(dá)到成倍
提高生產(chǎn)效率，有效提高零件的表面加工質(zhì)量和加工精度并解決常規(guī)加工難以解
決的某些特殊材料（如鋁鈦合金、模具鋼、淬硬鋼）和特殊形狀零件（如復(fù)雜薄壁零件）的高效加工問(wèn)題。②通過(guò)工藝復(fù)合，減少工件的安裝次數(shù)，有效縮短搬運(yùn)和裝夾時(shí)間。例如，將五面五軸加工中心與立車復(fù)合構(gòu)成萬(wàn)能加工中心， 可實(shí)現(xiàn)一次裝卡完成零件的大部分（或全部） 加工。③采用高速高精度圓周銑加工孔和以螺旋軌跡插補(bǔ)實(shí)現(xiàn)不鉆底孔的直接攻絲等新加工方法，大幅度減少換刀
次數(shù)，提高加工效率。④為數(shù)控機(jī)床開(kāi)發(fā)智能尋位加工功能，消除對(duì)精密夾具和人工找正的依賴，有效縮短單件小批加工的準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間。 (3)突破重型數(shù)控機(jī)床的設(shè)計(jì)制造技術(shù)重型數(shù)控機(jī)床（特別是多坐標(biāo)重型數(shù)控機(jī)床） 是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和國(guó)防生產(chǎn)中的重大關(guān)鍵設(shè)備，屬于戰(zhàn)略物資，真正先進(jìn)的重型數(shù)控機(jī)床國(guó)外是不可能賣給我們的，因此，在我國(guó)下世紀(jì)數(shù)控產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展中必須依靠自己的力量進(jìn)行解決。發(fā)展重型數(shù)控機(jī)床必須有過(guò)硬的基礎(chǔ)，我們?cè)跀?shù)控機(jī)床國(guó)產(chǎn)化的進(jìn)程中應(yīng)不斷總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)和關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究，充分發(fā)揮我國(guó)產(chǎn)學(xué)研相結(jié)合的優(yōu)勢(shì)， 各部門(mén)通力合作、 共同努力，爭(zhēng)取在下世紀(jì)初取得突破性進(jìn)展。 目前，在發(fā)展重型數(shù)控機(jī)床中除需加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)理論研究外，還應(yīng)加強(qiáng)其關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究。 例如， 重型機(jī)床的控制就是需要加以特殊解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。因重型機(jī)床加工的工件特別昂貴不允許報(bào)廢，為了確保機(jī)床工作可靠，在數(shù)控系統(tǒng)中可采用雙（或多）CPU 冗余工作方案，以確保運(yùn)算和控制的絕對(duì)正確，并在出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)自動(dòng)診斷、自動(dòng)修復(fù)或自動(dòng)替補(bǔ)，確保加工不出問(wèn)題。此外，在電源上可采取雙蓄電池供電的全隔離供電方案，即一組電池在 給系統(tǒng)供電時(shí)，可對(duì)另一組電池進(jìn)行充電，電網(wǎng)與控制系統(tǒng)是完全隔離的。這就徹底消除 了重型車間中電網(wǎng)電壓波動(dòng)厲害、干擾嚴(yán)重對(duì)數(shù)控系統(tǒng)造成的影響，從而有效保證系統(tǒng)的 可靠性。又如，重型數(shù)控機(jī)床的驅(qū)動(dòng)也是一大關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。當(dāng)行程長(zhǎng)度超過(guò) 5 m，普通滾珠絲桿就難以勝任大負(fù)荷的傳動(dòng)，因此目前一般采用預(yù)加負(fù)載的雙齒輪-齒條機(jī)構(gòu)、靜壓蝸 桿-蝸母條機(jī)構(gòu)、四足（或雙足）爬行進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)等來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)行程傳動(dòng)。但這些方案存在結(jié) 構(gòu)復(fù)雜、速度和加速度低、動(dòng)態(tài)性能差、難以達(dá)到高精度、維護(hù)保養(yǎng)復(fù)雜等問(wèn)題。為此可發(fā)展陣列式高效直線電機(jī)直接驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)和空間并聯(lián)機(jī)構(gòu)驅(qū)動(dòng)技術(shù)， 以新的途徑來(lái)解決重型數(shù)控機(jī)床的高速、高精度驅(qū)動(dòng)問(wèn)題。除此之外，機(jī)床結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)、長(zhǎng)行程精密檢測(cè)、 重力變形補(bǔ)償、 切削力變形補(bǔ)償、 熱變形補(bǔ)償?shù)纫彩侵匦蛿?shù)控機(jī)床中必須解決的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題， 必須予以充分重視。 制定符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的總體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，確立與國(guó)際接軌的發(fā)展道路，對(duì) 21 世紀(jì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)與產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。本文在對(duì)數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)的分析，對(duì)我國(guó)數(shù)控領(lǐng)域存在的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行研究的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì) 21 世紀(jì)我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展途徑進(jìn)行了探討，提出了以科技創(chuàng)新為先導(dǎo)，以商品化為主干，以管理和營(yíng)銷為重點(diǎn)，以技術(shù)支持和服務(wù)為后盾，堅(jiān)持可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路的總體發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。在此基礎(chǔ)
