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1、Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,C,HAPTER 6,ECONOMICS OF SCALE,IMPERFECT COMPETITION,AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE,The Imitation Lag Hypothesis,The Imitation Lag Hypothesis,Michael V.Posner(1961),Imitation lag-demand lag=ne
2、t lag,The Product Cycle Theory,Michael V.Posner(1966),A typical“,new product,”(F2),Dynamic comparative advantage,Test:there should be a positive correlation between R&D expenditures and successful export performance by industry.,Dinopoulos,Oehmker,and Segerstrom(1993),The trade pattern in the Produc
3、t Cycle Theory,time,Production,consumption of product,production,consumption,New product stage,Maturing product stage,Standardized product stage,Exports,Imports,The Linder Theory,Staffan,Burenstam,Linder(1961),Demand-oriented,Overlapping demand,International trade in,manufactured goods,will be more
4、intense between countries with similar per capita income levels than between countries with dissimilar per capita income levels.,Tests:the greater the difference between the per capita incomes of country and its trading partner,the less intensely the two countries will trade with each other.,Overlap
5、ping Demands in the Linder Model,Income levels,Goods,A,B,H,G,F,E,D,C,I,Country 1s income,Country 1s demand and production,Country 2s demand and production,Country 2s income,The Kemp Model,Murray C.Kemp(1964),Economies of scale(external economies)and a convex PPF,A multitude of trading possibilities,
6、X,Y,A Convex-to-the-Origin PPF,X,Y,P,X,/P,Y,E,G,N,M,The Convex PPF and Different Possible TOT,X,Y,P,X,/P,Y,E,F,M,N,TOT,1,TOT,2,TOT,3,The existence of economies of scale generates considerable uncertainty concerning the production and trade pattern,.,Q,P,C,D,AC,SWISS,Q,S,P,S,AC,CHINA,Q,C,Q,C,External
7、 Economics and Specialization,The,Krugman,Model,Paul Krugman(1979),Economies of scale(internal to the firm)and monopolistic competition,Average Versus Marginal Cost,monopoly,Q,M,P,D=AR,MR,MC,P,M,AC,Monopolistic competition,Q,P,D,Toyota,D,MR,MC,Q,M,P,M,N,P,C,CC,PP,N,1,N,0,Equilibrium in a Monopolisti
8、cally Competitive Market,N,P,C,CC,PP,N,0,Effects of a Larger Market,N,1,貿(mào)易前,A,國市場,貿(mào)易前,B,國市場,貿(mào)易后一體化市場,汽車總銷售量,900 000,1 600 000,2 500 000,廠商數(shù),6,8,10,每個廠商銷售量,150 000,200 000,250 000,平均成本,1 000,875,800,市場價格,1 000,875,800,Equilibrium in the Automobile Market,Trade in a World Without Increasing Returns,Tr
9、ade With Increasing Returns and Monopolistic Competition,Other Post-H-O theories,Reciprocal dumping model,Brander and Krugman(1983),Duopoly market,Trade in a,homogeneous product,Positive welfare aspect:pro-competitive effect,Negative welfare aspect:waste,Dumping,Q,P,D,D,F,=MR,F,MR,MC,Q,T,Q,D,Q,F,P,F
10、,P,D,Intra-Industry Trade,Reasons for IIT in Product Category,Product differentiation,Transport costs and geographical location,Dynamic economies of scale,Degree of product aggregation,Differing income distributions in countries,Differing factor endowments and product variety,The Level of a Countrys IIT,Bela,Balassa(1986),
廈大 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟、不完全競爭和國際貿(mào)易
