2020高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)同步攻關(guān) 語(yǔ)法部分 第7講 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞學(xué)案

《2020高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)同步攻關(guān) 語(yǔ)法部分 第7講 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞學(xué)案》由會(huì)員分享，可在線閱讀，更多相關(guān)《2020高考英語(yǔ)一輪復(fù)習(xí)同步攻關(guān) 語(yǔ)法部分 第7講 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞學(xué)案（21頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

1、第7講 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包括不定式(to do)、動(dòng)名詞(－ing)、現(xiàn)在分詞(－ing)與過(guò)去分詞(－ed)。它們不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的限制，在句子中不能充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)，但可以充當(dāng)句子的其他成分，并且有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。所以，要正確使用非謂語(yǔ)形式，一定要充分理解不同形式所表現(xiàn)的意義，要明確非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間是“主動(dòng)”還是“被動(dòng)(或狀態(tài))”，所表示的動(dòng)作是“過(guò)去”、“現(xiàn)在”還是“將來(lái)”，以及和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同步發(fā)生還是有先后之分。 一、不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ) 【例句觀察】 吸煙在這兒是禁止的。 Smoking is prohibited here. (抽象) 吸煙太多對(duì)你

2、不好。 It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具體) 【結(jié)論1】動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作， 而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。 【例句觀察】 Working in these conditions is not easy. (一般式) 在這樣的條件下工作不容易。 Having studied computer is an important qualification for the job. (完成式) 學(xué)過(guò)電腦是獲得這份工作的重要條件。 Their not being served by the waiter adde

3、d to their anger. (被動(dòng)式，Their不可用They和Them，not在doing前) 沒(méi)有被服務(wù)增添了他們的憤怒。 【結(jié)論2】動(dòng)名詞和不定式作主語(yǔ)除了一般式和主動(dòng)式，還有完成式、被動(dòng)式。完成式表示該動(dòng)作比謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作先發(fā)生。 【完成例句】 (1)他的到來(lái)將會(huì)是很大的幫助。 His coming here will be a great help. (不可用He和Him) (2) Jack的突然消失使他們很擔(dān)憂。 Jack's suddenly disappearing made them worried. (不可用Jack) 【結(jié)論3】當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞帶邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，

4、只可在其前加上物主代詞或名詞的所有格，不可以用人稱代詞主格和賓格，也不可以用名詞的普通格。 【完成例句】 (3)我覺(jué)得他一個(gè)人是不可能做那份工作的。 I found it impossible for him to do the job alone. (4)他那樣做是理智的。 It was wise of him to do that. 【結(jié)論4】It's ＋adj. / n. for / of sb. to do sth. 在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, s

5、illy, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, wicked, wrong等后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，否則用for。 【翻譯句子】 (5)哭是沒(méi)有用的。 It is no use / good crying. 【結(jié)論5】It is ＋ no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time)＋ doing sth. 二、不定式和

6、動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) 【例句觀察】 你介意我看下你的報(bào)紙嗎？ Do you mind my / me reading your paper? 她不喜歡Mary那樣說(shuō)話。 She doesn't like Mary / Mary's talking that way. 【結(jié)論1】動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以帶邏輯主語(yǔ)。此時(shí)，帶邏輯主語(yǔ)既可以是物主代詞或名詞的所有格，也可以是人稱代詞賓格和名詞的普通格。 【例句觀察】 I regret not having taken her advice. (not須放在having前)我很后悔沒(méi)有采納她的建議。 They couldn't stand be

7、ing treated like that. 他們不能忍受被那樣對(duì)待。 He decided to help me but I pretended to have finished my job. 他決定幫助我但是我假裝已經(jīng)完成我的工作了。 【結(jié)論2】作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)名詞和不定式除了一般式和主動(dòng)式，還有完成式、被動(dòng)式。完成式表示該動(dòng)作比謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作先發(fā)生。 常見(jiàn)的帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞如下：(利用口訣進(jìn)行記憶，事實(shí)上，口訣內(nèi)的動(dòng)詞后跟動(dòng)詞不定式，幾乎都有將來(lái)意味。建議考生要記牢口訣。 想要干 want, wish, hope, expect, seek, attempt, aim, cl

