2019-2020年高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 九、高中語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 實(shí)用學(xué)案 新人教版.doc

2019-2020年高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí) 九、高中語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 實(shí)用學(xué)案 新人教版謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)表示句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之間的關(guān)系-1）當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，主、謂之間的關(guān)系稱為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；2）當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，主、謂之間的關(guān)系稱為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如：I teach English.（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）我教英語(yǔ)。Our English is taught by him.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）我們的英語(yǔ)是由他教的。He speaks English.（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）他說(shuō)英文。English is spoken in many countries all over the world.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）世界許多國(guó)家都講英語(yǔ)。在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中，謂語(yǔ)部分的結(jié)構(gòu)是be + p.p.（過(guò)去分詞）。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子有時(shí)態(tài)的變化，這個(gè)變化反映在be動(dòng)詞上。也就是說(shuō)，把一個(gè)句子做成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子，只需要寫(xiě)出BE動(dòng)詞的所需時(shí)態(tài)，再加上所給動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞就行了。當(dāng)然，這只是指謂語(yǔ)部分而言。我們知道，be動(dòng)詞作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有自己現(xiàn)在分詞（being）和過(guò)去分詞 （been）。那么，下面我們來(lái)看看be在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的變化形式：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am / is / are 一般過(guò)去時(shí) was / were 一般將來(lái)時(shí) shall / will + be 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) would / should + be 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am / is / are + being 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was / were + being 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have / has + been 過(guò)去完成時(shí) had + been 說(shuō)明：1）以上的八個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)可用于被動(dòng)式，其它沒(méi)有列舉的時(shí)態(tài)都不宜用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中。2）另外，表中被斜線隔開(kāi)的詞表示，供根據(jù)具體情況作選擇。弄清楚了be在各種時(shí)態(tài)中的變化形式以后，我們就能很輕松地寫(xiě)出被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)了。我們可看看下面的實(shí)例：English is spoken in many countries all over the world .（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）世界上許多國(guó)家都講英文。Some TV sets for sale in the department store were stolen last night. （一般過(guò)去時(shí)）那家商場(chǎng)用來(lái)出售的部分電視機(jī)昨晚被盜。He wont be allowed, by his father, to marry Larra. （一般將來(lái)時(shí)）他父親不會(huì)讓他娶拉拉為妻的。They would be sent to the army when they finished the training. （過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)）他們結(jié)束訓(xùn)練時(shí)將被派往部隊(duì)。The project is being carried out.（現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）這個(gè)計(jì)劃正在執(zhí)行中。The case was being investigated then.（過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)）那時(shí)這案子正在調(diào)查中。This novel has been translated into several languages. （現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）這本小說(shuō)已被譯成了幾種語(yǔ)言。They said that production costs had been reduced.（過(guò)去完成時(shí)）他們說(shuō)生產(chǎn)成本已經(jīng)下降了。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪?，能用主?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)候就盡量不去用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。只有在下列情況中我們才用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：1）不清楚動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí), 例如:The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。The time-table has been changed .時(shí)間表已變動(dòng)了。We havent been informed of it .還沒(méi)有人通知我們這事兒。2)說(shuō)話人對(duì)賓語(yǔ)的興趣大于對(duì)主語(yǔ)的興趣（這時(shí)可用by引導(dǎo)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者），例如：My TV set is being repaired in the shop. 我的電視機(jī)正在這店里修。These books are written especially for children. 這些書(shū)是專門(mén)為孩子們寫(xiě)的。The song was posed by a young worker. 