2019-2020年高考英語 魔法英語語法講義 被動語態(tài)教案 人教版.doc

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2019-2020年高考英語 魔法英語語法講義 被動語態(tài)教案 人教版 語態(tài)也是動詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)(active voice) 和被動語態(tài)(passive voice)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者，而被動語態(tài)則表示主語是謂語動作的承受者。 一、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成 被動語態(tài)是由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，如果有必要強調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者，動作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示。助動詞be隨主語的人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。 A. 十種常見時態(tài)的被動語態(tài) 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時 主動語態(tài)：do 被動語態(tài)：amisare done We clean the classroom every day. 我們每天打掃教室。 The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我們打掃。 Such songs are usually sung by girls. 這些歌通常是女孩子們唱的。 Russian is not taught in our school. 我們學校不教俄語。 Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有許多貨物運往國外嗎 2. 一般過去時 主動語態(tài)：did 被動語態(tài)：waswere done We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我們打掃了教室。 The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我們打掃了。 The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我兒子打破的。 Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上種了許多樹嗎？ How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少錢？ 3. 一般將來時 主動語態(tài)：willshall do 被動語態(tài)：willshall be done We will clean the classroom soon. 我們很快要打掃教室。 The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打掃了。 The work will be done immediately. 這工作將馬上做。 Will the school sports meeting be held next week？ 校運動會將在下星期舉行嗎？ When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什么時候給我們作有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)的講座？ 4. 一般過去將來時 主動語態(tài)：would do 被動語態(tài)：would be done We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我們告訴他我們馬上就打掃教室。 We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon. 我們告訴他教室很快就會被打掃的。 He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他說一個新的貿(mào)易中心將在市中心建起來。 She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. 她問他們的計劃會不會得到仔細的考慮。 I wasnt told that I should be invited to the party. 沒人告訴我要被邀請出席晚會。 5. 現(xiàn)在進行時 主動語態(tài)：amisare doing 被動語態(tài)：amisare being done We are cleaning the classroom now. 我們現(xiàn)在正在打掃教室。 The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室現(xiàn)在正在被打掃。 A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 鎮(zhèn)中心正在興建一家醫(yī)院。 Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 這些嬰兒正由這個護士照看嗎？ How is the new teaching method being tried there 那里是怎樣試行這種新教學方法的？ 6. 過去進行時 主動語態(tài)：waswere doing 被動語態(tài)：waswere being done We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天這個時候我們在打掃教室。 The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday. 昨天這個時候教室正在被打掃 The teaching plan was being discussed at that time. 那時正在討論教學計劃。 Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday 昨天這個時候電視機正在被修理嗎？ The house was being painted when we arrived at his home. 我們到他家時，他家房子正在粉刷。 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時 主動語態(tài)：hashave done 被動語態(tài)：hashave been done The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起來很整潔。我們已經(jīng)打掃了。 The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起來很整潔。它已經(jīng)被打掃了 Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上個月以來，電視中播放了許多外國影片。 The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音機還沒開。 Has a new training centre been set up in our town 我們鎮(zhèn)上新的培訓中心建好了嗎？ 8. 過去完成時 主動語態(tài)：had done 被動語態(tài)：had been done The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起來很整潔。我們已經(jīng)打掃過了。 The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起來很整潔。它已經(jīng)被打掃過了。 His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month.上個月末，他剛寫的小說已被翻譯成了英語。 She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss. 她告訴我，她的老板已把她解雇了。 Her homework had not been finished when I got home. 我到家的時候，她的作業(yè)還沒有完成。 9. 將來完成時 主動語態(tài)：willshall have done 被動語態(tài)：willshall have been done We will have cleaned the classroom by five oclock. 