8、aim，would like / love, desire, swear 早打算 plan, prepare, mean, arrange 同意否 agree, promise, undertake, offer, choose, refuse, afford 問(wèn)問(wèn)看 ask, beg，(ask to do 要求做…) 決定了 decide, determine / be determined, make up one's mind 盡力干 try, manage(反義詞fail), struggle, strive 別裝蒜 pretend 介詞以及少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(“動(dòng)

9、詞不定式口訣”以外的動(dòng)詞)和詞組后只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)： admit，dislike，appreciate，avoid，enjoy，bear(忍受)，envy，can't help(不禁)，delay，escape, can't stand(受不了)，deny，excuse(借口)，consider(考慮)，fancy，mind，miss(錯(cuò)過(guò))，mention, finish，pardon，resist，forgive，imagine，risk，practise，suggest(建議)，keep，quit，put off, give up, feel like, be worth, set

10、about, burst out, be / get / become used to(習(xí)慣于), look forward to, pay attention to, devote…to, lead to, stick to, get close to, object to, contribute to, get down to, be equal to(能勝任), turn to(求助于)等。 例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. He used to be la

11、te for work, but now he has been used to getting up early. 【完成例句】 (6)你要聽(tīng)話好好待在家里。 You would be well advised to stay indoors. (7)老師建議采取不同的方法。 The teacher advised taking a different approach. 【結(jié)論3】動(dòng)詞advise / allow / permit / forbid后跟doing，也可跟sb. to do。 【完成例句】 (8)路被落葉覆蓋住了，它們需要被清理。 The road is c

12、overed with some fallen trees and they need removing / to be removed. 【結(jié)論4】need, require, want, deserve ＋doing / to be done表示被動(dòng)意義。 【翻譯句子】 (9) I forgot buying a pen for him yesterday, and returned home directly. 昨天我忘記給他買筆，而是直接回家了。 (10) Thank you for reminding me，or I forget to post my letter.

13、非常感謝你提醒我，否則我就會(huì)忘記去寄信的。 【結(jié)論5】①有些動(dòng)詞后使用動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)有差別： forget to do 忘記要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing忘記做過(guò)某事(此事已做過(guò)或已發(fā)生) stop to do 停止、中斷(某件事)，目的是去做另一 件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事 remember to do 記住去做某事(未做) remember doing記得做過(guò)某事(已做) regret to do對(duì)要做的事遺憾(后常跟動(dòng)詞 say, tell, inform等) regret doing對(duì)做過(guò)的事后悔 try to

14、do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法 mean to do打算，有意要…… mean doing意味著 go on to do 繼而(去做另外一件事情) go on doing 繼續(xù)(原先沒(méi)有做完的事情) propose to do 打算(要做某事) propose doing建議(做某事) ②like / love / hate / prefer ＋to do表示具體行為；＋doing sth. 表示抽象、傾向概念。 如果這幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞前有should / would，其后賓語(yǔ)只跟不定式，不能跟動(dòng)名詞。 Don't you remember see

15、ing the man before? You must remember to leave tomorrow. 　 I should like to see him tomorrow. 【注意】不定式和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)還有一些固定句型： There is no use (good / point / sense / harm)＋doing sth. 做某事沒(méi)用(不好 / 沒(méi)意義 / 沒(méi)害處) have difficulty / trouble / problem / a hard time / a good time / fun ＋ (in)＋doing spend / wast

16、e / lose time (in) doing sth. There is no ＋ doing…(there is no 表“不可能”) 【疑難1】 I think you'll grow to like him when you know him better. 　　【疑難剖析1】come / become / grow / get to like / love / realize / understand / know等表示心理活動(dòng)的過(guò)程，意為“漸漸地喜歡上 / 意識(shí)到 / 懂了 / 知道了……” 【疑難2】 Last night I did nothing but

17、watch TV. The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. 【疑難剖析2】do / did / does＋nothing/anything/everything but(except)＋動(dòng)詞原形，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不是do / did / does，but(except)，所跟的不定式須帶to。 【疑難3】 When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift

