2019-2020年高考英語 魔法英語語法講義 被動(dòng)語態(tài)教案 新人教版.doc

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2019-2020年高考英語 魔法英語語法講義 被動(dòng)語態(tài)教案 新人教版 語態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語與謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)(active voice) 和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(passive voice)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則表示主語是謂語動(dòng)作的承受者。 一、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成 被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成，如果有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示。助動(dòng)詞be隨主語的人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。 A. 十種常見時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài) 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：do 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：amisare done We clean the classroom every day. 我們每天打掃教室。 The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我們打掃。 Such songs are usually sung by girls. 這些歌通常是女孩子們唱的。 Russian is not taught in our school. 我們學(xué)校不教俄語。 Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有許多貨物運(yùn)往國(guó)外嗎 2. 一般過去時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：did 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：waswere done We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我們打掃了教室。 The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我們打掃了。 The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我兒子打破的。 Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上種了許多樹嗎？ How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少錢？ 3. 一般將來時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：willshall do 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：willshall be done We will clean the classroom soon. 我們很快要打掃教室。 The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打掃了。 The work will be done immediately. 這工作將馬上做。 Will the school sports meeting be held next week？ 校運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)將在下星期舉行嗎？ When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什么時(shí)候給我們作有關(guān)因特網(wǎng)的講座？ 4. 一般過去將來時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：would do 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：would be done We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我們告訴他我們馬上就打掃教室。 We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon. 我們告訴他教室很快就會(huì)被打掃的。 He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他說一個(gè)新的貿(mào)易中心將在市中心建起來。 She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. 她問他們的計(jì)劃會(huì)不會(huì)得到仔細(xì)的考慮。 I wasnt told that I should be invited to the party. 沒人告訴我要被邀請(qǐng)出席晚會(huì)。 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：amisare doing 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：amisare being done We are cleaning the classroom now. 我們現(xiàn)在正在打掃教室。 The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室現(xiàn)在正在被打掃。 A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 鎮(zhèn)中心正在興建一家醫(yī)院。 Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 這些嬰兒正由這個(gè)護(hù)士照看嗎？ How is the new teaching method being tried there 那里是怎樣試行這種新教學(xué)方法的？ 6. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：waswere doing 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：waswere being done We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候我們?cè)诖驋呓淌摇? The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday. 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候教室正在被打掃 The teaching plan was being discussed at that time. 那時(shí)正在討論教學(xué)計(jì)劃。 Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候電視機(jī)正在被修理嗎？ The house was being painted when we arrived at his home. 我們到他家時(shí)，他家房子正在粉刷。 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：hashave done 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：hashave been done The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起來很整潔。我們已經(jīng)打掃了。 The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起來很整潔。它已經(jīng)被打掃了 Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上個(gè)月以來，電視中播放了許多外國(guó)影片。 The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音機(jī)還沒開。 Has a new training centre been set up in our town 我們鎮(zhèn)上新的培訓(xùn)中心建好了嗎？ 8. 過去完成時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：had done 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：had been done The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起來很整潔。我們已經(jīng)打掃過了。 The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起來很整潔。它已經(jīng)被打掃過了。 His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month.上個(gè)月末，他剛寫的小說已被翻譯成了英語。 She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss. 她告訴我，她的老板已把她解雇了。 Her homework had not been finished when I got home. 我到家的時(shí)候，她的作業(yè)還沒有完成。 9. 