上，研究了發(fā)展新型數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、數(shù)控 功能部件、數(shù)控機(jī)床整機(jī)等的具體技術(shù)途徑。 我們衷心希望，我國(guó)科技界、產(chǎn)業(yè)界和教育界通力合作，把握好知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)給我們帶來(lái)的難得機(jī)遇，迎接競(jìng)爭(zhēng)全球化帶來(lái)的嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，為在 21 世紀(jì)使我國(guó)數(shù)控技術(shù)和產(chǎn)業(yè)走向世界的前列，使我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)繼續(xù)保持強(qiáng)勁的發(fā)展勢(shì)頭而共同努力奮斗！
附錄二：翻譯原文
NC technology and NC equipment
NC technology and NC equipment manufacturing industry is an important foundation for modernization. This is the basis of a strong direct impact on the country's economic development and comprehensive national strength, and bearing on a country's strategic position. Therefore, the world's industrialized countries have taken significant steps to develop their own technologies and their industrialization NC. In China, the CNC technology and equipment development has also been a high degree of attention in recent years has made considerable progress. Particularly in the area of general computer numerical control, PC-based platform for domestic CNC systems, has been at the forefront of the world. China, however, is in NC technology research and development industries also have many problems, particularly in the ability of technological innovation and commercialization process, and other aspects of market share is even more conspicuous. In the arrival of the new century, how to effectively solve these problems, China's NC areas along the path of sustainable development, from the overall comprehensive entered the ranks of the advanced world, we in the international competition in a pivotal position, will be NC research and development departments and manufacturers facing the important task. To accomplish this task, first of all, must be established in line with China's national conditions and development. Therefore, this article from the overall strategic and technical level and two line CNC system, functional components, NC complete machine, and several specific aspects of the development in the new century means.
1 Development with Chinese characteristics and a new generation of PC NC system
NC system is the core of all types of CNC equipment, first through the development of scientific and technological innovation with Chinese characteristics, the new NC system, will be to promote the industrialization process of NC effective technical means. Practice has proven that the past 10 years we are moving in the PC
NC road is completely correct. PC machines (including industrial PC) output is big, cheap, technological progress, and quickly improve performance, and high reliability (MTBF host PC industry has reached 30 [3]). Therefore, as a CNC system with the hardware and software platform can greatly improve the cost-NC system, but also make full use of existing generic computer hardware and software resources and sharing the latest achievements in the field of computers, such as large memory capacity, high - color display, multimedia information exchange, networking and communications. In addition, as the common computer platform can also access NC rapid
technological progress, when PC-upgrading, NC system can also be corresponding upgrades to maintain long-term technical advantages in the competition to be invincible.