18、. 【疑難剖析3】can not (help / choose)but do，can do nothing but do，have no choice / alternative to do表示“不得不”。 【疑難4】 Why not take a holiday? 【疑難剖析4】“Why not ＋動(dòng)詞原形”表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為：“為什么不……？”“干嘛不……？” 【疑難5】 You had better have your eyes examined. 【疑難剖析5】“would rather / had better＋(not)＋動(dòng)詞原形”意為“寧愿 / 最好(不)做

19、某事”。 【疑難6】 We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind. I don't mind there being a chair here. There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself. 【疑難剖析6】there be的非謂語(yǔ)形式： 作動(dòng)詞expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用there to be結(jié)構(gòu)，在mind, object to等后面用there being。作狀語(yǔ)多用there bei

20、ng結(jié)構(gòu)。 【疑難7】 John didn't pass his driving test, but I expected him to. — Hasn't he finished writing the report？　 — No, but he ought to have. — Aren't you the headmaster? — No, and I don't want to be. 【疑難剖析7】為避免重復(fù)，在hope, expect, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, need, mean, forget, refuse,

21、tell, know, have to, be going to, used to, ought to等動(dòng)詞后面再次出現(xiàn)相同的不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常出現(xiàn)單獨(dú)使用的to，而把曾出現(xiàn)過(guò)的動(dòng)詞省略掉。但是，如果在省略的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be, have, have been時(shí)，要保留這些詞。 三、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ) 【完成例句】 (11)我的建議是馬上開(kāi)始工作。 What I would suggest is to start work at once. (12)他的愛(ài)好是集郵。 His hobby is collecting stamps. 【結(jié)論1】不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作，

22、特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象的一般性的行為。 【完成例句】 (13)旅行很有趣但有些累。 Travelling is interesting but tiring. (14)學(xué)生被迫學(xué)得太多會(huì)混亂的。 The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 【結(jié)論2】表心理狀態(tài)的interesting, exciting, delighting, disappointing, encouraging, worrying, puzzling, satisfying, surprising, p

23、leasing等形容詞化分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示“令人……的”；interested, excited, delighted, disappointed, encouraged, pleased, puzzled, worried, surprised等表示“感到……”。 【完成例句】 (15)工人們被告知他們按小時(shí)計(jì)酬。 What the workers have been told is that they get paid by the hour. 【結(jié)論3】除be done外， get, become, look, seem, appear, remain等系動(dòng)詞都可跟done。如r

24、emain seated / hidden，get paid / dressed / changed / stuck / hurt / injured / burnt等。 【完成例句】 (16)他一直沉迷于電腦游戲，所以他得不了好成績(jī)。 He was addicted to computer games, so he couldn't get good marks. 【結(jié)論4】下列be done表示所處的狀態(tài) be addicted to…沉迷于…… be absorbed in…全神貫注于 be aimed at…旨在 / 意圖…… be armed with… 有……裝備

25、 be buried in…埋葬在…… be based on / upon…以……為基礎(chǔ) be born…出生于…… be burdened with…擔(dān)負(fù)著 be crowded with…擠滿了…… be covered with / by…覆蓋著 be coated with…涂抹了…… be combined with…與……聯(lián)合 be compared with…與……相比較 be caught in… 陷入…… be lost in…沉迷于…… be concerned about…關(guān)心…… be dressed in…穿著…… be devoted t

26、o…專心致志于…… be divided into分成 be engaged in…忙于…… be engaged to sb. 與……訂婚 be fixed on…專注于…… be faced with…面臨著…… be filled with…裝滿了…… be greeted with…受到了……問(wèn)候 be grown up 已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了 be hidden in…躲在…… be linked to …與……有關(guān) be paved with…鋪著…… be loaded with…載有…… be located in…位于…… be matched 很般配 be

27、 mistaken 弄錯(cuò)了 be replaced with…更換為…… be related to / with…與……有關(guān) be seated 坐著 be married(to sb. )與某人結(jié)婚了 be separated from…與……隔開(kāi) be shouldered with…肩負(fù)著…… be stationed in…駐扎在…… be surrounded with / by…四周環(huán)繞著…… be supposed to do…應(yīng)該做…… be recovered from …從……中康復(fù) be connected with…與……相連 / 有關(guān) be