我們將在五點之前打掃完教室。 The classroom will have been cleaned by five oclock. 教室將在五點以前打掃完。 The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 這些新書在下一批書到來前將登記完畢。 How many expressways will have been pleted by the end of next year 到明年年底將建成多少條高速公路？ Before you return my work will have been done. 你回來前我的工作將會做完。 10. 過去將來完成時 主動語態(tài)：would have done 被動語態(tài)：would have been done I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500. 我說我們將在五點之前打掃完教室。 I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500. 我說教室將在五點以前打掃完。 The headmaster said the article would have been translated by the end of next month. 校長說文章將在下月底翻譯好。 The day was drawing near when the dam would have been pleted. 大壩完工的日子不遠了。 He told me that preparations would have been finished by 600. 他告訴我準備工作將在六點前完成。 B. “get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu) 被動語態(tài)除常用“be +過去分詞”構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中，強調(diào)動作的結(jié)果。 The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子騎車上學時受傷了。 Did your letter get answered 你收到回信了嗎？ 注意： 用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時，其后的動作執(zhí)行者（即by短語）一般不表示出來。 Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行車得到了修理。 As I passed by, my skirt got caught on a nail. 我經(jīng)過的時候，我的裙子被釘子掛住了。 C．“seemappear +過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu) 有時“seemappear +過去分詞”也可以構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。 She seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的話搞得很惱火。 The house appears deserted. 這房子好像沒人居住。 提示： 并不是所有的“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的be都能被get或seem, appear等詞代替。 【誤】She got born in a small village. 【正】She was born in a small village. 她出生在一個小村莊。 【誤】The old man got offered a large sum of money. 【正】The old man was offered a large sum of money. 這位老人獲得了一大筆錢。 【誤】Colin got caught cheating in the exam. 【正】Colin were caught cheating in the exam. 科林考試作弊被抓住了。 D．被動語態(tài)中常用的介詞 1．by表示動作的執(zhí)行者或施加者 By whom is the book written 這本書是誰寫的？ The children were driven indoors by the rain. 孩子們被雨趕進了室內(nèi)。 2．with表示用某種工具 The wolf was killed with a gun. 狼被槍打死了。 The field was spread with wild flowers. 田野里野花遍地。 3．from表示源于某種物質(zhì)（看不出原材料） Good wine is made from grain. 好酒是糧食制成的。 4．of表示用某種材料制成（看得出原材料） The table is made of wood. 這張桌子是用木頭做的。 5．其他介詞 You are wanted on the phone. 有電話找你。 He is known to everybody. 大家都認識他。 She was caught in the rain. 她遭雨淋了。 注意： 動作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示，但被動語態(tài)句子中的by短語并不總是表示動作執(zhí)行者。 A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以通過他的服裝辨認出來。（by表示方式） He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner. 她邀請他吃晚飯，他受寵若驚了。（by表示原因） The snow was piled high by the gate. 門口雪堆積得很高。（by表示地點） 二、被動語態(tài)的用法 英語中，大多數(shù)情況下用主動語態(tài)比較簡練、有力。但是，被動語態(tài)也有其特殊的用途，它也是表達思想、描述事物的需要。人們通常在下列情況下使用被動語態(tài)： A. 不知道或不必說出動作的執(zhí)行者 How is this word pronounced 這個單詞怎么發(fā)音？ Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科學家們說，力移動時就做了功。 A greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年將有更多的魔法英語書出版。 After war, everything had been destroyed. 戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后，一切都被毀壞了。 B. 強調(diào)動作的承受者 If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你違反校規(guī)，你將受到懲罰。（強調(diào)you） A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我們家鄉(xiāng)將開辦一所新的希望學校。（強調(diào)a new Hope School） She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜歡她。 Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被選為班長。 C. 動作的執(zhí)行者不是人而是無生命的事物 The bridge was washed away by the flood. 橋被洪水沖走了。 We were shocked by the news of his death. 我們聽到他的死訊極為震驚。 Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 許多事故都是開車不小心造成的。 D. 修辭的需要，為了使句子更加簡練、勻稱 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出現(xiàn)在舞臺上，受到了觀眾的熱烈鼓掌。 The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 這位老教授作了一個有關(guān)美國歷史的講座，受到大家的熱烈歡迎。 I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before. 肖恩帶我參觀了校園，他去年剛進這所學校。 E. 