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1、microscopicmess367Stage Fright（閱讀判斷） Fall down as you come onstage. Thats an odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Felts man when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist MstislavRostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic, 2 Mr. Felts
2、 man said, All my fright was gone. I already fell. What else could happen?Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its sympt
3、oms : icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces, inside out,to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don t deny that yourre jittery, they urge; some excitement is
4、 natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments before performance ,Take two deep abdominal breaths, open up your shoulders, then smile, she says. And not one of “these please don
5、t kill me smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them. She doesnt want to think of the audience as a judge.Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright, says Dorothy Delay
6、, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.When Lynn Harrell was 20,he became the principal cellist of the Cleverl and Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience c
7、ould see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought, If I have to go through this to play music, I think Im going to look for another job. Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and
8、that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitzs nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. They had to push him on stage, Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.Actually, success can make th
9、ings worse. In the beginning of your career, when youre scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they dont, have any expectations, Soprano June Anderson said. There s less to lose. Later on, when you re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to
10、lose. Anderson added, I never stop being nervous until Ive sung my last note. 如何避免怯場上臺就跌倒。這是個奇特的辦法！但不推薦?？伤_實拯救了鋼琴家弗拉基米爾菲茲曼，那個時候他才十幾歲，正在莫斯科表演。資深大提琴手米提斯拉夫羅斯特羅波維奇故意在他上臺前將他絆倒，幫助他擺脫上臺前的恐慌。菲茲曼先生說：“所有的害怕都煙消云散類。我已經(jīng)摔倒了，還有比這更糟糕的嗎？”如今，音樂學(xué)校都在課堂中強調(diào)焦慮問題，因為這是講授表演技巧和打好表演基礎(chǔ)的課程。怯場有很多表現(xiàn)，比如手指冰冷、四肢發(fā)抖、心跳加速、大腦一片空白，音樂家們可以學(xué)
11、著用許多多應(yīng)變策略應(yīng)對這些問題。教師和心理學(xué)家給出了許多建議，從基礎(chǔ)的做法，比如將演奏曲目爛熟于心，到精神訓(xùn)練，比如想象演出場景，有步驟地進行放松等。他們強調(diào)，不要掩飾你的緊張感，適度的興奮對于精彩演出是正當甚至是必要的。為了積累經(jīng)驗，要常在公眾場合演出。黛安尼克爾斯是一名心理治療師，她給出了一些上臺前的建議：“做兩次深度的腹式呼吸，擴胸，然后微笑，注意不是那種仿佛央求對方不要殺你的微笑，而是友好的微笑。從觀眾中選出三名比較友善的人，這些是你愿意與之交流并為之演奏的人，并與他們做眼神接觸?！?她不想讓演奏者將觀眾當成是法官。多蘿西德雷是一名著名小提琴教師，她認為來自導(dǎo)師和父母的苛刻要求常常是怯
12、場的根源。她告訴其他教師，對學(xué)生的要求要以學(xué)生本身所能達到的水平為基礎(chǔ)。林哈雷爾20歲的時候成為克利夫蘭管弦樂隊的首席大提琴手，但是他怯場非常嚴重。他說：“有時候我非常緊張，我甚至能肯定，觀眾一定能看到我的胸口隨著心跳而搏動，簡直變成了慌亂。”后來我竟然到了這個地步，我想“如果演出要經(jīng)歷這種慌亂，我寧可另找一份工作。”他說要克服怯場要謙虛，要認識到，不論自己有多大的才能，都可能犯錯誤，一場音樂會即使有不完美的地方，也不是災(zāi)難。當然，并不只有年輕人才會怯場。具有傳奇色彩的鋼琴家弗拉基米爾霍洛維茨的敏感神經(jīng)同樣盡人皆知。另一個例子是著名男高音弗朗科科萊里，女高音蕾娜塔思科多這樣形容他：“必須得有人
13、推著他才肯上臺?！睂嶋H上，成名之后情況可能會變得更糟。“剛開始的時候，即使你怕得要死，也沒有人知道你是誰，因為對你不抱有多大期望?！迸咭舡偘驳律f道，“你不會有任何損失。但你成名以后，人們專程來看你的表演，那時他們一定是滿懷期待而來，這樣，你損失的東西就多了?！卑驳律€說：“直到唱完最后一個音符之前，我一直都會緊張?！盨tarting a New TraditionShantelle Davis is a nine-year-old girl in New York. On a cold night in December, her family is standing around the