At present, the PC architecture CNC system comes in two main forms: (1)for the front of the PC and NC composite structure; (2) General and PC-card-hierarchical structure. Another is the development of a number of distributed architecture. DSP will be its programmer is composed of digital servo through the media, such as fiber optic cable network to link up with the NC device, the NC formed a complete system. Although the performance of this system is very good, but because of the high costs of development and production, the recent difficult to be accepted by domestic users. We believe that the above-mentioned structure is not in line with China's national conditions the best solution to China's national conditions should be all full-function CNC Software's integrated structure, such as the structure of the smallest hardware, and is conducive to lower system costs, but, more importantly, can effectively improve the reliability of the system. Decades of experience show that the reliability of domestic CNC system is good or bad can the key to development. Although the NC system reliability impact of a number of factors, but the large-scale hardware and the hardware manufacturers lower level of reliability tend to pose the greatest threat. Previously, domestic CNC system in the design, the limit for a variety of reasons, do not have to use too much technical indicators ordinary CPU, so, for the completion of the complex function NC often need more CPU to component systems, and sometimes plus some special need or common hardware circuit NC system to achieve real-time high of some functions (such as small interpolation, position servo control, etc.), resulting in large-scale system hardware. NC system for small quantities of such products in the country under the conditions of the existing
process, it is difficult from the perspective of hardware manufacturers ensure that the reliability of the system As a result, domestic production in the NC system at the poor performance of the domestic few control system the image and reputation of a serious impact makes many users now also fear. Therefore, we in the development of the new NC system, priority should be given to selection of new high-performance CPU (such as the high-speed Pentium II, Pentium III, etc.) as a system and control core computing, and software to achieve as far as possible all the features of NC . This can drastically reduce the size of the system hardware. Also, the software design, power supply design, the design and selection of connectors, grounding and shielding design and construction, such as the adoption of strong anti-nuisance high reliability design and manufacturing technology, and thereby improve the reliability of the system. Since a new high-performance CPU can replace dozens of ordinary CPU (such as the80286,80386, etc.), therefore, based on the high-performance CPU on the PC platform, not only can fulfill the basic functions of CNC system (such as information processing, knives meeting, interpolation, acceleration and deceleration control, etc.) and on-off control function (PLC contents), but also to be completed servo control functions. Thus, before the completion of the DSP digital servo control functions (such as position control, speed control, transformation vector control, etc.) from a PC can be completed in the CPU, thus realizing the contents of servo controls, which not only effectively reduce the size of the hardware part of NC , but also significantly reduce the servo control of the hardware scale. Such contents PLC and servo control of the entire contents of the integrated software CNC system, the hardware will reach its minimum, the entire CNC system, in addition to a PC platform, the only remaining driver of the sports machine interface and feedback power interface. This not only effectively improve the reliability of the system, eliminating the transmission of information bottlenecks, improve system performance, but can also significantly reduce system cost, the system (including motor) to the existing price will be about half the CNC system. Obviously, this high performance, high reliability, low cost, the new NC system is highly competitive, is expected to open up a new situation in China to contribute to NC. In addition, the integration of PC NC system there is a big advantage, that is easy to achieve open architecture. This is because such a system is the hardware itself has been completely open, open a CNC system completely in software, as long as the proper formulation of standards and protocols,
information processing, path interpolation, acceleration and deceleration control, Switch control to servo control can be achieved and opening up, thus greatly facilitate user access.