為了表示委婉或禮貌，避免提及動作執(zhí)行者或說話者自己 Youve been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同樣的錯誤。 Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下規(guī)定。 The control room may not be entered without permission. 非經(jīng)許可，勿入控制室。 F. 科技文獻中為了客觀地描述事情及其過程 The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colours of light. 膠卷上涂了一層感光的化學物質(zhì)，這些物質(zhì)因光的不同色度與顏色而改變。 G. 新聞報道中為了體現(xiàn)新聞的客觀性 The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nations west development campaign. 西氣東輸工程7月4日全線開工，這是國家西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的一件大事。 H．有些動詞習慣上常用被動語態(tài) He was born in this city. 他出生在這個城市。 The school is situated in the suburbs. 這所學校位于郊外。 注意： 被動語態(tài)中的by短語通常可以省去。但如果by短語是句子的重點所在，或者沒有by短語全句的意思不完整時，則要保留by短語。 The vegetables didnt taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的味道不好，燒的時間太長了。（不需要動作的執(zhí)行者） He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend. 他到達了機場并受到朋友的迎接。（沒有by his friend，句子的意思不完整） Everybody was cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那種消息搞得很沮喪。（需要by短語） 第二章 被動語態(tài)（二） 三、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài) 中國人的思維的著眼點在動作的施動者，英美人思維的著眼點在動作的承受者。 中國人常這樣說：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你準時到那里。 英美人常這樣說：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你準時到那里。 這就是英語中被動語態(tài)的使用比漢語中多的原因。由于英語句子的主動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)不同，因而變成被動語態(tài)的方式也各不相同。 A. 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 “主語 + 謂語 + 賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中只有一個賓語，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z： They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他們將在會議上討論這個問題。 -- The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 這個問題將在會議上討論。 In the past the king possessed great wealth. 過去國王擁有巨大的財富。 n In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 過去，巨大的財富為國王所擁有。 B. 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語 在這個句型中，謂語動詞跟有兩個賓語。變成被動語態(tài)時，一般將通常指人的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，但有時也可將指物的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語： We gave the student some books. 我們給了這個學生幾本書。 -- The student was given some books. 這個學生被給了幾本書。 -- Some books were given to the student. 幾本書被給了這個學生。 His father bought him a puter last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺電腦。 -- He was bought a puter by his father last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺電腦。 -- A puter was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺電腦。 注意：用直接賓語作被動語態(tài)的主語時，通常要在間接賓語前加上適當?shù)慕樵~(如to, for, of等)，以加強間接賓語的語氣。 They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他們授予他諾貝爾獎。 -- The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. 諾貝爾獎被授予給他。 The host had caught us some fish. 主人給我們捉了一些魚。 n Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人給我們捉了一些魚。（for不可?。? n C. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語 在這個句型中，謂語動詞后有一個賓語和一個賓語補足語，變成被動語態(tài)時，賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，賓語補足語也隨之變?yōu)橹髡Z補足語： All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。 -- The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。 They kept us waiting for a long time. 他們讓我們等了很長時間。 -- We were kept waiting for a long time. 我們等了很長時間。 We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我們認為他是城里最好的醫(yī)生。 -- He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被認為是城里最好的醫(yī)生。 注意： 有些使役動詞和感官動詞,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中跟不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，在變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，不定式應(yīng)加上to。 We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我們聽見他向朋友們道別。 n He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被聽到向朋友們道別。 n D. 含有情態(tài)動詞的主動句變被動句 含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變成被動語態(tài)時，用“情態(tài)動詞+ be done”構(gòu)成。 