年產(chǎn)3萬件發(fā)動機曲軸加工工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計【鉆扇板φ5油孔】【說明書+CAD+3D】
年產(chǎn)3萬件發(fā)動機曲軸加工工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計【鉆扇板φ5油孔】【說明書+CAD+3D】,鉆扇板φ5油孔,說明書+CAD+3D,年產(chǎn)3萬件發(fā)動機曲軸加工工藝規(guī)程及夾具設(shè)計【鉆扇板φ5油孔】【說明書+CAD+3D】,年產(chǎn),發(fā)動機,曲軸,加工,工藝,規(guī)程,夾具,設(shè)計,鉆扇板,油孔,說明書,CAD
英文原文：
Design Of Tool Machine Prop
Research significance
The original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.
Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.
Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.
The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.
1.System components and control structure
The entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.
1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principle
Tool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.
1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive.
2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditioned, under the same chain-of-conditioning, so that the chain of uniform.
3) Turret and shields the entire total of 14 independent Turret. 13 of them as a socket-Turret, as a drawer-Turret, each Turret back through the pin and, under the conveyor chain link chain plate, installed at the bottom roller, chain driven rotating turret rotation along the track. Outlet-Turret and BT50-BT40 Turret Turret two kinds of forms. To strengthen management, security, landscaping modeling, shelf peripherals and shields. Turret-drawer drawer placed at six other Des Voeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.
1.1.2.Electrical Control System
This tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing. Control system as shown in Figure 1.
1 Tool Control System for the 1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter. 2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.
3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.
1.2.The functions of the knife
knife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.
1.3.Common types
The knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:
(1) the turret knife Including the first level turret vertical turret and the first two.
(2) the disc cutter Disc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of the knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably given the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more compact layout, the number of certificates corresponding increase knife, apply to small and medium-sized processing center.
(3) the chain knife Including single-and multi-ring chain ring chain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 do Features: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.
(4) linear combination knife and the knife library The linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though. Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.
1.4 Tool storage capacity
Tool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view, generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.
2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application
2.1 Auto Rotary Tool
Rotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simple installation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NC instructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe. Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret. Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 o rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 o rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 o "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.
2. 2 ATC head-turret installed
With rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows: 5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 o, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.
2. 3.Knife Library for the automatic tool change
Figure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans. At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport. Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely. Tool Automatic Tool Change the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife. ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising.
譯文：
機床刀具設(shè)計 課題研究意義
機床原來的刀庫控制程序是單獨設(shè)計的，沒有采用刀具管理系統(tǒng)，功能也比較單一，只實現(xiàn)了刀庫刀具的找刀、刀庫最短路徑定位、主軸換刀，而且不支持大型刀具。 在刀庫自動選刀方面，在計算機記憶式選刀的基礎(chǔ)上采用了西門子840D特色功能，使選刀程序更簡潔，并完成空刀套的查找。刀庫快速換刀利用STEP-7完成編程，并在實際中得到驗證。在刀庫定位問題上，PLC程序控制采用模塊化設(shè)計方法，這對今后生產(chǎn)類似機床將十分有利，很容易將其利用到其他機床上。自動換刀系統(tǒng)將以較快的速度增長，縮短換刀時間，提高刀具的定位精度是重要的手段，有利于數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展。 刀具及其元件庫存是現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)管理中的重要環(huán)節(jié), 特別是大型車間管理。傳統(tǒng)的人工記帳管理方式, 效率低下, 錯誤率高, 且信息數(shù)據(jù)不能共享, 刀具的使用狀態(tài)和壽命周期無法跟蹤, 不能適應(yīng)當(dāng)前信息化管理需要。結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實際, 我們在車間刀具準(zhǔn)備間建立刀具貯存立體庫系統(tǒng), 以滿足車間刀輔具儲存與管理的需要。
該系統(tǒng)采用最優(yōu)化技術(shù), 利用計算機存儲的大量庫存信息, 能及時、準(zhǔn)確、全面地反映刀具庫的庫存情況。整個系統(tǒng)采用圖形界面, 人機對話由中文菜單提示, 可實現(xiàn)各種功能選擇和各種信息的輸入。管理系統(tǒng)采用在線幫助功能?？赏ㄟ^車間管理層、網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)信息管理和共享。具有自動庫存管理、刀具入庫管理、刀具出庫管理和統(tǒng)計查詢功能。 1.系統(tǒng)組成及其控制結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)組成及其控制結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)組成及其控制結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)組成及其控制結(jié)構(gòu) 整個系統(tǒng)包括機械結(jié)構(gòu)及電氣控制系統(tǒng)。
1.1.1 機械結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理
機械結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理機械結(jié)構(gòu)及工作原理
刀具庫由支架、驅(qū)動機構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、刀架、護罩、電氣控制系統(tǒng)等部分組成。支架由立柱、橫梁、上下導(dǎo)向環(huán)軌、支撐地軌組成。
1)驅(qū)動機構(gòu) 該系統(tǒng)選用了變頻調(diào)速的方法。采用錐形制動電機, 帶變頻調(diào)速, 經(jīng)擺線針輪減速器, 通過鏈輪傳動。
2)拖動與傳動系統(tǒng) 采用變頻控制技術(shù)。通過變頻調(diào)速, 可使傳動軸轉(zhuǎn)速在正常范圍內(nèi)調(diào)節(jié)使刀架回轉(zhuǎn)速度控制到 5～ 30mm in, 2 個傳動軸各帶上、下2 個鏈輪通過上、下2 條異形滾子鏈帶動貨架轉(zhuǎn)動。鏈條脹緊機構(gòu)采用螺紋調(diào)節(jié)脹緊, 為定期脹緊方式。調(diào)節(jié)時上、下鏈條松度調(diào)節(jié)一致, 使鏈條受力均勻。
3)刀架與防護罩 整庫共有14 列獨立刀架。其中 13 列為插座式刀架, 1 列為抽屜式刀架, 每個刀架背部通過銷軸與上、下輸送鏈鏈板聯(lián)接, 底部安裝滾輪, 鏈條轉(zhuǎn)動帶動刀架沿地軌轉(zhuǎn)動。插座式刀架分BT40 刀架和BT50 刀架 2 種形式。為加強管理, 保證安全, 美化造型, 貨架外圍加防護罩。抽屜式刀架分 6 個抽屜放置其他刀輔具, 可分類裝存一些刀輔具, 如鉆頭、車刀等。
1.1.2. 電氣控制系統(tǒng)
電氣控制系統(tǒng)電氣控制系統(tǒng)
本刀具儲存系統(tǒng)的電氣控制主要是對其貨架進行運行控制和位置控制。運行控制包括運行設(shè)備的啟動、制動控制。位置控制主要是對貨架位置和地址進行檢測。
1.2.刀庫的功能
刀庫的作用是儲備一定數(shù)量的刀具，機械手實現(xiàn)主軸上刀具的互換刀具的類型有盤式刀庫、鏈?zhǔn)降稁斓榷喾N形式，刀庫的形式和容量要根據(jù)機床的工藝范圍來確定。
1.3.常見類型
刀庫是存儲刀具的裝置，常見的刀庫主要有以下幾種形式:
(1)轉(zhuǎn)塔式刀庫 包括水平轉(zhuǎn)塔頭和垂直轉(zhuǎn)塔頭兩種