28、made of / from / up of由……制成 / 組成 be designed / meant / intended for…專為……而設(shè)計(jì) be known as / for / to…以……著稱 / 因……著名 / 為……所知 四、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作定語(yǔ) 【完成例句】 (17)我遺憾地告訴你還有東西沒(méi)解決。 I regret to tell you that there is something unsolved. (18)水被工廠污染應(yīng)該受到批評(píng)。 The water polluted by the factory should be to blame.

29、【結(jié)論1】單個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作定語(yǔ)一般在名詞前，但修飾不定代詞時(shí)在代詞后；非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)一般要跟在名詞后。 【例句觀察】 The meeting to be held tomorrow is important. 明天要開(kāi)的會(huì)很重要。 The meeting being held now is important. 現(xiàn)在正在開(kāi)的這個(gè)會(huì)很重要。 The meeting held yesterday was important. 昨天開(kāi)的那個(gè)會(huì)議很重要。 【結(jié)論2】不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別如下： to do sth. 與被修飾的名詞有①主謂關(guān)系；②動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；名詞前有

30、序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)；③不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等抽象名詞 名詞＋doing sth. ①正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；②經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時(shí))的狀態(tài)；③即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 to be done 表示將要被做 done 表示已經(jīng)完成的或表被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作[having (been)done不可作定語(yǔ)] being done 表示正在發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作 【完成例句】 (19)我沒(méi)有登山鞋。 I have no climbing shoes. (20)那個(gè)睡覺(jué)的男孩是他弟弟。 The sleeping boy was his brother. 【結(jié)論3】動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)只放

31、在名詞前，說(shuō)明該名詞的性能或用途，不表動(dòng)作，被修飾的名詞與動(dòng)名詞在邏輯上沒(méi)有主謂關(guān)系，反之則是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)。 【完成例句】 (21)地上有很多落葉。 There are a lot of fallen leaves on the ground. 【結(jié)論4】一些形容詞化的過(guò)去分詞表示已完成的動(dòng)作或所處的狀態(tài)，意為“已經(jīng)……的”。 a fallen leaf落葉(已經(jīng)落在地上) a falling leaf 飄零的落葉(尚在空中) a developed country發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 a developing country 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 a risen sun升起的太陽(yáng) a ris

32、ing sun 冉冉升起的太陽(yáng) a returned student歸國(guó)學(xué)生 a retired worker退休工人 an advanced worker先進(jìn)工作者 boiled water開(kāi)水 (boiling water 沸水) a bent branch彎曲的樹(shù)枝 determined opposition強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì) a devoted soldier忠誠(chéng)的士兵 a well－informed professor見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣的教授 【疑難1】 The teacher is satisfied with our satisfying performance in clas

33、s, which can be seen from her satisfied expression on her face. 老師對(duì)我們?cè)谡n堂上令人滿意的表現(xiàn)很滿意，這可以從她臉上滿意的表情看出來(lái)。 【疑難剖析1】表示心理狀態(tài)的－ing形式，表示“令人……的”； －ed形式，表示“(人)感到……”，也可修飾體現(xiàn)內(nèi)心感受的look, expression, tears, smile, voice等名詞。 【疑難2】 ①The man who came this morning is our legal adviser. (√) The man coming this morning

34、is our legal adviser. (× ) ②Is there anyone who can answer this question? (√) Is there anyone answering this question? (× ) ③Those who have finished their work can go home now. (√) Those having finished their work can go home now. (×) 【疑難剖析2】 不宜用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)的情況： ①不能用doing表達(dá)過(guò)去動(dòng)作(見(jiàn)①)； ②用answering

35、表達(dá)can answer的意思是錯(cuò)的(見(jiàn)②)； ③完成式不能作定語(yǔ)(見(jiàn)③)。 五、不定式和分詞作狀語(yǔ) 【例句觀察】 Standing on the tower, the whole city could be seen. (×前后主語(yǔ)不一致) Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (√前后主語(yǔ)一致) 站在塔上，我們可以看見(jiàn)整個(gè)城市。 We found the room too small to hold so many people. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)房間太小，容不下這么多人。 He made a long speec