情態(tài)動詞 Can/could May/might must have/had to will/would shall/should ought to 主動形式 Can/could do May/might do must do have/had to do will/would do shall/should do ought to do 被動形式 Can/could be done May/might be done must be done have/had to be done will/would be done shall/should be done ought to be done The machine must be operated with care. 這機器必須小心操作。 Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 這個句子不應(yīng)該用在這里。 Whats done cannot be undone. 覆水難收。 People had to be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必須提醒人們當心危險。 E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等結(jié)構(gòu)的主動句變被動句 含有“be going to do和 be to do 等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動詞，變成被動語態(tài)時，分別用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，be只有一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時兩種形式。 The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 這個問題將在會上討論。 This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 這部新片下周將在電視上放映。 F．含有賓語從句的主動句變被動句 帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態(tài)時，通常用it來作為被動句的形式主語，賓語從句保留不變。 They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他們說他出國學英語去了。 -- It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 據(jù)說他出國學英語去了。 We havent decided when we should go camping. 我們還未決定什么時候去野營。 -- It hasnt been decided when we should go camping. 什么時候去野營尚未決定。 提示： 帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動語態(tài)時，為了簡練，還可把從句的主語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，從句的謂語部分還可以變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ蕉陶Z。 We believed that he would succeed. 我們相信他會成功。 -- He was believed to succeed. 人們相信他會成功。 Father expected that I should bee an engineer. 父親希望我成為工程師。 -- I was expected (by my father) to bee an engineer. （父親）希望我成為工程師。 G．祈使句的被動語態(tài) 肯定的祈使句的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：Let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞；否定的祈使句的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：Dont + let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞（或Let + 賓語 + not + be + 過去分詞）。 Move the desks into the corridor. -- Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把課桌搬到走廊去。 Dont trust her. -- Dont let her be trusted. -- Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。 H. 動詞短語構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài) 一般情況下，只有及物動詞才能跟賓語，而不及物動詞不能跟賓語，所以只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)，不及物動詞則沒有被動語態(tài)。但有些不及物動詞后面跟上介詞或副詞后，變成一個動詞短語，相當于一個及物動詞，因此就可以有被動語態(tài)。 The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well. -- The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在這所醫(yī)院里被護士們照料得很周到。 They have put off the meeting till next Saturday. -- The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 會議已推遲到下周六了。 注意： 在使用被動語態(tài)時，千萬不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞。 Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 這樣的壞習慣應(yīng)該改掉。 All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了處理。 I. 雙重被動結(jié)構(gòu) 雙重被動結(jié)構(gòu)指的是句中謂語動詞和其后的不定式均為被動結(jié)構(gòu)，句子的主語既是謂語動詞的承受者，同時又是不定式動作的承受者。 They asked us to discuss the problem at once. -- We were asked to discuss the problem at once. -- The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 這個問題被要求立刻討論。（雙重被動） She offered to buy a recorder for me. -- A recorder was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要幫我買一臺錄音機。（雙重被動） The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away. -- The desk was ordered to be taken away. 課桌被要求搬走。（雙重被動） J．下列句子變成被動語態(tài)時，要用with，不用by Smoke filled the meeting room. 煙充滿了會議室。 The meeting room was filled with smoke. 會議室里充滿了煙。 A cloth covered the table. 一塊布把桌子罩了起來。 The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上鋪著一塊布。 K．不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu) 1．受動詞的限制 ①表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞，只能用于主動語態(tài)。 某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), bee (適合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作謂語時，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳洹? She resembles her mother. 她像她媽媽。 He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。 This hall can hold 2,000 people. 這個大廳能容納兩千人。 ②當及物動詞have表示“吃飯”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思時，沒有被動語態(tài)形式。 Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶嗎？ She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒，現(xiàn)在好多了。 ③當動詞get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思時，動詞沒有相應(yīng)的被動語態(tài)。 Do you get me 你明白我的意思嗎？ How do you take this passage 這段話你怎么理解？ I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英鎊。 His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的駕駛使他喪了命。 2．受賓語的限制 ①當賓語是相互代詞、反身代詞或具有類似相互代詞的關(guān)系時，動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)形式。 They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他們簡直無法抑制內(nèi)心的喜悅。 He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席會議了。 For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年來兩姐妹互相照顧。 ②當賓語前帶有主語的形容詞性物主代詞時，謂語動詞通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換為被動語態(tài)。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他還活著，我簡直不相信自己的眼睛。 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 醫(yī)生搖了搖頭，一句話也沒說就出去了。 注意： 動詞的賓語是身體的一部分，一般不可變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，但也有例外。 He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注視著這幅油畫。 -- His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的兩眼注視著這幅油畫。 ③當賓語起狀語作用，表示數(shù)量、重量、大小或程度時，不能用被動語態(tài)。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 這種字典價值十美元。 The case weighs twenty kilos. 這箱子重二十公斤。 ④當賓語是同源賓語時，通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動語態(tài)。 He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一個美夢。 ⑤如果賓語是動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式時，謂語動詞一般不能變換成被動語態(tài)。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承認做錯了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國留學。 ⑥如果enter, leave, reach的賓語是地點、國家機關(guān)等，不能改為被動語態(tài) He left the army in xx. 他xx年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就進入了大廳。 ⑦另外，不可拆開的短語動詞，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改為被動語態(tài)。 The book belongs to me. 這本書是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。 必背：一些常見的不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的動賓詞組 catch a cold 感冒 eat ones words 食言 lose heart 喪失信心 lose patience 失去耐心 make a face 做鬼臉 make up ones mind 決心 make bed 鋪床 make room for 為……騰出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安靜 speak ones mind 表明見解 take place 發(fā)生 take ones time 從容不迫，別著急 take office 就職 take ones leave 請假 take notes 作筆記 take up arms 拿起武器 take ones place 就位 ⑧含有would rather或情態(tài)動詞dare的句子，不能改為被動語態(tài)。 I would rather do it now. 我寧可現(xiàn)在就干這件事。 He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。 四、被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu) 所謂系表結(jié)構(gòu)，在此指“連系動詞+用作表語的動詞-ed形式”結(jié)構(gòu)。它與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一樣，所以在應(yīng)用時應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。 A. 被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞是動詞，多強調(diào)動作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞相當于形容詞，多強調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通?？捎胋y+人或by+抽象名詞表動作的執(zhí)行者，而后者則一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花園門被那個女孩鎖上了。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)） The gate to the garden was locked. 花園門鎖了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵樹被大風吹倒了。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)） The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我們看到那棵樹時，它已經(jīng)被吹倒了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） 注意： 少數(shù)“連系動詞be + 用作表語的動詞-ed形式”也帶by短語。 The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子們團團圍住。（被動語態(tài)） Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周圍都是山。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） We were held up by fog. 我們因霧受阻。（被動語態(tài)） The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么樹。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） B. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時等少數(shù)幾種時態(tài)；而被動語態(tài)可用多種時態(tài)。 The position is well written. 這篇作文寫得很好。