(2)盤式刀庫 盤式刀庫中刀庫呈盤狀,刀具沿盤面垂直排列(包括徑向取刀和軸向取刀),沿盤面徑向排列或成銳角排列的形式的刀庫。結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、緊湊,應(yīng)用較多,但刀具單環(huán)排列,空間利用率
低。若增加刀庫容量必須使刀庫的外徑增大,那么轉(zhuǎn)動慣量也相應(yīng)增大,選刀運動時間長。刀具數(shù)量一般不多于32把。刀具呈多環(huán)排列的刀庫的空間利用率高,但必然使得取刀機構(gòu)復(fù)雜,適用于機床空間受限制而刀庫容量又較大的場合。雙盤式結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個較小容量的刀庫分置于主軸兩側(cè),布局較緊湊,儲刀數(shù)量也相應(yīng)增大,適用于中小型加工中心。
(3)鏈?zhǔn)降稁?包括單環(huán)鏈和多環(huán)鏈，鏈環(huán)形式可有多種變化，特點:適用于刀庫容量較大的場合，所占的空間小，一般適用于刀具數(shù)在30-120把。僅增加鏈條長度即可增加刀具數(shù)，可以不增加圓周速度其轉(zhuǎn)動慣量不像盤式刀庫增加的那樣大。
(4)直線式刀庫和組合刀庫 直線式刀庫結(jié)構(gòu)簡單如圖2. 9，刀具單行排列，刀庫容量小，多用于數(shù)控車床和鉆床上。由于刀庫位置固定，換刀動作由主軸完成，無需機械手。組合刀庫一般是轉(zhuǎn)塔式刀庫的組合、轉(zhuǎn)塔式與盤式刀庫的組合及鏈?zhǔn)降稁斓慕M合。每單個刀庫的儲刀量較小，換刀速度快。另外還有一些密集型的鼓輪式、彈匣式和格子式刀庫，這些密集型刀庫雖.占地面積小，但由于結(jié)構(gòu)限制，基本上不用于單機加工中心，多用于FMS的集中供刀系統(tǒng)。
1.4.刀庫的容量
刀庫的容量首先要考慮加工工藝的需要，從使用角度出發(fā)，一般為10~40把刀，刀庫的利用率會高，而結(jié)構(gòu)比較緊湊。
2.1.自動回轉(zhuǎn)刀架
自動回轉(zhuǎn)刀架是數(shù)控機床上使用的一種簡單的自動換刀裝置，有四方刀架和六角刀架等多種形式，回轉(zhuǎn)刀架上分別安裝有四把、六把或更多的刀具，并按數(shù)控指令進行換刀。回轉(zhuǎn)刀架又有立式和臥式兩種，結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡單，適用于經(jīng)濟數(shù)控車床?；剞D(zhuǎn)刀架在結(jié)構(gòu)上必須具有良好的強度和剛度，以承受粗加工時切削抗力和減少刀架在切削力作用下的變形，提高加工精度?；剞D(zhuǎn)刀架還要選擇可靠的定位方案和合理的定位結(jié)構(gòu)，以保證回轉(zhuǎn)刀架在每次轉(zhuǎn)位之后具有較高的重復(fù)定位精度(一般為0.001 ~0.005mm )。
接到換刀指令后，機床控制系統(tǒng)便將主軸控制到指定換刀位置;與此同時，刀具庫運動到適當(dāng)位置，換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)并同時與主軸、刀具庫的刀具相配合;拉桿從主軸刀具上卸掉，換刀裝置將刀具從各自的位置上取下;換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)180o并將主軸刀具與刀具庫刀具帶走;換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)的同時，刀具庫重新調(diào)整其位置，以接受從主軸取下的刀具;接下來，換刀裝置將要換上的刀具與卸下的刀具分別裝入主軸和刀具庫:最后，換刀裝置轉(zhuǎn)回原“待命”位置。至此，換刀完成，程序繼續(xù)運行。這種換刀裝置的主要優(yōu)點是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、涉及的運動少、換刀快。主要缺點是刀具必須存放在與主軸平行的平面內(nèi)，與側(cè)置后置刀具庫相比，切屑及切削液易進入刀夾，因此必須對刀具另加防護。刀夾錐面上有切屑會造成換刀誤差，甚至有損壞刀夾與主軸的可能。有些加工中心使用了傳遞桿，并將刀具庫側(cè)置。當(dāng)換刀指令被調(diào)用時，傳遞桿將刀具庫的刀具取下，轉(zhuǎn)到機床前方，并定位于與換刀裝置配合的位置。180o“回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置既可用于臥式機床，也可用于立式機床。
2. 2.轉(zhuǎn)塔頭式換刀裝
帶有旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具的數(shù)控機床常采用此種換刀裝置，轉(zhuǎn)塔頭上裝有幾個主軸，每個主軸上均裝一把刀具，加工過程中轉(zhuǎn)塔頭可自動轉(zhuǎn)位實現(xiàn)換刀。其優(yōu)點是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，換刀時間短，僅為2s左右。但由于受空間位置的限制，主軸數(shù)目不能太多，通常只適用于工序較少、精度要就不高的機床，如數(shù)控鉆床、數(shù)控銑床等。近年來出現(xiàn)了一種用機械手和轉(zhuǎn)塔頭配合刀庫進行換刀的自動換刀裝置。它實際上是轉(zhuǎn)塔頭換刀裝置和刀庫式換刀裝置的結(jié)合。其原理如下: 轉(zhuǎn)塔頭5上有兩個刀具主軸3和4，當(dāng)用刀具主軸4上的刀具進行加工時，可由機械手2將下一步需要的刀具換至不工作的刀具主軸3上，待本工序完成后，轉(zhuǎn)塔頭回轉(zhuǎn)180o，完成換刀。因其換刀時間大部分和加工時間重合，真正換刀時間只需轉(zhuǎn)塔頭轉(zhuǎn)位的時間，這種換刀方式主要用于數(shù)控鉆床和數(shù)控銼床等。
2. 3.帶刀庫的自動換刀系統(tǒng)
此時，刀庫容量大，刀具可以較重，常常附加運輸裝置來完成刀庫與主軸之間刀具的運輸。 帶刀庫的換刀裝置由刀庫、選刀機構(gòu)、刀具自動裝卸機械及刀具交換機構(gòu)(機械手)等四部分組成，應(yīng)用廣泛。
刀庫機械手自動換刀系統(tǒng)，整個換刀過程比較復(fù)雜。首先要把加工過程中使用的全部刀具安裝在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)刀柄上，在機外進行尺寸預(yù)調(diào)后，按一定的方式放入刀庫。換刀時，先在刀庫中選刀，再由換刀裝置從刀庫或主軸上取刀，進行交換，將新刀裝入主軸，舊刀放回刀庫。
由于前兩種換刀裝置容納的刀具數(shù)量有限不能太多，不能滿足復(fù)雜零件的加工需要，所以自動換刀數(shù)控機床多采用帶刀庫的自動換刀裝置。刀庫具有較大容量，既可安裝在主軸箱的側(cè)面或上方。由于帶刀庫的自動換刀裝置的數(shù)控機床的主軸箱內(nèi)只有一根主軸，主軸部件的剛度要高，以滿足精密加工要求。刀庫內(nèi)數(shù)量較大，因而能滿足復(fù)雜零件的多工序加工，大大提高生產(chǎn)率。帶刀庫的自動換刀系統(tǒng)適用于數(shù)控鉆削中心和加工中心。進行比較得出帶刀庫的自動換刀系統(tǒng)是最有發(fā)展前景的。
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