36、h only to show his ignorance of the subject. (出乎意料的結(jié)果) 他作了很長(zhǎng)的演說(shuō)，結(jié)果卻是偏離主題的。 Being watched by the audience, the young speaker felt very nervous. (因?yàn)檎诒弧? 被觀眾一直看著，年輕的演說(shuō)者感到有些緊張。 Encouraged by these successes, they decided to expand the business. (被動(dòng)，先發(fā)生但不強(qiáng)調(diào)) 被這些成功鼓舞，他們決定拓展他們的貿(mào)易。 When leaving the

37、 airport, they waved again and again to us.(主動(dòng)，同步) 當(dāng)離開(kāi)機(jī)場(chǎng)的時(shí)候，他們一次又一次地向我們揮手。 Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them. (主動(dòng)，先發(fā)生且強(qiáng)調(diào)) 沒(méi)有收到來(lái)信，他決定再寫一封信給他們。 Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. (被動(dòng)，先發(fā)生) 被老師批評(píng)后，李明戒了煙。 【結(jié)論1】 ①only＋ to do 表示意想不

38、到的結(jié)果。 ②doing sth. 與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(主動(dòng)關(guān)系) ③being ＋p.p. 強(qiáng)調(diào)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作(“因?yàn)檎诒弧? ④done已經(jīng)發(fā)生的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作 ⑤having done先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(主動(dòng)關(guān)系) ⑥having been done　先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作(被動(dòng)關(guān)系) 【翻譯句子】 (22) He worked deep into the night, preparing a speech for the president. (worked與preparing同時(shí)發(fā)生) 他為總統(tǒng)準(zhǔn)備演說(shuō)，工作到深夜?！? (23) I got

39、up very early this morning to prepare breakfast for my family. (got up先，prepare breakfast后) 我今天早上起床很早給我的家人準(zhǔn)備早餐。 【結(jié)論2】不定式“to do sth. ”作目的和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)時(shí)總是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后發(fā)生，而分詞一般式 “doing sth.”作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)總是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生。 【翻譯句子】 (24) She is so kind as to help me. ＝ She is so kind that she helps me. 她和善地來(lái)幫我。 (25) She is

40、such a kind girl as to help me. ＝ She is such a kind girl that she helps me. 她是一個(gè)和善的女孩，常來(lái)幫我。 【結(jié)論3】so ＋ adj. / adv.＋ as to do或such＋(a / an)＋adj. ＋ n. ＋ as to do, 可以轉(zhuǎn)化為so …that 或such… that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。 【疑難1】 too…to do表示肯定的情況 I'm only too pleased to help you. 我很高興能幫助你。 One is never too old to lear

41、n. 活到老，學(xué)到老。 【疑難剖析1】①當(dāng)only too和 all too與動(dòng)詞不定式連用時(shí)，表示肯定意義。 ②too ready (anxious，eager, glad, willing)＋to do，其后的動(dòng)詞不定式具有肯定意義。 ③never (not)＋too…to…句型為“不會(huì)太……所以能……”之意。 【疑難2】 Seating himself / Seated / Sitting in the room, he is absorbed in reading. Have you noticed the student losing himself / lost in t

42、hought? 【疑難剖析2】devote，absorb，lose，seat，dress，hide等動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)時(shí)可以用它們的－ed形式(devoted, absorbed，lost，seated，dressed，hidden)或－ing＋oneself形式(devoting / absorbing / losing / seating / dressing / hiding oneself)。 【疑難3】 Generally speaking，the more expensive the camera, the better its quality . 【疑難剖析3】有些to d

43、o 短語(yǔ)，doing短語(yǔ)和done 短語(yǔ)已經(jīng)當(dāng)作插入語(yǔ)使用，此時(shí)，句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯上與它們不存在主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系： ① to tell you the truth(實(shí)話說(shuō))，needless to say(不用說(shuō))，to be honest / frank(老實(shí)說(shuō)，坦白說(shuō))，to be more exact(更確切地說(shuō))，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention…(更不用說(shuō)) ② Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般說(shuō)來(lái) / 坦白說(shuō) / 粗略地說(shuō))，considering…(鑒于 / 考慮到……)，

