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1、1,CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT信貸風險管理,HSBC 匯豐銀行,2,CREDIT CULTURE信貸文化,Risk averse given Banks high gearing and thin margin 傾向低風險，由于銀行高負債和低利息差 Proper goals and measures with controls 適當?shù)哪繕撕痛胧┘翱刂?The Line takes primary (or joint) responsibility of the credit decisions 前線部門對貸款決定負主要（或共同）責任 Burden of proof on t
2、he Line 證明應貸款責任在于前線部門 Never feel embarrassed to ask “dumb” questions 不用擔心問“愚笨”的問題,3,CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT信貸風險管理,Prerequisite:先決條件 Senior managements support (positive intervention?) 高層管理的支持（積極干預？） People (technical capability, integrity and inter-personal skills) 人員（技術(shù)能力、人格和人際交往能力） Organization and
3、 System 組織及系統(tǒng) Attribute:特征 Independent 獨立性 No bottom-line responsibility 沒有盈利責任 Professional 專業(yè)性 Firm and fair 堅定和公正,4,STRUCTURE AND APPROVAL PROCESS結(jié)構(gòu)和認證程序,,Board of Directors 董事會,行政總裁（總部） GHQ CEO,APH CEO 行政總裁（亞太區(qū)）,AMH GM總經(jīng)理 （香港及中國大陸）,Line前線部門,信貸總經(jīng)理 GM Credit,CCO首席信貸官,HD Credit 信貸部門主管,,,,,,,,,,,,,C
4、oncurrence 認同,Approval 審批,Approval 審批,Approval審批,,,Country Risk/Bank Risk 國家風險/銀行風險 Market Risk/Credit Risk 市場風險/信用風險,,Market Risk/Credit Risk 市場風險/信用風險,Credit 信用,,,5,ALTERNATIVES選擇,Centralized vs Decentralized集權(quán)/分權(quán) Individual vs Committee (composition and decision making process)個人/委員會（債務組成及決策過程） F
5、actors to consider: 需要考慮的因素 Individual / Collective Decision / Responsibility 個人/集體決策/責任 Senior managements trust 高層管理的信任 Quality of staff (at centre and in the line) 員工的素質(zhì) （管理人員和一線職員） Specialization of staff 員工專業(yè)化 Effectiveness of internal control system 內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)的功效 Quality of service (e.g. turnaroun
6、d time) 服務的質(zhì)量（例如：報廢項目時間） Others (fraud prevention etc.) 其他（防范欺詐等）,6,Structure and Account Cycle結(jié)構(gòu)及客戶信貸周期,,,,,,,,Policy/政策,Approval審批,,,Risk Monitoring 風險監(jiān)督,,,Recovery追償,,,Head of CRM信貸風險管理部,,,,,,,,,,Loans貸款,Unhealthy loans 不良貸款,Review回顧,Review回顧,7,Credit Policy, Guidelines and Procedures Manual 信貸政策
7、，指南及程序手冊,Key business objectives 主要業(yè)務目標 Structure and Responsibility 結(jié)構(gòu)及職責 Economic Outlook 經(jīng)濟預期 Sectoral Analysis 行業(yè)分析 Business Strategy and Focus 業(yè)務戰(zhàn)略和重點 Risk Assessment and Credit Appetite 風險評估和信貸偏好 Lending Guidelines 貸款指南 Credit Products, Procedures and Advice 信貸產(chǎn)品、程序和建議,8,CREDIT POLICY信貸政策,Mark
8、et positioning and risk appetite 市場定位和風險偏好 Return 回報 Private Bank Commercial BankSubprime Lender 私人銀行 商業(yè)銀行 次級貸款人 -Large corporate 大型企業(yè) -Middle market 中端市場 -Small business 小型企業(yè) -Consumer 消費者,,,,Risk 風險,,,9,MARKET SEGMENTATION CREDIT TOOLS 市場細分信貸工具,Corporate Banking - Large corporate - Judge