將來完成時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：willshall have done 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：willshall have been done We will have cleaned the classroom by five oclock. 我們將在五點(diǎn)之前打掃完教室。 The classroom will have been cleaned by five oclock. 教室將在五點(diǎn)以前打掃完。 The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 這些新書在下一批書到來前將登記完畢。 How many expressways will have been pleted by the end of next year 到明年年底將建成多少條高速公路？ Before you return my work will have been done. 你回來前我的工作將會(huì)做完。 10. 過去將來完成時(shí) 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：would have done 被動(dòng)語態(tài)：would have been done I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500. 我說我們將在五點(diǎn)之前打掃完教室。 I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500. 我說教室將在五點(diǎn)以前打掃完。 The headmaster said the article would have been translated by the end of next month. 校長(zhǎng)說文章將在下月底翻譯好。 The day was drawing near when the dam would have been pleted. 大壩完工的日子不遠(yuǎn)了。 He told me that preparations would have been finished by 600. 他告訴我準(zhǔn)備工作將在六點(diǎn)前完成。 B. “get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu) 被動(dòng)語態(tài)除常用“be +過去分詞”構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語中，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。 The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子騎車上學(xué)時(shí)受傷了。 Did your letter get answered 你收到回信了嗎？ 注意： 用“get+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者（即by短語）一般不表示出來。 Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行車得到了修理。 As I passed by, my skirt got caught on a nail. 我經(jīng)過的時(shí)候，我的裙子被釘子掛住了。 C．“seemappear +過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu) 有時(shí)“seemappear +過去分詞”也可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 She seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的話搞得很惱火。 The house appears deserted. 這房子好像沒人居住。 提示： 并不是所有的“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的be都能被get或seem, appear等詞代替。 【誤】She got born in a small village. 【正】She was born in a small village. 她出生在一個(gè)小村莊。 【誤】The old man got offered a large sum of money. 【正】The old man was offered a large sum of money. 這位老人獲得了一大筆錢。 【誤】Colin got caught cheating in the exam. 【正】Colin were caught cheating in the exam. 科林考試作弊被抓住了。 D．被動(dòng)語態(tài)中常用的介詞 1．by表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或施加者 By whom is the book written 這本書是誰寫的？ The children were driven indoors by the rain. 孩子們被雨趕進(jìn)了室內(nèi)。 2．with表示用某種工具 The wolf was killed with a gun. 狼被槍打死了。 The field was spread with wild flowers. 田野里野花遍地。 3．from表示源于某種物質(zhì)（看不出原材料） Good wine is made from grain. 好酒是糧食制成的。 4．of表示用某種材料制成（看得出原材料） The table is made of wood. 這張桌子是用木頭做的。 5．其他介詞 You are wanted on the phone. 有電話找你。 He is known to everybody. 大家都認(rèn)識(shí)他。 She was caught in the rain. 她遭雨淋了。 注意： 動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者可以由介詞by引出的短語表示，但被動(dòng)語態(tài)句子中的by短語并不總是表示動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者。 A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以通過他的服裝辨認(rèn)出來。（by表示方式） He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner. 她邀請(qǐng)他吃晚飯，他受寵若驚了。（by表示原因） The snow was piled high by the gate. 門口雪堆積得很高。（by表示地點(diǎn)） 二、被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法 英語中，大多數(shù)情況下用主動(dòng)語態(tài)比較簡(jiǎn)練、有力。但是，被動(dòng)語態(tài)也有其特殊的用途，它也是表達(dá)思想、描述事物的需要。人們通常在下列情況下使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)： A. 不知道或不必說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 How is this word pronounced 這個(gè)單詞怎么發(fā)音？ Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科學(xué)家們說，力移動(dòng)時(shí)就做了功。 A greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年將有更多的魔法英語書出版。 After war, everything had been destroyed. 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束后，一切都被毀壞了。 B. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者 If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你違反校規(guī)，你將受到懲罰。（強(qiáng)調(diào)you） A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我們家鄉(xiāng)將開辦一所新的希望學(xué)校。（強(qiáng)調(diào)a new Hope School） She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜歡她。 Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被選為班長(zhǎng)。 C. 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不是人而是無生命的事物 The bridge was washed away by the flood. 橋被洪水沖走了。 We were shocked by the news of his death. 我們聽到他的死訊極為震驚。 Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 許多事故都是開車不小心造成的。 D. 修辭的需要，為了使句子更加簡(jiǎn)練、勻稱 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出現(xiàn)在舞臺(tái)上，受到了觀眾的熱烈鼓掌。 The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 這位老教授作了一個(gè)有關(guān)美國(guó)歷史的講座，受到大家的熱烈歡迎。 I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before. 肖恩帶我參觀了校園，他去年剛進(jìn)這所學(xué)校。 E. 為了表示委婉或禮貌，避免提及動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者或說話者自己 Youve been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。 Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下規(guī)定。 The control room may not be entered without permission. 非經(jīng)許可，勿入控制室。 F. 科技文獻(xiàn)中為了客觀地描述事情及其過程 The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colours of light. 膠卷上涂了一層感光的化學(xué)物質(zhì)，這些物質(zhì)因光的不同色度與顏色而改變。 G. 新聞報(bào)道中為了體現(xiàn)新聞的客觀性 The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nations west development campaign. 西氣東輸工程7月4日全線開工，這是國(guó)家西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的一件大事。 H．有些動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣上常用被動(dòng)語態(tài) He was born in this city. 他出生在這個(gè)城市。 The school is situated in the suburbs. 這所學(xué)校位于郊外。 注意： 被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的by短語通?？梢允∪ァ５绻鸼y短語是句子的重點(diǎn)所在，或者沒有by短語全句的意思不完整時(shí)，則要保留by短語。 The vegetables didnt taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的味道不好，燒的時(shí)間太長(zhǎng)了。（不需要?jiǎng)幼鞯膱?zhí)行者） He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend. 他到達(dá)了機(jī)場(chǎng)并受到朋友的迎接。（沒有by his friend，句子的意思不完整） Everybody was cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那種消息搞得很沮喪。（需要by短語） 第二章 被動(dòng)語態(tài)（二） 三、主動(dòng)語態(tài)變被動(dòng)語態(tài) 中國(guó)人的思維的著眼點(diǎn)在動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者，英美人思維的著眼點(diǎn)在動(dòng)作的承受者。 中國(guó)人常這樣說：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那里。 英美人常這樣說：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那里。 這就是英語中被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用比漢語中多的原因。由于英語句子的主動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)不同，因而變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)的方式也各不相同。 A. 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 “主語 + 謂語 + 賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中只有一個(gè)賓語，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z： They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他們將在會(huì)議上討論這個(gè)問題。 -- The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 這個(gè)問題將在會(huì)議上討論。 In the past the king possessed great wealth. 過去國(guó)王擁有巨大的財(cái)富。 n In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 過去，巨大的財(cái)富為國(guó)王所擁有。 B. 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語 在這個(gè)句型中，謂語動(dòng)詞跟有兩個(gè)賓語。變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，一般將通常指人的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，但有時(shí)也可將指物的間接賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語： We gave the student some books. 我們給了這個(gè)學(xué)生幾本書。 -- The student was given some books. 這個(gè)學(xué)生被給了幾本書。 -- Some books were given to the student. 幾本書被給了這個(gè)學(xué)生。 His father bought him a puter last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺(tái)電腦。 -- He was bought a puter by his father last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺(tái)電腦。 -- A puter was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父親給他買了一臺(tái)電腦。 注意：用直接賓語作被動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語時(shí)，通常要在間接賓語前加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~(如to, for, of等)，以加強(qiáng)間接賓語的語氣。 They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他們授予他諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)。 -- The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. 諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)被授予給他。 The host had caught us some fish. 主人給我們捉了一些魚。 n Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人給我們捉了一些魚。（for不可?。? n C. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語 在這個(gè)句型中，謂語動(dòng)詞后有一個(gè)賓語和一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語，變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語也隨之變?yōu)橹髡Z補(bǔ)足語： All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。 -- The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。 They kept us waiting for a long time. 他們讓我們等了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。 -- We were kept waiting for a long time. 我們等了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間。 We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我們認(rèn)為他是城里最好的醫(yī)生。 -- He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被認(rèn)為是城里最好的醫(yī)生。 注意： 有些使役動(dòng)詞和感官動(dòng)詞,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，不定式應(yīng)加上to。 We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我們聽見他向朋友們道別。 n He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被聽到向朋友們道別。 n D. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be done”構(gòu)成。 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 Can/could May/might must have/had to will/would shall/should ought to 主動(dòng)形式 Can/could do May/might do must do have/had to do will/would do shall/should do ought to do 被動(dòng)形式 Can/could be done May/might be done must be done have/had to be done will/would be done shall/should be done ought to be done The machine must be operated with care. 