英漢翻譯2加注釋義增詞.ppt

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Chapter 2 Translation Techniques,,翻譯錯誤導致嚴重后果的兩個例子,二戰(zhàn)時期，美國轟炸日本，先后在廣島和長崎投下兩枚核彈，導致幾十萬人死亡。據(jù)說，以美國為首的盟軍敦促日本無條件投降時，日方在表態(tài)時用了一個有歧義的詞。該詞既有默許之意，也有拒絕之意。日本政府的本意是默許，結果被翻譯成英文時取了拒絕的意思，從而導致了美國對日本的原子彈攻擊。,,二十世紀三十年代，蔣、馮、閻大戰(zhàn)時期，馮玉祥、閻錫山聯(lián)合對抗蔣介石，約好在（河南）泌陽會師，合擊蔣軍。但電報工作人員將 “泌陽” 翻譯（符際翻譯）成了“沁陽”，而恰好真有“沁陽”這么一個地方。于是，兩軍合擊蔣介石的計劃泡湯了，蔣介石獲得了戰(zhàn)爭的勝利，中國歷史也因此而改寫。,Translation techniques,加注 (annotation) 釋義 (paraphrase) 增詞 (amplification) 減詞 (omission) 合并 (combination) 切分 (division) 轉換 (shift of perspective) 歸化 (adaptation/domestication),2.1 加注 (annotation),由于社會文化的差異，英語中有些詞義在漢語中完全不存在，形成了詞義上的空缺。在這種情況下，英語譯成漢語常常采用加注法來彌補空缺。加注法主要分為音譯加注和直譯加注兩種。,2.1.1音譯加注(transliteration + annotation): 指音譯后附加解釋性注釋。注釋可長可短，可采用文中注釋，也可采用腳注，有時還可二者合用。,pizza 比薩餅 cartoon 卡通片 Hamburger 漢堡包 Benz 奔馳車 Toyota 豐田車 Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠 Poseidon 波賽冬（ 希臘神話中的海神 ）,,Sauna 桑拿(浴) （ 芬蘭式的一種蒸氣浴 ） clone 克?。?一種無性繁殖方法 ） hacker 黑客[（ 在信息空間中主動出擊，對他人的電腦或網(wǎng)絡系統(tǒng)進行諸如窺探、篡改或盜竊保密的數(shù)據(jù)及程序的過程，并可能由此造成混亂和破壞的電腦迷 ）],,AIDS 愛滋病 [（ 一種性免疫缺損綜合癥 ）] Ballet 芭蕾舞 Rifle 來復槍 Domino 多米諾骨牌 Georgia 喬治亞洲 San Francisco 三藩市 Tittup 踢踏舞 Waltz 華爾茲舞 Jazz 爵士樂 Gypsy 吉卜賽人,2.1.1音譯加注 (transliteration + annotation),1. He did it a Jordon *. 他投籃象飛人喬丹那樣快速、利落、準確 。 (*Jordon ： 全名叫 Michael Jordon, 是美國 NBA 職業(yè)籃球巨星 ) 2. I‘m Peter Darwin. Everyone asks, so I may as well say at once that no, I’m not related to Charles . 我叫彼特 達爾文。誰都會對我的名字打個問號，我不妨當下說個明白：我與進化論創(chuàng)始人查爾斯沒有關系。 3. A dead leaf fell in Soapys lap. That was Jack Frost s card. 一片枯葉飄落到蘇貝的膝頭。那是 杰克弗羅斯特 * 的名片。（ * 杰克弗羅斯特 (Jack Frost) ：英文里對“寒霜”的擬人稱號）,2.1.2 直譯加注(literal translation +annotation): 指直譯原文，并附加解釋性注釋。注釋可長可短，既可采用文中注釋，也可采用腳注，還可二者合用。,Zero Ground 零地帶（ 紐約世貿(mào)大廈 2001 年 9 月 11 日遭 2 架被劫持的飛機撞擊坍塌后所形成的瓦礫場，源出原子彈著陸后的爆炸點 ） sesame street 芝麻街（ 美國兒童電視連續(xù)節(jié)目，每天一小時，主要為動畫片、游戲、木偶戲等。 ） mad-cow disease 瘋牛?。ㄅ：＞d狀腦?。?2.1.2 直譯加注 (literal translation +annotation),Oval Office 橢圓形辦公室（美國白宮總統(tǒng)辦公室 ） specified risk material （有可能傳播瘋牛病的）高風險食品 fly girl 飛飛女（ 指時髦撩人的年輕女子 ） tree hugger 緊抱樹干的人（ 指極端環(huán)境保護主義者) 1. Welcome to Big Apple City Tour! 歡迎參加大蘋果市觀光之旅?。ù筇O果市為紐約市的別稱。）,2. But I am short-tempered, frazzled from all responsibilities. I am the ‘ sandwich generation ’, caught between kids and parents. 但我的脾氣不好，都是這些事給煩的。我是個夾在孩子和父母之間的 “三明治人” * 。（ * 三明治人 ： 指既要照顧孩子又要照顧父母的人 ） 3. The favors of Government are like the box of Pandora , with this important difference that they rarely leave hope at bottom. 政府的恩惠如同 潘多拉的盒子 ， 后患無窮 ，主要不同之處是：盒底很少留有希望。,2.1.2 直譯加注 (literal translation +annotation),2.1.2 直譯加注 (literal translation +annotation),4. People considered that what he had played on that occasion was no more than a Judas kiss . 人們認為他在那種場合所表演的不過是 猶大之吻，居心險惡 。 