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The position is being written. 這篇作文正在寫。（被動語態(tài)） C. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞可被very, too, so修飾，被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞須用much修飾。 The boy was too frightened to move. 這孩子嚇得動也不敢動。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） He was very excited.他很激動。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） He was much excited by the news. 他聽到消息后很激動。（被動結(jié)構(gòu)） D. be + 不及物動詞的過去分詞通常是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 Her money is all gone. 她的錢都花光了。 The honoured guests are arrived. 貴賓們到了。 The moon is risen. 月亮升起來了。 She is grown up. 她長大了。 The leaves are fallen. 樹葉落了。 We are prepared for the worst. 我們已準備好應(yīng)付最壞的情況。 E. 表示“充滿”意思的“be + 過去分詞 + with”結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 這座山終年被積雪覆蓋。 The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里擠滿了學生。 The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里漁帆點點。 The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆滿了舊書。 F. remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 bee, grow 等詞 + 過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The matter remained unsettled. 這件事懸而未決。 She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。 The road became crowded. 道路擁擠了。 G. 句中有時間狀語和地點狀語時，一般為被動語態(tài)，反之為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The bank is closed. 銀行現(xiàn)在關(guān)門了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The bank is usually closed at six. 銀行通常六點關(guān)門。（被動語態(tài)） He is married. 他結(jié)婚了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） He was married in Beijing. 他是在北京結(jié)婚的。（被動語態(tài)） 五、主動形式表示被動意義 英語中有些結(jié)構(gòu)形式上是主動的，而表達的意義卻是被動的。 A．某些不及物動詞的被動意義 英語中一般只有及物動詞才用于被動語態(tài)，不及物動詞不用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)。但有些時候，某些不及物動詞，其主動形式含有被動的意義。 When did the accident occur 事故是什么時候發(fā)生的？ Ice-cream always goes well in hot weather. 冰淇淋在暑天銷路好。 Does life exist on the moon 月球上存在著生命嗎？ B．一些表示“開始”、“結(jié)束”意思的動詞 Class begins at eight. 八點鐘開始上課。 The meeting ended up with warm applause. 會議在熱烈的掌聲中結(jié)束了。 C．一些表示“運轉(zhuǎn)”意義的動詞 The machine runs well. 機器運轉(zhuǎn)良好。 His voice records well. 他的音錄下來很好。 D．當read, write, translate等動詞與表示行為方式的狀語連用時 動詞read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike, last等常和表示行為方式的狀語連用，表示被動意義。這些動詞既是及物動詞又是不及物動詞。當主語是人時，是及物動詞；當主語是物時，是不及物動詞，即用主動形式表示被動意義。 The book sells well. 這書的銷路很好。 My pen writes smoothly. 我的筆很好寫。 The play reads more easily than acts. 這劇本易讀不易演。 提示： 這些動詞常和情態(tài)動詞（多半是否定式）連用，表示被動。 His car cant move. 他的車不能開了。 E．表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動詞的被動意義 有些表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動詞，如look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear, turn out等主動形式表示被動意義。 Good medicine tastes bitter. 良藥苦口。 What he said proved to be correct. 他的話證明是正確的。 The flowers smell sweet. 這些花聞起來很香。 Your sentence doesnt sound right. 你這話聽起來不大對頭。 F．一些動詞的進行時態(tài)可以表示一個被動的動作 The meat is cooking. 肉正在燒。 The book is printing. 這本書正在印刷之中。 G．有些作表語的不定式，在結(jié)構(gòu)上是主動的，但在意義上卻是被動的 She is to blame. 她應(yīng)該受到責備。 The house is to let. 此房出租。 六、被動形式表示主動意義 英語的被動形式表示主動的意義，主要見于狀態(tài)被動語態(tài)句中。一般說來有以下幾種情況。 A．反身動詞的被動形式表示主動意義 反身動詞（及物動詞+反身代詞）作謂語時，其賓語反身代詞，表示動作返回到執(zhí)行者本身，主語既是動作的執(zhí)行者，又是動作的承受者。由于反身動詞具有這一特點，在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中動作的承受者，也就是動作的執(zhí)行者，在句中表現(xiàn)出主動的意義。 He seats himself at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。 -- He is seated at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。 He lost himself in the forest. -- He was lost in the forest. 他在森林中迷了路。 He dressed himself in a dark blue suit. -- He was dressed in a dark blue suit. 他穿著一套深藍色的衣服。 注意： 有些介詞短語作定語或表語時，也有被動的含義。 The tall building under repair is an office building. 正在修建的那座高樓是一座辦公樓。 The result is now under consideration. 結(jié)果現(xiàn)在正在考慮中。 個別介詞短語用冠詞時表示被動的意義，不用冠詞表示主動意義。 The children are in the charge of this nurse. 孩子們由這位護士照管。 This nurse is in charge og the children. 這位護士負責照看孩子們。