44、judging by / from…(從……來(lái)看，依據(jù)……來(lái)判斷)，supposing that…(假定……)，providing that… (假定……)，according to…(依據(jù)……)，including…(包括……)，owing to…(由于……)，talking / speaking of…(談及……) ③given…(考慮到……), provided that…(如果……) 【疑難4】 It being Sunday, we needn't go to school. → Because it is Sunday, we needn't go to school.

45、 All the work done, you can have a rest. → If all the work is done, you can have a rest. 【疑難剖析4】獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：n. / pron. ＋doing / done / to do / adv. / adj. / prep. 短語(yǔ) 前后主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，分詞作狀語(yǔ)需有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)，且分詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)之間存在著邏輯上的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系，此時(shí)，視為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。若把獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)還原為狀語(yǔ)從句，則主句的主語(yǔ)與從句的主語(yǔ)是不同的。 【疑難5】 連詞＋分詞(短語(yǔ)) While waiting there

46、, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building. He will not attend the party unless invited. 【疑難剖析5】 　　有時(shí)為使分詞短語(yǔ)與主句關(guān)系更清楚，可在分詞前加連詞。連詞有when，while，if，unless，though，after, before, as等。但分詞的主語(yǔ)和主句的主語(yǔ)必須為同一個(gè)。 六、不定式和分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 【完成例句】 (26)我爸爸允許我周末上網(wǎng)。 My father permits me to surf the Internet at the wee

47、kend. 【結(jié)論1】like, hate, encourage, wish, warn, tell, want, desire, expect, get, permit, order, allow, invite, force, ask, cause, advise, request, prefer, beg, persuade, teach, lead等動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋to do sth. ，賓語(yǔ)與to do 為主動(dòng)關(guān)系。 do sth. (用于let, make, have 以及感官動(dòng)詞后) to do sth. (主動(dòng)) / to be done (被動(dòng)) doing sth

48、. (主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行或 持續(xù)進(jìn)行) done (被動(dòng)，狀態(tài)或完成) being done(被動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行) 動(dòng)詞＋賓語(yǔ)＋賓補(bǔ) 究竟用何種形式，取決于帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞的特征。 【特別提醒】hope, welcome, agree, suggest, demand不能跟sb. to do。 (╳)hope sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為→ wish / expect sb. to do sth. (╳)welcome sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為→ sb. be welcome to do sth. (╳)agree sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為→ allow

49、/ permit sb. to do sth. (╳)suggest sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為→advise sb. to do sth. / suggest sb. (should)do sth. (╳)demand sb. to do sth.應(yīng)改為→require sb. to do / demand sb. (should )do sth. 【完成例句】 (27)他看見(jiàn)老人過(guò)馬路。 He saw the old man cross the road. → The old man was seen to cross the road. (28)小孩子最后被看見(jiàn)

50、在河邊玩。 The children were last seen playing by the river. 【結(jié)論2】感官動(dòng)詞see, observe＋賓語(yǔ)＋do sth.(主動(dòng)，全過(guò)程或經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作) hear, notice, watch, feel＋ 賓語(yǔ)＋doing(主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行) feel，look at, listen＋賓語(yǔ)＋to be done(與賓語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系) 【注意】若感官動(dòng)詞在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，則to 要還原。 【翻譯句子】 (29) His words sent me thinking. 他的話令我深思。 (30) The teacher often g

51、ets us to recite texts. 老師經(jīng)常叫我們背課文。 (31) I'd like to get my car repaired before the New Year. 我想新年前把車修好。 (32) To our surprise, he was sent to work abroad. 令我們驚訝的是他被送往國(guó)外工作了。 【結(jié)論3】get / send / set ＋賓語(yǔ)＋doing表示“使……起來(lái)”，動(dòng)作由靜止到運(yùn)動(dòng)并持續(xù)下去 get＋賓語(yǔ)＋to do＝let / have sb. to do表示“讓某人做某事” get＋賓語(yǔ)＋done＝have sth