5. The professor rapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen, order !” The entire class yelled, “ Beer !” 教授敲著桌子喊道：“先生們， 安靜 * ！” 全班學生齊聲高叫：“啤酒！” （ *order 既可表示“安靜”，又可表示“點菜”，而學生卻故意曲解為“點菜” ）,2.1.2 直譯加注 (literal translation +annotation),6. 桃花源始建于晉，初興于唐，鼎盛于宋，大毀于元。 Taohuayuan (the peach flower source) was first built in the Jin Dynasty (256-439 AD), began to take shape in the Tang Dynasty (618-709), flourished in the Song Dynasty (960-1297), and went to ruin in the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368). 空城計 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff.,2.1.3 意譯加注 （free translation +annotation),throw in the sponge 認輸，投降 （注：若拳擊運動員的副手把擦身用的海綿拋向空中，則表示這個運動員認輸因而不進入下一輪比賽。） pour oil on troubled waters 平息風波，息事寧人（注：傳說航海遇到風浪時，若把油倒進海里，可起到使海浪平息的作用。） open sesame 敲門磚，過難關的秘訣（注：《天方夜談》中的《阿里巴巴與四十大盜》故事說：一個山洞內(nèi)藏有無數(shù)的金銀財寶，但洞門緊閉，必須用咒語“芝麻開門”才能打開。） Good wine needs no bush. 酒好客自來。（注：英國從前流行一種風俗， 人們常在商店的門口外掛某種東西作為該店經(jīng)營某種商品的標志， 掛常春藤ivy-bush標志的常為酒店。）,Exercises of annotation,1. New York was never Mecca to me. 紐約從不是我心中的圣地麥加。 2. Big Ben is ringing the hour. 大本鐘*在當當報時。 *倫敦英國議院塔上的大鐘。 3. It was Friday *and soon theyd go out and get drunk. 星期五發(fā)薪日到了，他們馬上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉.,Exercises of annotation,4. Even before they were acquainted, he had admired Osborn in secret. Now he was his valet, his dog, his man Friday. 他沒有認識奧斯本之前，已經(jīng)暗暗佩服他。如今便成了他的聽差，他的狗，他的忠仆星期五*。 *星期五(Friday)是《魯濱遜漂流記》故事中Robinson Crusoe的忠實奴仆。 5. While it may seem to be painting the lily, I should like to add somewhat to Mr.Alistair Cookes excellent article. 我想給阿利斯太爾庫克先生的杰作稍加幾筆，盡管這也許是為百合花上色，費力不討好。,Exercises of annotation,6. to shed crocodile tears 流鱷魚眼淚──假慈悲 7. The best fish swim (are) near the bottom. 好魚居水底--有價值的東西不能輕易得到。 8. The apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest. 隔墻的蘋果最甜--這山看著那山高。,,,2.2 釋義（paraphrase）,釋義是指舍棄原文中的具體形象，直接解釋出原文的意思。在翻譯一些具有鮮明民族色彩的詞語（如成語、典故）時，如果直譯不能使譯入語讀者明白意思，而加注又使譯文太嚕嗦，并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典時，可采用釋義法。它既可使譯文簡潔明了，又不損害對原文信息的傳達。,2.2 釋義（paraphrase）,1. Its not easy to become a member of that club-they want people who have plenty of money to spend, not just every Tom, Dick, and Harry. 要參加那個俱樂部并非易事──他們只吸收手頭闊綽的人，而不是普通百姓。（Tom, Dick, Harry都是英美常見的人名，這里泛指任何人，相當于漢語中的“張三、李四、王五”。所以，這里不宜直譯為“湯姆、迪克、哈里”。）,2. A Red Light for Scofflaws 玩忽法令之風不可長?。ㄟ@是美國Time《時代》周刊1983年一篇文章的標題。red light本意是紅燈，指停車信號、危險信號。文中指出美國社會中蔑視法令的現(xiàn)象已到了觸目驚心的地步，必須采取措施加以制止。譯成“玩忽法令之風不可長”一目了然，言簡意明。） 3. Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in. 我們的兒子一定得上學，一定要出人頭地。（“break out of the pot that holds us in“，重意不重形，譯為“出人頭地“比“打破這個把我們關在里面的罐子“意思來得明白簡潔。）,2.2 釋義（paraphrase）,4. Like many other Southerners, I came to seek my fortune in one of those pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories along Euclid Avenue. 