這首歌是一位年青工人譜寫(xiě)的。3) 不愿意說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，其目的是為了使語(yǔ)言得體、圓滑等。在這種情況下，有時(shí)常用一些句式，如"It is said that"（據(jù)說(shuō)），"It is reported that "（據(jù)報(bào)道），"It is rumoured that "（據(jù)傳言）等等。例如：You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 請(qǐng)您在下次會(huì)議上作個(gè)發(fā)言。It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 據(jù)說(shuō)她要嫁給一個(gè)外國(guó)人。 It is rumored that he has been appointed as successor to the president of our pany . 據(jù)傳聞，他已被任命為我們公司總裁的接班人了。It is generally considered impolite to ask ones age, salary, marriage, etc. 問(wèn)別人的年齡、工資、婚姻狀況等通常被認(rèn)為是不禮貌的。4) 出于修辭的原因，或是說(shuō)為了更好地安排句子。例如：The professor came to our school and warmly weled by the teachers and students.（句子的后半句用被動(dòng)式就可以只安排一個(gè)主語(yǔ)。）那位教授來(lái)到我校并受到師生們的熱烈歡迎。I went to the party and was asked by my friends to do some cooking for them. （同上）我去參加了那個(gè)聚會(huì)，朋友們還請(qǐng)我為他們燒了幾樣菜。The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area.（此句若選those作主語(yǔ)，就會(huì)使主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)相距太遠(yuǎn)而顯得句子松散，因?yàn)樗亩ㄌL(zhǎng)了。）這個(gè)提議特別遭到了那些在本地區(qū)投資很大的人的反對(duì)。這里我們還要進(jìn)一步談?wù)剮追N特殊的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。1）關(guān)于帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的固定句式為"情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過(guò)去分詞"。也有個(gè)別帶"to"的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞例外，如：ought to和have to ，它們的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)就只能在不定式中。例如：The debt must be paid off before next month. 那筆債務(wù)必須在下個(gè)月前付清。The debt has to be paid off before next month. 那筆債務(wù)必須在下個(gè)月前付清。Oil can be turned into energy by burning it. 油經(jīng)過(guò)燃燒可變?yōu)槟茉?。You ought to be criticized for your carelessness. 你由于粗心大意應(yīng)當(dāng)受到批評(píng)。2) 關(guān)于帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)態(tài)變成被動(dòng)態(tài)我們先來(lái)看看"帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)態(tài)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)"，重點(diǎn)看謂語(yǔ)部分 ：She sent me a novel on my birthday .主 謂 間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)I allowed him an hour to finish the work .主 謂 間接賓語(yǔ) 直接賓語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ)從上面的分析可以看出，兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)分別是：直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)。將這種主動(dòng)態(tài)的句子變成被動(dòng)態(tài)的句子，可選兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)中的任何一個(gè)作為被動(dòng)態(tài)句子的主語(yǔ)，而將另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)作為"保留賓語(yǔ)"寫(xiě)入被動(dòng)態(tài)的句中。但有一點(diǎn)要說(shuō)明，那就是，如果你選直接賓語(yǔ)作"主語(yǔ)"，有時(shí)要在被動(dòng)態(tài)句子的"保留賓語(yǔ)"前加上合適的介詞。因?yàn)檫@些動(dòng)詞常有兩種句式，即：我們可以說(shuō)give sb sth , send sb sth , buy sb sth ；我們也可以說(shuō)give sth to sb, send sth to sb , buy sth for sb 。請(qǐng)看下面兩種情況的對(duì)照：She sent me a novel on my birthday. (主動(dòng)) I was sent a novel on my birthday. (被動(dòng))A novel was sent to me on my birthday. (被動(dòng))My brother bought me a watch yesterday. (主動(dòng)) I was bought a watch yesterday. (被動(dòng))A watch was bought for me by my brother yesterday.(被動(dòng))3)關(guān)于帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)態(tài)變成被動(dòng)態(tài)如果將帶有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（既：賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）的主動(dòng)態(tài)的句子變成被動(dòng)態(tài)的句子，我們只能選擇原來(lái)句子的賓語(yǔ)作被動(dòng)態(tài)句子的主語(yǔ)；而這時(shí)，原句里的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在就變成被動(dòng)態(tài)句子的"主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)"了。例如：The story made us laugh .(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))We were made to laugh by the story. (主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))They asked me to help them. (賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))I was asked to help them. (主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))We saw them ing over. (賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))They were seen ing over. (主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))