9、mental (plus Rating, KMV, MRA) 公司金融-大型公司-主觀判斷（加評分，KMV, MRA) Commercial Banking Medium sized corporate Judgemental 公司金融-中型企業(yè)-主觀判斷 Business Banking Small business Scoring 商務理財-小型企業(yè)-評分 Personal Financial Services Consumer Scoring 個人金融服務-消費者-評分,10,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
10、,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Delinquency Rates, All Banks, SA (USA),貸款不良率,,美國所有銀行,,0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,91Q1,91Q3,92Q1,92Q3,93Q1,93Q3,94Q1,94Q3,95Q1,95Q3,96Q1,96Q3,97Q1,97Q3,98Q1,98Q3,99Q1,99Q3,00Q1,00Q3,01Q1,01Q3,,,,Residential * 住房貸款,,Commercial * 商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)貸款,,,C&I Loans 工商貸款,,Total Loans & Leases 貸款和租
11、賃總額,,,,%,11,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Charge-Off Rates, All Banks, SA (USA) 沖銷率 所有銀行 美國,0.0,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,91Q1,91Q3,92Q1,92Q3,93Q1,93Q3,94Q1,94Q3,95Q1,95Q3,96Q1,96Q3,97Q1,97Q3,98Q1,98Q3,99Q1,99Q3,00Q1,00Q3,01Q1,01Q3,,,,,Comme
12、rcial * 商業(yè)房地產(chǎn)貸款,,,C&I Loans 工商貸款,,Total Loans & Leases 貸款及租賃總額,,,%,Residential * 住房貸款,12,,,,Loan Quality in HK 香港地區(qū)貸款質(zhì)量,-10%,-5%,0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,,,,NPL % 不良貸款比例,,,Credit card charge-off ratio (annualised) 年信用卡沖銷比例,,,,,,,Mortgage Delinquency Rate 住房貸款不良率,,,Real GDP (year on year % change) 年實際GDP變化
13、率,,,,13,CREDIT RISK ASSESSMENT信貸風險評估,Corporate and Commercial Banking 公司金融 （大型和中型企業(yè)） Operating Risks運營風險 Borrower Grade 借款人評級 Financial Risks (including Projection)(PD) 財務風險（包括財務預測）（違約機率） Account Conduct 來往狀況 Security and Facility Structure抵押品、貸款結(jié)構(gòu)及評級Facility Grade 設施評級 (Property + Marketable Securi
14、ties) （財產(chǎn)和可交易的證券）,,,14,Small Business 小型企業(yè),More vulnerable to economic downturn 易受經(jīng)濟下滑的影響 Information problematic (low financial transparency and reliability) 信息問題（財務信息透明度及可信度不高） High operating risks (relatively weak in management skills) 高運營風險（較弱的管理能力） Characteristics of the Scorecard 記分卡的特征 Compan
15、ys financials 公司財務狀況 Companys credit history and behavior 公司信用歷史和表現(xiàn) Companys attributes (age, sector, size etc) 公司性質(zhì)（成立時間的長短、所屬行業(yè)、規(guī)模等） Owners scores 公司所有者的評分,15,,,英國小型公司主要業(yè)務的設立與終止,設立,千/每季度,終止,16,Consumer 消費貸款,Criteria Based Lending 根據(jù)準則所進行的信貸 More commonly for secured products, e.g. mortgage, car lo
16、ans, HP and loans secured by liquid assets 多用于擔保產(chǎn)品，例如：住房貸款、汽車貸款、租賃及用流動資產(chǎn)擔保的貸款 Security coverage 抵押品/貸款 比例 Income coverage 收入/還款 比例,17,Jun-00,Aug-00,Oct-00,Dec-00,Feb-01,Apr-01,Jun-01,Aug-01,Oct-01,Dec-01,Feb-02,0,50,100,150,200,250,300,,,,,,,,Mortgage Delinquency Rate 住房貸款不良率,,,Unemployment rate 失業(yè)率