52、. done表示“使某事被做” send＋賓語(yǔ)＋to do表示“派某人去做某事” 【翻譯句子】 (33) I made my little brother cry. / My little brother was made to cry. 我把弟弟弄哭了。 (34) I spoke clearly and slowly to make myself heard and understood. 我說(shuō)得又慢又清楚好讓自己被聽(tīng)明白。 【結(jié)論4】使役動(dòng)詞make＋賓語(yǔ)＋do / done；賓語(yǔ)與do 為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，與done是被動(dòng)關(guān)系；如make 在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，to要還原。 【例句觀察】

53、 The teacher often has us debate in class. 老師經(jīng)常叫我們?cè)谡n堂上辯論。 They had the lights burning while working. 他們工作的時(shí)候把燈亮著。 Nancy will have her house painted. Nancy要漆房子。 I am going to the supermarket and have many things to buy. Do you have anything to be bought? 我要去超市買點(diǎn)東西，你有東西要買嗎？ do sth. (主動(dòng)，讓某人做某事

54、) doing sth. (主動(dòng)，讓某人或某 物一直做某事) done(被動(dòng)，①叫人做某事 ②遭遇某事) 使役動(dòng)詞have ＋ 賓語(yǔ)＋ have表示“有”時(shí)，用have＋賓語(yǔ)＋to do，表示“有某事要做(主語(yǔ)本人做)”； 用have＋賓語(yǔ)＋to be done，表示“有某事被做(不是主語(yǔ)本人做)”。 【結(jié)論5】 【例句觀察】 Sorry to have kept you waiting for me for such a long time. 不好意思讓你等了這么久。 They went home, leaving much work unfinished. 他們

55、回家了，留下很多事情都沒(méi)做。 I have once seen the child caught stealing money. 我曾經(jīng)看到一個(gè)小孩偷錢被抓。 I found the little boy lying under the tree when I passed by. 我路過(guò)的時(shí)候發(fā)現(xiàn)那個(gè)小男孩躺在樹(shù)底下。 She found a small boy seated at the back of the classroom. 她發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)小男孩坐在教室后面。 The teacher wanted the paper (to be)finished in an hour.

56、 老師想讓試卷在一個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)完成。 【結(jié)論6】 ① keep / leave＋賓語(yǔ)＋doing(主動(dòng)，且持續(xù)進(jìn)行) / done(被動(dòng)) ② catch＋賓語(yǔ)＋doing表示“發(fā)現(xiàn)某人正在做某事”，賓語(yǔ)與doing為主動(dòng)，且正在進(jìn)行。 ③find＋賓語(yǔ)＋doing(主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行) / done(被動(dòng)、狀態(tài)或完成) ④ want / order / ask / wish ＋賓語(yǔ)＋(to be )done (賓語(yǔ)與done之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系) 七、with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) 【完成例句】 (35)小孩跟著他，他不得不回到公園。 With the children following him,

57、 he had to go back to the park. (36)工作完成了，他可以回家了。 With the work finished, he could go home. (37)這么多書要看，我不能外出。 With so many books to read, I could not go out. (38)天氣這么熱，他們?nèi)胧倚菹⒘恕? With the weather so hot, they went in to have a rest. (39)隨著彩電價(jià)格降了50%，公司處境艱難。 With the prices of color TV down by

58、50%, the company has a very hard time. (40)他妻子走下樓梯，手里拿著一本書。 His wife came down the stairs, with a book in her hand / a book in her hand / a book in hand. (41)升國(guó)旗的時(shí)候?qū)W生們站成一線。 The students stood in line with the national flag being raised. 【結(jié)論】with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的一種，常在句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)，是英語(yǔ)中的一種常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)。它由“with＋賓語(yǔ)＋補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”組成，其中，賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)之間必須有邏輯一致關(guān)系。 其結(jié)構(gòu)為： adv. / prep. adj. ＋to do(表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作) doing(主動(dòng)，同時(shí)) / being done(正在被) done(被動(dòng)或完成)