這機(jī)器必須小心操作。 Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 這個(gè)句子不應(yīng)該用在這里。 Whats done cannot be undone. 覆水難收。 People had to be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必須提醒人們當(dāng)心危險(xiǎn)。 E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等結(jié)構(gòu)的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句 含有“be going to do和 be to do 等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動(dòng)詞，變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，分別用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中，be只有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)兩種形式。 The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 這個(gè)問題將在會(huì)上討論。 This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 這部新片下周將在電視上放映。 F．含有賓語從句的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句 帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，通常用it來作為被動(dòng)句的形式主語，賓語從句保留不變。 They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他們說他出國(guó)學(xué)英語去了。 -- It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 據(jù)說他出國(guó)學(xué)英語去了。 We havent decided when we should go camping. 我們還未決定什么時(shí)候去野營(yíng)。 -- It hasnt been decided when we should go camping. 什么時(shí)候去野營(yíng)尚未決定。 提示： 帶有賓語從句的句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，為了簡(jiǎn)練，還可把從句的主語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語，從句的謂語部分還可以變?yōu)椴欢ㄊ蕉陶Z。 We believed that he would succeed. 我們相信他會(huì)成功。 -- He was believed to succeed. 人們相信他會(huì)成功。 Father expected that I should bee an engineer. 父親希望我成為工程師。 -- I was expected (by my father) to bee an engineer. （父親）希望我成為工程師。 G．祈使句的被動(dòng)語態(tài) 肯定的祈使句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：Let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞；否定的祈使句的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是：Dont + let + 賓語 + be + 過去分詞（或Let + 賓語 + not + be + 過去分詞）。 Move the desks into the corridor. -- Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把課桌搬到走廊去。 Dont trust her. -- Dont let her be trusted. -- Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。 H. 動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài) 一般情況下，只有及物動(dòng)詞才能跟賓語，而不及物動(dòng)詞不能跟賓語，所以只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不及物動(dòng)詞則沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。但有些不及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上介詞或副詞后，變成一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，因此就可以有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well. -- The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在這所醫(yī)院里被護(hù)士們照料得很周到。 They have put off the meeting till next Saturday. -- The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 會(huì)議已推遲到下周六了。 注意： 在使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，千萬不要遺漏句末的介詞或副詞。 Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 這樣的壞習(xí)慣應(yīng)該改掉。 All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了處理。 I. 雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) 雙重被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)指的是句中謂語動(dòng)詞和其后的不定式均為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，句子的主語既是謂語動(dòng)詞的承受者，同時(shí)又是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者。 They asked us to discuss the problem at once. -- We were asked to discuss the problem at once. -- The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 這個(gè)問題被要求立刻討論。（雙重被動(dòng)） She offered to buy a recorder for me. -- A recorder was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要幫我買一臺(tái)錄音機(jī)。（雙重被動(dòng)） The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away. -- The desk was ordered to be taken away. 課桌被要求搬走。（雙重被動(dòng)） J．下列句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要用with，不用by Smoke filled the meeting room. 煙充滿了會(huì)議室。 The meeting room was filled with smoke. 會(huì)議室里充滿了煙。 A cloth covered the table. 一塊布把桌子罩了起來。 The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上鋪著一塊布。 K．不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu) 1．受動(dòng)詞的限制 ①表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞，只能用于主動(dòng)語態(tài)。 某些表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), bee (適合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作謂語時(shí)，不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句。 She resembles her mother. 她像她媽媽。 He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。 This hall can hold 2,000 people. 這個(gè)大廳能容納兩千人。 ②當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞have表示“吃飯”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思時(shí)，沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。 Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶嗎？ She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒，現(xiàn)在好多了。 ③當(dāng)動(dòng)詞get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思時(shí)，動(dòng)詞沒有相應(yīng)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 Do you get me 你明白我的意思嗎？ How do you take this passage 這段話你怎么理解？ I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英鎊。 His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的駕駛使他喪了命。 2．受賓語的限制 ①當(dāng)賓語是相互代詞、反身代詞或具有類似相互代詞的關(guān)系時(shí)，動(dòng)詞不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。 They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他們簡(jiǎn)直無法抑制內(nèi)心的喜悅。 He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席會(huì)議了。 For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年來兩姐妹互相照顧。 ②當(dāng)賓語前帶有主語的形容詞性物主代詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他還活著，我簡(jiǎn)直不相信自己的眼睛。 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 醫(yī)生搖了搖頭，一句話也沒說就出去了。 注意： 動(dòng)詞的賓語是身體的一部分，一般不可變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，但也有例外。 He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注視著這幅油畫。 -- His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的兩眼注視著這幅油畫。 ③當(dāng)賓語起狀語作用，表示數(shù)量、重量、大小或程度時(shí)，不能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 這種字典價(jià)值十美元。 The case weighs twenty kilos. 這箱子重二十公斤。 ④當(dāng)賓語是同源賓語時(shí)，通常不能轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一個(gè)美夢(mèng)。 ⑤如果賓語是動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)詞的-ing形式時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般不能變換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 He admitted having done wrong. 他承認(rèn)做錯(cuò)了。 He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已決定出國(guó)留學(xué)。 ⑥如果enter, leave, reach的賓語是地點(diǎn)、國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)等，不能改為被動(dòng)語態(tài) He left the army in xx. 他xx年退伍。 She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就進(jìn)入了大廳。 ⑦另外，不可拆開的短語動(dòng)詞，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等，也不能改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 The book belongs to me. 這本書是我的。 She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。 必背：一些常見的不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的動(dòng)賓詞組 catch a cold 感冒 eat ones words 食言 lose heart 喪失信心 lose patience 失去耐心 make a face 做鬼臉 make up ones mind 決心 make bed 鋪床 make room for 為……騰出地方 keep watch 守望 keep silence 保持安靜 speak ones mind 表明見解 take place 發(fā)生 take ones time 從容不迫，別著急 take office 就職 take ones leave 請(qǐng)假 take notes 作筆記 take up arms 拿起武器 take ones place 就位 ⑧含有would rather或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞dare的句子，不能改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 I would rather do it now. 我寧可現(xiàn)在就干這件事。 He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。 四、被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu) 所謂系表結(jié)構(gòu)，在此指“連系動(dòng)詞+用作表語的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”結(jié)構(gòu)。它與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式完全一樣，所以在應(yīng)用時(shí)應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。 A. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的過去分詞是動(dòng)詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通?？捎胋y+人或by+抽象名詞表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而后者則一般不用。 The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花園門被那個(gè)女孩鎖上了。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)） The gate to the garden was locked. 花園門鎖了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵樹被大風(fēng)吹倒了。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)） The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我們看到那棵樹時(shí)，它已經(jīng)被吹倒了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） 注意： 少數(shù)“連系動(dòng)詞be + 用作表語的動(dòng)詞-ed形式”也帶by短語。 The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子們團(tuán)團(tuán)圍住。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周圍都是山。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） We were held up by fog. 我們因霧受阻。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么樹。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） B. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)等少數(shù)幾種時(shí)態(tài)；而被動(dòng)語態(tài)可用多種時(shí)態(tài)。 The position is well written. 這篇作文寫得很好。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The position is being written. 這篇作文正在寫。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） C. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞可被very, too, so修飾，被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的過去分詞須用much修飾。 The boy was too frightened to move. 這孩子嚇得動(dòng)也不敢動(dòng)。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） He was very excited.他很激動(dòng)。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） He was much excited by the news. 他聽到消息后很激動(dòng)。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)） D. be + 不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞通常是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 Her money is all gone. 