像許多其他的南方人一樣，我也來到這兒，沿著尤克利德大道的那些根本不可能給我們提供工作的工廠找工作，做發(fā)財夢。（根據(jù)英語傳說，如果人們找到了彩虹與地面交界之處，并在那兒挖掘，就會挖到一罐金子。但這只是人們的幻想，是根本不可能發(fā)生的事情。所以，此處重意不重典，自然這里pot-at-the-end-of-the-rainbow factories是指那些根本不可能給南方人提供工作的工廠。）,,5. The study had a Spartan look. 書房看起來很簡樸。（古希臘斯巴達人以生活簡樸而著稱?？煽闯?，此處重意不重典，所以只用翻譯出其意。） 6. The young girl thumbed her way to the passing cars. 那個年輕的姑娘(站在路邊不停地)向來往(路過）的汽車（擺動著）豎起（的）拇指表示她要搭車。 (thumbed her way 為英語手勢語,意為 “站在路邊向來往的汽車擺動著豎起的拇指表示她要搭車“,在漢語中沒有這種手勢語,翻譯時只有采用釋義法,以便讓我國讀者明白其意.),2.2 釋義（paraphrase）,7. She and her mother are as like as two peas. 她和她母親長得一模一樣. Mr. Kingsley and his Red Brick boys will have to look to their laurels. 8. 金斯利先生和他那些二流大學的學生們必須小心翼翼地保持已經(jīng)取得的榮譽。（Red Brick又稱Red Brick Universities，指英國除牛津、劍橋大學以外的其他地方性二流大學。因其建筑主要是紅磚砌成，不象牛津、劍橋的建筑均為古色古香的石塊所建成，故得此名。 9. Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. 芭芭拉出生在富貴人家。 10. A business must stay in the black to keep on. 企業(yè)必須贏利才能維持下去。,,,2.3 Amplification (增詞）,Amplification: to add some words, words groups even sentences on the basis of original text so that the translated text conforms to the target language grammar and language habits, and corresponds to source language text in terms of culture, content, forms and spirit. (增詞必須是根據(jù)具體情況增加非增加不可的詞語。增詞一般用于以下三種情況：一是為了語法上的需要；二是為了意義上的需要；三是為了修辭上的需要。增詞法在英漢翻譯中是添加原文中雖無形式,但意在其中的成分. ) 1. To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading. 東南方呈現(xiàn)一抹淺紅，正在向遠處擴展。（語法需要）,2. Fogs hide the mountains peaks. 云霧遮蔽了重重峰巒。（語法需要） 3. Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability. 讀書足以怡情，付采，長才。（意義需要） 4. The hungry boy was wolfing down his dinner. 那個饑餓的男孩正狼吞虎咽地吃飯。（意義需要） 5. People use natural science to understand and change nature.,6. The very earth trembled as with tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 連大地都震動了，仿佛萬馬奔騰，千夫怒吼。（修辭） 7. Asia’s strength of economic management, however, has not been its perfection, but its pragmatism and flexibility. 亞洲經(jīng)濟管理向來不以完美見長,而是以務實和彈性取勝.(增加動詞詞組),Amplification,8. When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had. 我轉過身，只見約翰正咧著嘴笑，滿臉期待的神情；他熱切的目光想從我的臉上探明他是否博得了我的歡心。他確實博得了我的歡心。 9. Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢過度，即成蠻勇；疼愛過度，即成溺愛；儉約過度，即成貪婪。（增補被省掉的in excess becomes）,,10. We won’t retreat, we never have and never will. 我們不會后退，我們從來沒有后退過，我們將來也決不后退。 11. The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long when measured in time. 我來北京的旅途是漫長的。用里程衡量，它是漫長的。用時間衡量，它也是漫長的。,,12. Histories make men wise; poets witty; mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; morality grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 讀史使人明智，讀詩使人靈秀，數(shù)學使人周密，科學使人深刻，倫理使人莊重；邏輯修辭之學使人能夠善辯。 13. Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 讀書使人充實，討論使人機智，筆記使人準確。