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1、SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING APPLIED LINGUISTICSP.162-171 WHAT IS APPLIED LINGUISTICS?A field that studies second language learning by linguistic analysis and other fields such as communication, education, psychology, and sociology. SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING Learning English in a community that doesnt sp
2、eak English. English class in Saudi Arabia. Leaning English in a place where it is the spoken language. English class in the US.EFL ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ESL ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION & LEARNING The gradual development of language ability by using it naturally in communicative
3、 situations with native speakers. Result: Fluency in using the language (as in social interaction) Learning the features of the language (vocabulary, grammar) that is learned in a classroom. Result: Knowledge about the language. (as in tests) LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS GRAMMAR-TRANSLATION METHOD: Ear
4、liest method- grammar rules, vocabulary lists, memorization, focus on written language not spoken. AUDIOLINGUAL METHOD: Emphasis on the spoken language, language was viewed as a habit, to be learned by the use of drills, repetition, and imitation. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES: The recent development in
5、second language learning, focus on using the language to communicate. TRANSFER Using sounds, expressions, or structures from the first language L1 when using the second language L2. 1. Negative transfer: when the L1 transfer is different and results in a mistake (adjective after noun) 2. Positive tr
6、ansfer: when the languages are similar and the learner transfers knowledge that results in correct forms. INPUT & OUTPUT The language that the learner is exposed to that is beneficial for learning.1. Foreigner talk: native speakers modify their language to communicate with the learner. 2. Negotiated
7、 input: when the learner asks for clarification. P.168 Is meaningful interaction between the learner and speakers of the language. It is one of the most difficult things to provide in the language classroom. Communicative approaches try to give students this opportunity. LANGUAGE AND REGIONAL VARIAT
8、IONP.194-202 LINGUISTIC GEOGRAPHYInvestigating aspects of language variation based on where the language is used (Region or country).DIALECTOLOGY:The study of different dialects of the same language that could be similar or very different. DEFINING TERMS STANDARD LANGUAGE: The version of a language
9、that is accepted as the official language of the country. (used in newspapers, TV, books, schools) ACCENT: Aspects of the pronunciation of language that identify where the speaker is from regionally or socially. DIALECT: Features of grammar and vocabulary as well as aspects of pronunciation that are
10、 different among speakers. ISOGLOSSES & DIALECT BOUNDARIES The boundary between areas with regard to one particular linguistic item. P.197 When a number of isoglosses come together to form a thick line they become a dialect boundary. PIDGINS & CREOLES A variety of language that developed for practic
11、al purposes such as trade among people who needed to communicate with each other but didnt know each others languages. P.201 When a pidgin develops beyond its use as a trade or contact language and becomes the first language of a social community. PIDGINS CREOLES An Eglish pidgin is a language that was based on English. Limited vocabulary. No inflectional suffixes (plural s) Syntax of the language is different. P.202 A creole develops as the first language of children of pidgin speakers. Vocabulary elements of pidgins become grammatical elements. It has native speakers.
SECONDLANGUAGELEARNINGAPPLIEDLINGUISTICS第二語言學習應用語言學