她的錢都花光了。 The honoured guests are arrived. 貴賓們到了。 The moon is risen. 月亮升起來了。 She is grown up. 她長(zhǎng)大了。 The leaves are fallen. 樹葉落了。 We are prepared for the worst. 我們已準(zhǔn)備好應(yīng)付最壞的情況。 E. 表示“充滿”意思的“be + 過去分詞 + with”結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 這座山終年被積雪覆蓋。 The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里擠滿了學(xué)生。 The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里漁帆點(diǎn)點(diǎn)。 The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆滿了舊書。 F. remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 bee, grow 等詞 + 過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)多為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The matter remained unsettled. 這件事懸而未決。 She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。 The road became crowded. 道路擁擠了。 G. 句中有時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)，一般為被動(dòng)語態(tài)，反之為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The bank is closed. 銀行現(xiàn)在關(guān)門了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） The bank is usually closed at six. 銀行通常六點(diǎn)關(guān)門。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） He is married. 他結(jié)婚了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)） He was married in Beijing. 他是在北京結(jié)婚的。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)） 五、主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 英語中有些結(jié)構(gòu)形式上是主動(dòng)的，而表達(dá)的意義卻是被動(dòng)的。 A．某些不及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)意義 英語中一般只有及物動(dòng)詞才用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不及物動(dòng)詞不用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)。但有些時(shí)候，某些不及物動(dòng)詞，其主動(dòng)形式含有被動(dòng)的意義。 When did the accident occur 事故是什么時(shí)候發(fā)生的？ Ice-cream always goes well in hot weather. 冰淇淋在暑天銷路好。 Does life exist on the moon 月球上存在著生命嗎？ B．一些表示“開始”、“結(jié)束”意思的動(dòng)詞 Class begins at eight. 八點(diǎn)鐘開始上課。 The meeting ended up with warm applause. 會(huì)議在熱烈的掌聲中結(jié)束了。 C．一些表示“運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”意義的動(dòng)詞 The machine runs well. 機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好。 His voice records well. 他的音錄下來很好。 D．當(dāng)read, write, translate等動(dòng)詞與表示行為方式的狀語連用時(shí) 動(dòng)詞read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike, last等常和表示行為方式的狀語連用，表示被動(dòng)意義。這些動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞又是不及物動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)主語是人時(shí)，是及物動(dòng)詞；當(dāng)主語是物時(shí)，是不及物動(dòng)詞，即用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 The book sells well. 這書的銷路很好。 My pen writes smoothly. 我的筆很好寫。 The play reads more easily than acts. 這劇本易讀不易演。 提示： 這些動(dòng)詞常和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（多半是否定式）連用，表示被動(dòng)。 His car cant move. 他的車不能開了。 E．表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)意義 有些表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞，如look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear, turn out等主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 Good medicine tastes bitter. 良藥苦口。 What he said proved to be correct. 他的話證明是正確的。 The flowers smell sweet. 這些花聞起來很香。 Your sentence doesnt sound right. 你這話聽起來不大對(duì)頭。 F．一些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作 The meat is cooking. 肉正在燒。 The book is printing. 這本書正在印刷之中。 G．有些作表語的不定式，在結(jié)構(gòu)上是主動(dòng)的，但在意義上卻是被動(dòng)的 She is to blame. 她應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。 The house is to let. 此房出租。 六、被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義 英語的被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)的意義，主要見于狀態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)句中。一般說來有以下幾種情況。 A．反身動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義 反身動(dòng)詞（及物動(dòng)詞+反身代詞）作謂語時(shí)，其賓語反身代詞，表示動(dòng)作返回到執(zhí)行者本身，主語既是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，又是動(dòng)作的承受者。由于反身動(dòng)詞具有這一特點(diǎn)，在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中動(dòng)作的承受者，也就是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，在句中表現(xiàn)出主動(dòng)的意義。 He seats himself at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。 -- He is seated at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。 He lost himself in the forest. -- He was lost in the forest. 他在森林中迷了路。 He dressed himself in a dark blue suit. -- He was dressed in a dark blue suit. 他穿著一套深藍(lán)色的衣服。 注意： 有些介詞短語作定語或表語時(shí)，也有被動(dòng)的含義。 The tall building under repair is an office building. 正在修建的那座高樓是一座辦公樓。 The result is now under consideration. 結(jié)果現(xiàn)在正在考慮中。 個(gè)別介詞短語用冠詞時(shí)表示被動(dòng)的意義，不用冠詞表示主動(dòng)意義。 The children are in the charge of this nurse. 孩子們由這位護(hù)士照管。 This nurse is in charge og the children. 這位護(hù)士負(fù)責(zé)照看孩子們。