主謂一致 (2)

主 謂 一 致一、主謂一致 主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來(lái)不外乎三種一致原則，即 ， （語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致）， （謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語(yǔ)一致）。 1.毗鄰一致（就近原則） (1)由連詞or, nor, neithernor, eitheror, not only but also, notbut.等連接的并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式按毗鄰一致的原則，與貼近它的主語(yǔ)一致。例如： 1) He or you have taken my pen.2) You or he has taken my pen. 3) Are either you or Mary to go to the meeting?(2)在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般也采取就近原則,根據(jù)BE后的第一個(gè)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)確定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 1)There is a desk and four benches in the office. 2)There are four chairs and a desk in the office. 3)Are there two exercise books and a dictionary on the desk.2.概念一致（語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致及意義上的一致） 關(guān)鍵在于主語(yǔ)名詞的特殊性（1）有些集合名詞如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)）, group, government, committee, class, school, couple 等，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們表示一個(gè)“集體單位”時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果表示“其中的各個(gè)成員”，則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。關(guān)鍵是正確理解他們是表示“單位”還是表示“單位成員”例如： 1）Our class is made up of 56 students.2) Their class are having a meeting now.3) The team is headed by a very experienced coach.4) The team are having a bath in the bathroom.注：如這類詞后跟有定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也遵循概念一致的原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用who; 強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用which。例如： 1) It is my family which is a happy one.2) I love my family who are all sports lovers. (2)有些表示總稱意義的名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people, police, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如： 1）Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common. 2）The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard. (3)有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news, means, works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，還有以S 結(jié)尾的書(shū)名、國(guó)名、組織機(jī)構(gòu)，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如： 1）Politics is required for study in most middle schools in China. 2）Here is the news. 3) The United States is the only superpower in todays world.4）Every means is impossible.5) All means are impossible.注：以S 結(jié)尾的山脈、群島、瀑布（falls）、海峽（straits）等做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The Summer Olympic Games are held every four yeas.(4)數(shù)詞表示重量、度量、衡量、價(jià)值、時(shí)間、距離等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如1) Twenty miles is a long way to walk. 2) Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk. （5）the +形容詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如主語(yǔ)指的是一類人或一類物時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的形容詞有：blind, deaf, disabled, dead, living, rich, poor, young, old, wounded, sick如果指的是單個(gè)人、事或抽象概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。all 表示所有人時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，表示所有物時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： 1) The blind are taught trades in special schools. 2）The new is sure to take the place of the old.注：the +Chinese, English, French, Japanese等表示民族的形容詞，表示整個(gè)國(guó)家的人民的名詞作主語(yǔ)，用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)。如：The Chinese are a brave and hard-working people.The Chinese people is a brave and hard-working one.(6)用and連接的單數(shù)主語(yǔ)，表示兩個(gè)不同的人或物時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)，表示同一個(gè)人或物、同一概念或配套用的東西時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；前面有each, every, many a, no等修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。注*復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)與each連用時(shí)，應(yīng)不受each的影響，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 1) Each pen and each paper is found in its place. 2) The old workers and the young each have their own tools. 3）A teacher and friend is coming to see me this evening.4) A teacher and a friend are coming to see me this evening.5) Early to bed and early to rise is good for ones health.“AND”連接表整體的例子有：3. 語(yǔ)法形式一致 （1）單數(shù)主語(yǔ)、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。但是用and或bothand連接的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 1) The performance was very funny. 2) Serving the people is my great happiness. 3) Whether well go depends on the weather. 4) Many natural materials are becoming scarce. 5) Both you and I arestudents. 6) What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.（2）由as well as, with, along with, together with； rather than, except, but, besides, in addition to，beyond, including; no less than，more than, other than, as much as等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語(yǔ)后面，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞看他們前面的名詞。例如： 1) The man together with his wife and children sits there watching tv. 2) His sister no less than you is wrong.3) Tome like many of his classmates enjoys learning English. (3)有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們?cè)诰渥又凶髦髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either, neither, each, one, another, the whole, many a , more than one，none, one and a half.還有一些如 somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等不定代詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： 1) Neither of the two answers is correct.2) Everything around us is matter. (我們周?chē)乃袞|西都是物質(zhì)。)3) The whole book talks about the sufferings the Chinese people suffered in the past.4) More than one student has passed the examination.* More students than one have passed the examination. More than 2 hundred students have passed the examination.5) One and a half bananas was rotten. (4) kind, sort, typed 等與of構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，采用語(yǔ)法一致的原則，視of前的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而確定謂語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)。1）This kind of books sells well= A book of this kind sells well.= This kind of book sells well.2) These kinds of books sell well.= Books of this kind sell well.(5) 由分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、half, all, part, any, some, rest, most, a lot, lots, plenty +of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用復(fù)數(shù)謂語(yǔ)；+不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)。若將OF 短語(yǔ)省略時(shí)，要根據(jù)前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的它們所指代的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式而定。如：1）There is plenty of water in the pail. 2）There are plenty of eggs in the box. 3）Two-thirds of the water in most river is polluted.4) Two-thirds of the students enjoy playing football. 5）There are 56 students in our class and half are league members.6) I have only drunk half of the milk and the other half is spoiled.（6）quantity of + 不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式; quantities of + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。amount(只修飾不可數(shù)名詞), variety, mass與其相當(dāng)。例如： 1）Great quantities of milk are needed in this city. 2）There is a large quantity of milk. （7）當(dāng)量詞+OF+名詞復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式變化要根據(jù)前面的量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式變化來(lái)完成。如：1）One pair of trousers costs 25 yuan. There is a discount if you buy two.*主謂一致的其他注意事項(xiàng)：一、 定語(yǔ)從句的主謂一致 一般來(lái)講，定語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致。例如： 1Dont choose me，who am not qualified for this job不要選我，我不適合做這項(xiàng)工作。 2Anyone who has questions to ask， please come to my office this afternoon有問(wèn)題要問(wèn)的人，今天下午到我辦公室來(lái)。 3He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。 He is one of those workers who are able to do this job.He is not the only one of those workers who are able to do this job.二、名詞性從句的主謂一致 主語(yǔ)是名詞性從句（常用what，whatever，when，where，why ，how，that，whether等引導(dǎo)放在句首）時(shí)，動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。例如： 1Whatever he says is of no importance無(wú)論他說(shuō)什么都不重要。 2What I want is money.3. What I want are books.3That he will come is certain他肯定會(huì)來(lái)。 三、特例：The number of students is increasing.A number of students are burdened with much homework.The population of China is larger than that of any other country in the world.The population in that small village live mainly on rice.The Smiths are having dinner.I want to go to the Smiths.My uncles is not far away from here.