14、 kitchen table while she lights a candle. The table is decorated with baskets of fruits and vegetables and ears of com for Shantelle and her two brothers.“This candle represents umoja, an African word that means being together,” Shantelle says. “Thats the most important thing for a family.”Tonight i
15、s the first night of Kwanzaa, and Shantelle is spending the holiday with her family. More than 5 million African Americans celebrate Kwanzaa every year from December 26 until January I. Its a time when they get together with their families to think about their history and their ancestors in Africa.K
16、wanzaa is very unusual because it was started by one man. In 1966, an American named Maulana Karenga wanted a holiday for African-Americans to honor their culture and traditions. So he used words and customs from Africa to create a new celebration. He took the name Kwanzaa from the words for “first
17、fruits” in Swahili, an African language. At first, a few American families had small celebrations at home. Now there are also Kwanzaa events in schools and public places，and Kwanzaa has spread to other countries like Canada and Jamaica.The main symbol of Kwanzaa is a candleholder with seven candles,
18、 one for each of the principles of Kwanzaa. Each night, a family member lights one of the candles and talks about the idea it represents：being together, being yourself, helping each other, sharing, having a goal，creating, and believing. The candles are red, black, and green, the colors of Kwanzaa. T
19、he parents also pour drinks to honor family members who have died. On the last night of Kwanzaa, there is a big dinner with African food, and children receive small presents.Today people can buy Kwanzaa greeting cards and special Kwanzaa clothes. Stores sell Kwanzaa candles and candleholders. Some p
20、eople dont believe that Kwanzaa is a real holiday，because its so new. But other people say that customs and celebrations are always changing and that Kwanzaa shows what is important in peoples lives.Shantelle Davis says she likes Kwanzaa because its fun. “But I also learn new things every year, she
21、says.譯文：開始新的傳統(tǒng)珊特爾?戴維斯是一位九歲的紐約小女孩。12月的一個寒夜，珊特爾?戴維斯的家人都圍站在餐桌邊看著她點亮一支蠟燭。水果蔬菜籃子和玉米穗裝飾著這個餐桌，這些都是給珊特爾和她的兩個兄弟的?！斑@支蠟燭代表umoja，在非洲這個詞意味著在一起，”珊特爾說，“這是家庭中最重要的事?！苯裢硎菍捲?jié)的第一個晚上，珊特爾正和她的家人待在一起。超過500萬的非洲裔美國人每年從12月26日到1月1日慶祝寬扎節(jié)。這段時間里他們和家人聚在一起緬懷他們的歷史和非洲的祖先。寬扎節(jié)非常獨特，因為它是由一個人創(chuàng)立的。在1966年，一個名叫馬拉那?卡林加的美國人想要為非洲裔美國人創(chuàng)立一個節(jié)日來向他們的文
22、化和傳統(tǒng)致敬。因此他利用非洲的語言和習(xí)俗來創(chuàng)造一個新的傳統(tǒng)。他將節(jié)日命名為寬扎節(jié)，這個詞來源于非洲語言斯瓦西里語；在斯瓦西里語中，寬扎節(jié)的意思是“最初的果實?！?一開始，只有少數(shù)一些美國家庭在家進行小規(guī)模慶?！，F(xiàn)如今學(xué)校和公共場所也有寬扎節(jié)的慶?；顒?。并且寬扎節(jié)巳經(jīng)流傳到諸如加拿大、牙買加等其他國家。一個放著七支蠟燭的燭臺是寬扎節(jié)的主要標志，每支蠟燭代表寬扎節(jié)一個信條。每天晚上都會由一個家庭成員點亮一支蠟燭，并談?wù)撨@支蠟燭所代表的信條：在一起，做自己，互幫互助，懂得分享，擁有目標，有創(chuàng)造性和有信仰。這些蠟燭有紅的、黑的和綠的，這是寬扎節(jié)的顏色。父母們也為逝去的家庭成員斟上喝的以此來紀念他們。在
23、寬扎節(jié)的最后一夜會有一頓非洲風(fēng)味的大餐，并且孩子們會收到小禮物。現(xiàn)如今人們能買到寬扎節(jié)的賀卡和特制的寬扎節(jié)的衣服。商店里銷售寬扎節(jié)的蠟燭和燭臺。由于寬扎節(jié)的歷史并不久遠，一些人認為它并不是一個真正的節(jié)日；但是也有人說習(xí)俗和慶祝儀式總在發(fā)生變化，寬扎節(jié)向我們展現(xiàn)了人們生活中重要的東西。珊特爾?戴維斯說她喜歡寬扎節(jié)，因為它很有趣?！暗敲磕晡乙矔W(xué)到新的東西，”她談道。A Dogs DilemmaFinding a babysitter while you go out to work is, for example, an inconvenience. For the African wild
24、dog, one of the continentss most endangered carnivores, its a matter of life and death. New research shows that once packs fall below a certain size, they are not enough animals to both hunt food and stay at home protecting the young.The African wild dog has declined drastically over the past centur
25、y. