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1、第第9講講 助動詞和特殊句式助動詞和特殊句式(二二) 例1: Had they known what was coming next, they _ second thoughts. (2012浙江卷 19) A. may have B. could have C. must have had D. might have had. 虛擬語氣 【解析】選D。本句是一個倒裝句,可還原為:If they had known what was coming next, they might have had second thoughts.根據(jù)had known提示,可知是與過去 事 實 相 反 ,
2、因 此 虛 擬 語 氣 主 句 中 應(yīng) 該 用would/might have done,由此可見答案D符合語境。例2: We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we _more places of interest yesterday. (2012福建卷 31)A. visitedB. had visitedC. would visitD. would have visited【解析】選D。句意: 我們在那個小村莊迷路了,要不然的話,我們昨天就游覽了更多的名勝古跡。本題關(guān)鍵是從時間狀語yesterday知道是對過去的虛擬,前半句是過去
3、的客觀事實“我們在那個小山村迷路”,otherwise(否則),后半句是用對過去的虛擬would have done,答案為D項。對虛擬語氣的做法主要是看時間狀語或是看里面的關(guān)鍵詞是對什么時間的虛擬,這就很容易了。故選D。 考點1:if從句的3種虛擬形式考點2:wish 后的賓語從句1表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望,謂語動詞用過去式。2表示與過去事實相反的愿望,謂語動詞用had done。3 表 示 將 來 難 以 實 現(xiàn) 的 愿 望 , 謂 語 動 詞 用should/would(情態(tài)動詞) 動詞原形??键c3:含蓄條件句非真實條件句中的條件從句有時不表達(dá)出來,只暗含在副詞、介詞短語、上下文或其他方
4、式表示出來,這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。其常見結(jié)構(gòu)有:1if only要是就好了(與wish后面的虛擬語氣類似)If only you hadnt told him the news.要是你沒有告訴他這個消息就好了。2without/but for如果沒有Human beings would die without water.(Human beings would die if there were no water.)如果沒有水,人類就會滅亡。3otherwise/or否則,不然的話I had no money then. Otherwise I would have bought that
5、book.我當(dāng)時沒有錢,要不然,我就買那本書了。考點4:虛擬語氣的其他常見表現(xiàn)形式 1would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的賓語從句常表示與客觀事實不相符的一種愿望,故使用虛擬語氣。表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼氖聦嵪喾吹脑竿?,謂語動詞用過去式;表示與過去事實相反的愿望,謂語動詞用had done。 2一想要(desire)一寧愿(prefer)一堅持(insist)二命令(order, command)三建議(advise, suggest, propose/recommend)四要求(demand, require, request, ask)中,無論主句
6、謂語動詞為何種時態(tài),從句的謂語動詞都用 “should do”,其中should可以省略。 3表示 “早該做某事了”時,定語從句中的謂語動詞須用虛擬語氣,其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為: It is (high / about) time that 主語 動詞的過去式/ should do(優(yōu)先使用動詞過去式),即從句用虛擬過去式。 4“情態(tài)動詞have done”的結(jié)構(gòu),也帶有“虛擬語氣”的意義。could have done 本來能夠做而實際上未做might have done 本來可以做而實際上未做should/ought to have done本來應(yīng)該做而實際上未做ought not to ha
7、ve done/shouldnt have done本來不應(yīng)該做而實際上做了neednt have done本來不必要做而實際上做了考點1:轉(zhuǎn)折并列句 轉(zhuǎn)折并列句主要由but(但是), yet(可是), while(而,卻)等連詞連接。 1but 用作并列連詞,意為“但是”,“然而”,表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義。 Rick made some more records, but he wasnt as popular as he had been before. 里克雖然錄制了更多唱片,但不像以前那樣受歡迎了。. 并列句此時要注意 but 與 however 的區(qū)別。 however 表示“可是”,“但是”
8、的意義時,常用作副詞,可以放在句首、句中、句尾,并常用逗號將它與句子分開。 However,he didnt make his mark in the end. 然而,他終未成功。 2but 可置于表示歉意的話(如 Excuse me 或 Im sorry )之后,提出請求或說出可能觸犯對方的話,它沒有實際意義,只起連接作用,可以省去。 I am sorry, but I dont think I know you. 很抱歉,我想我不認(rèn)識你。 Excuse me, but can you tell me how to surf the net?勞駕,你能告訴我怎么上網(wǎng)嗎?考點2: 選擇并列句
9、You have to move out of the way _ the truck cannot get past you. (2012新課標(biāo)卷 34) A. so B. or C. and D. but【解析】選B。or表示“否則”。表示另外一種選擇所造成的結(jié)果。_ at the door before you enter my room, please. (2012北京卷 31) A. Knock B. Knocking C. Knocked D. To knock. 祈使句【解析】選A。祈使句考點,用動詞原形。There is little doubt in your mind th
10、at he is innocent, _? (2012江蘇卷 25) A. is there B. isnt there C. is he D. isnt he. 反意疑問句【解析】選A。根據(jù)前面there be 句里含有否定意義的詞little,所以反意疑問句用肯定形式,其主謂應(yīng)與陳述部分的主謂保持一致,故選A項。1. Where is it? Where is _? I dont know what do you mean? A. what B. that C. it D. so易錯題筆記【解析】選A。句意:什么在什么地方? 其實,這類用法在口語中經(jīng)常使用。如: It was so dar
11、k that I couldnt tell who was who.當(dāng)時一片漆黑,我分不清誰是誰。“What are you going to do next fall?” “Next what?”“下一個秋季你打算要干什么?”“你說下一個什么?”They look exactly the same, and I really dont know which is which.它們看起來一模一樣, 我實在分不清哪個是哪個。2. The man in prison insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ set free.A. had done; shoul
12、d beB. should do; should beC. had done; had beenD. should do; had been【解析】選A。insist意為“堅決要求”時,其后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣(即“should動詞原形”,其中should可省略);insist意為“堅持認(rèn)為”時,其后的賓語從句用陳述語氣。3. Hard _ he studies, he cannot pass the examination. A. when B. how C. as D. while【解析】選C。屬于讓步倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),其基本句式為“名詞(不帶冠詞)、形容詞、副詞、動詞等as/though主語謂語
13、”。又如: Child as he is, he did it very well.他雖是個孩子,但已干得很不錯了。4. More than one student _ read the novels, which _ written by David. A. has; was B. have; were C. has; were D. have; was【解析】選C。more than one student (不止一個學(xué)生) 從形式上看是單數(shù),但從意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù),它用作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。第二空前的which指的是novels,故謂語用were。5. It looks as if he
14、 were drunk. So it does. _.A. Hed better give up drinkingB. He shouldnt have drunk so muchC. Health is more important than drinkD. I wonder why he is always doing so【解析】選D。做此題要抓住關(guān)鍵詞were,因為它表明此句的謂語為虛擬語氣,也就是說,“他喝醉了”不是事實,只是他看起來好像喝醉了,所以此題的最佳答案是D。另外注意,句中的 so it does 表示強(qiáng)調(diào),意為“他看上去的確像是喝醉了”。6. Im quite willi
15、ng to help and _ are the others. A. they B. who C. so D. even【解析】選C。在“so 倒裝句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,so 的意思與 also 相似,主要用來回答或補(bǔ)充前面句子的意思,表示“也一樣”。此結(jié)構(gòu)的前后句的時態(tài)和助動詞通常是一致的,但有時由于語境不同,可能有例外。如: If you stay for dinner, so will I.你要是留下來吃飯,那我也就留下。但是,如果前面一句是否定句,則后面一句不用 so,而用 neither 或 nor。如: He didnt like the house and neither / nor
16、 did his wife.他不喜歡這房子,他妻子也不喜歡。7. The boys and the girls each _ to do something different, which _the teacher uneasy. A. want; make B. wants; makes C. want; makes D. wants; make【解析】選C。第一空應(yīng)填動詞 want,因為此句的主語是 the boys and the girls,而 each 只是主語的同位語;第二空前的which指前句的整句內(nèi)容,表單數(shù)意義,故填makes。8. Every boy and girl _ the book and they each _ to buy one. A. like; want B. likes; wants C. likes; want D. like; wants【解析】選C。此題容易誤選D,認(rèn)為前面一空要用復(fù)數(shù)動詞,因為它的主語是 boy and girl,是復(fù)數(shù);而第二空則應(yīng)用單數(shù)動詞,因為其前有 each 表示“每一個”。而事實上,此題應(yīng)選C。因為按英語習(xí)慣,every 后接兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語時,謂語要用單數(shù),即第一空應(yīng)填 likes;而第二空要填復(fù)數(shù)動詞 want,因為其前的主語是 they 而不是 each(each 為主語同位語)。