,amplification,14. Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 讓我們來修訂安全規(guī)則和衛(wèi)生規(guī)則吧。 15. The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too. 這一下不僅震痛了他的手，也震痛了他的肩膀。 16. I was invited to a birthday party. 我應邀參加了一個生日聚會。,amplification,17. He was weak and old. 他 身體 衰弱 , 年紀 也老了。（本例如不采用增詞法，而譯作 “ 他衰弱和老了 ” ，譯文就顯得不流暢。） 18. 信言不美，美言不信。 True words are not fine-sounding; fine-sounding words are not true.,amplification,19. Man for the field and woman for the hearth; Man for the sword and for the needle she. Man with head and woman with the heart; Man to command and woman to obey. (Tennyson) 男人適于農(nóng)耕，女人適于家務； 男人宜于征戰(zhàn)，女人宜于縫紉。 男人善于深思，女人富于感情； 男人發(fā)號司令，女人惟有服從。 （丁尼生）,amplification,20. As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honour him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him. There is tears for his love; joy for his fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his ambition. 因為凱撒愛我，我為他哭泣；因為他幸運，我為他高興；因為他英勇，我對他尊崇；但因為他有野心，我就刺殺了他。用眼淚回報他的愛；用歡樂慶祝他的幸運；用尊崇紀念他的英勇；而用刺殺制止他的野心。,amplification,21. 孟子曰：“魚，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍魚而取熊掌者也。 Mencius says, “Fish is what I desire, and so are the bear’s paws. If I cannot have them both, I would choose the latter and forsake the former.” 22. 應加快幫助老區(qū)人民脫貧致富的步伐。 We should step up our efforts to help the people in the old liberated areas to shake off poverty. (老區(qū)具有特定的歷史含義，不能只譯成old areas.),,23. 人和動物不同。 Man is different from other animals. 24. 小不忍則亂大謀。 If one is not patient in small things, one will never be able to control great ventures. 25. 三個臭皮匠，頂一個諸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.,amplification,26. 沒有調查就沒有發(fā)言權。 He who makes no investigation has no right to speak. 27. 虛心使人進步，驕傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 28. 跑了和尚跑不了廟。 The monk may run away, but the temple can’t run with him. 29. 留得青山在，不怕沒材燒。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.,,30. 送君千里，終有一別。 Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet the parting must come at last. 31. 努力實現(xiàn)和平統(tǒng)一。 We should strive for the peaceful reunification of the motherland. 32. 又要馬兒跑得快，又要馬兒不吃草，簡直可笑！ You want the horse to run fast and yet you don’t let it graze. Isn’t it ridiculous!,,For example, they will need specific suggestions for problems such as speech defects or backwardness in learning to walk or control of bodily functions. 比如，孩子的語言缺陷或孩子在學習走路或身體官能的控制方面遲緩等問題，父母需要的則是具體的建議。 例如，在解決類似于語言障礙、行走困難或是身體機能控制方面的問題時，他們就需要一些具體的建議。,,The evening led up to the gifts and then the chocolate cake from his favorite bakery, and of course the ceremony wasn’t complete without the singing. 那天晚上，我們先是送禮物，然后是切從他喜歡的面包店里買來的巧克力蛋糕，當然還唱了“生日歌”，否則宴會就不算完整了。,