2 NC components advancing specialized production
NC system to resolve the problem, how to achieve CNC machine tool design and manufacture of modular machine tool manufacturing enterprises in China is the rapid response to market demand, competition won another key. CNC machine tools to achieve the design and manufacture of modular, we must solve the NC machine tool components of specialized production. China in this regard from the actual demand there is still a considerable gap. Therefore, in the next few years, we must vigorously promote the CNC machine tool components and the development of specialized production. The main points are as follows: (1) New permanent magnet electric spindle, spindle units on the international market has become the most popular CNC machine tool features. But almost all of these products for asynchronous induction type, presence following major problems: ① there rotor windings, high
current flow, heat rotor serious direct impact on the spindle precision; ② small and
low-speed output torque ripple, be difficult to meet the wide range of cutting requirements; ③ efficiency and low power factor, not only motor size and weight requirements of the inverter and a large capacity, energy and more complex ④ control system, the high cost. (2) Cheap, high-performance servo system is, a feed AC servo system (motor + drive) prices are generally in
the million more than the price axis servo system up to a few million, has become a lower domestic CNC machine tools the cost of a major obstacle. Therefore, should be in line with the new integrated domestic CNC system development, vigorously develop the contents of cheap, high-performance servo system. The contents of the hardware only servo motor and power interface, and make full use of China's permanent resource advantages, and specialized production by the motor can cost down, and the intelligent use of IPM as a power module interfaces are cheap, will be the contents of feed servo control in the price of several thousand dollars within, the contents of spindle servo control in the price of less than 20,000 yuan, it is entirely possible. (3) linear AC servo system linear AC servo system is the next century CNC machine tool
indispensable components, the present China has not yet mature product, it should strengthen the research, development and application. Taking into account conventional machine Magnetically-shielded problem more difficult to solve, and the Magnetically-shielded PMT relatively easy, conventional structure for the development of machine-linear asynchronous induction motor, parallel structure for the development of permanent magnet synchronous machine type linear motor, thereby exceed and with a practical application of a new-type high-speed high-precision feed system. On this basis, the drive will be further developed with the support of the combined magnetic levitation table. (4) high-speed high-precision detection device is high-speed high-precision CNC machine tool development of the next century is the main theme and not only need high-performance control and drive, but also need high-quality examination link, it should be based on existing technology, further development of 0.1 μ m above the precision of high-speed (60 m / min or more) and linear displacement sensor 1 million pulses / r the angular displacement sensor, such technology is abroad on China's blockade.
3 CNC machine tools to accelerate production of the country, and win market overtake
NC industrialization of ultimate success will be reflected in the CNC machine tool production and market share. In the overall strategic guidance, the implementation of grasping two (low-efficiency and high-speed CNC machine tool CNC Machine), with the middle (general CNC machine tool), and promoting heavy (heavy
equipment key) approach, in the domestic market will be fast recover the lost land, in the international market steady advance toward the end to fight domestic CNC machine tool market overtake an effective tactics and strategies. On the general development of CNC machine tools has made numerous articles devoted to, the following low-only NC machine tools, high-speed CNC machine tools and heavy efficient CNC machine tool development issues are discussed. (1) Vigorously develop low-cost CNC machine tool is the low-cost machine functions to meet user requirements (no functional waste), technical indicators moderate, reliability, and the popularity of cheap NC machine tools. Such machines have become an international market trends in the development of CNC machine tools, and is one of many domestic users aspirations of the product,
a broad market prospect. However, if a foreign NC system (including servo) in accordance with the traditional way of thinking to develop low-cost machine, it is difficult to cut their prices to be acceptable to the vast number of users level. Thus, the application of this new type of integration of the domestic CNC system to the development of high-performance low-cost CNC machine tools, will be one of the most successful road hope. As long as a certain volume, which constitutes the middle of the universal CNC lathe can control the price at 100,000 yuan within the 3D CNC milling machine can be controlled in 15 million, the processing centre can be controlled at 20 million . The price of domestic CNC machine tools will be a stronger competitive. (2) To accelerate the development of efficient high-speed high-speed CNC machine tool CNC machine tool development efficiency are another major trend. Development of efficient high-speed CNC machine tool technology can be a way to the following: ① through increased cutting speed and
feed rate, doubling their production to achieve efficient and effective processing improve the
surface quality of parts and machining accuracy and solve difficult to resolve conventional processing some special materials (such as aluminum titanium, mold steel, hardened steel) and the special shape of components (such as complex thin-walled parts) efficient processing problems.
② through the composite process, reduce the number of the installation of the work piece,
effectively shorten the handling and clamping time. For example, five 5-axis machining center with a composite legislation cars universal machining centre will achieve a complete card with the majority of parts (or all) processing. ③ circle in a high-speed high-precision milling and processing hole in a spiral path interpolation does not realize the direct drilling Bottom Tapping new processing methods, and substantial reductions in the number of ATC and improve processing efficiency. ④ CNC machine tool development for intelligent searching machining functions, and the elimination of artificial precision fixture is to find the dependence of the effective shortening of single pieces of small-batch processing time to prepare. (3) breakthrough heavy CNC machine tool design and manufacturing technology heavy CNC machine tool (especially heavy multi-axis CNC machine tools) is the national economy and national defense production of critical equipment, are strategic commodities, real advanced heav
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