17、,,,Residential Price Index (1989=100) (RHS) 住房價格指數(shù) （以1989年為100）,,,18,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Credit Card Quality 信用卡質(zhì)量,3.00%,4.00%,5.00%,6.00%,7.00%,8.00%,9.00%,Dec-98,Mar-99,Jun-99,Sep-99,Dec-99,Mar-00,Jun-00,Sep-00,
18、Dec-00,Mar-01,Jun-01,Sep-01,Dec-01,Mar-02,-,1,000,2,000,3,000,4,000,5,000,6,000,7,000,No. of Bankruptcy Petitions 破產(chǎn)申請,,,,Credit card charge-off ratio (annualised) 年信用卡沖銷率,,,Unemployment rate 失業(yè)率,,,Bankruptcy Petitions (RHS) 破產(chǎn)申請 （RHS),,19,Scoring 評分,Rank ordering 分級 Application and Behavioral Score
19、s 申請信貸和行為評分 Generic and Customized Scores 通用評分和專用評分 Credit card, personal loans, etc 信用卡，個人貸款等,20,CREDIT RISK MONITORING信貸風險監(jiān)督,Management Information 管理信息 (CPAN, IBIS, REMIND, SCOPE, etc) Grade classification / migration 評級分類/變動情況 Score distribution / flow rate 分值分布/流動率,21,PRICING STRATEGY定價戰(zhàn)略,1. In
20、terest margin: hurdle rates, e.g. bonds. 利率邊際：障礙率，例如：債券 2. RORA: return on the overall relationship 總體關(guān)系的回報 3. EP: cost of capital 經(jīng)濟利潤：資本成本 Factors to consider: 考慮因素 PD (Borrowers grade) 違約機率 LGD 損失比率 Term 年期 Cost of capital 資本成本 Competition 競爭 Business potential 發(fā)展?jié)摿?22,DEBT RECOVERY (1)貸款收回 （1）
21、,Objective 目標 Risk vs Relationship 風險 或 關(guān)系 Strategy 戰(zhàn)略 Rehabilitation OR Exit 貸款康復或退出,23,DEBT RECOVERY (2)貸款收回 (2),Workout - Factors for success 債務重組 - 成功的因素 -legal system (Scheme of Arrangement, Individual Voluntary Arrangement, Bankruptcy Law) - 法律體系 (債務安排計劃、個人自愿安排、破產(chǎn)法） -professional support (lawy
22、er, accountant, financial advisor, asset search agent, debt collector) - 專業(yè)支持 （律師、會計師、財務顧問、資產(chǎn)搜尋代理、債務追償人） - customer self-rescue (transparency, commitment and cooperation) - 客戶 - 自救措施 （透明、承擔與合作） - multi-bank - supportive, expeditious and equitable the Hong Kong Approach - 多頭銀行 -支持態(tài)度、迅速及公平 （香港原則）,24,D
23、EBT RECOVERY (3)貸款收回（3）,Feedback 回饋 - lessons learnt - Credit Alert (early warning signs), training course - 吸取教訓 每月簡訊（預警信號）、培訓課程 -loophole - change in credit policy or procedures, management information - 漏洞 - 信用政策或程序的改變，管理信息 - cross-stream application and experience sharing PFS & CIB e.g. concept
24、of restructuring, receivership - 跨部門應用及經(jīng)驗分享 個人信貸和商業(yè)信貸 - 例如：債務重組和資產(chǎn)接管的概念,25,DEBT RECOVERY (4)貸款收回（4）,Human Resources 人力資源 - specialized skills understanding of legal system, able to face and handle confrontation, negotiation, leadership, decision-making - 專業(yè)技能 - 了解法律體系，能夠應對挑戰(zhàn)及對立局面，具備談判技巧、領(lǐng)導才能和決策的能力 - built on solid credit background - 具備良好的授信/信貸知識及經(jīng)驗 - flat reporting structure - 扁平的組織架構(gòu) - support from senior management - 高層管理的支持,
《信貸風險管理》PPT課件.ppt
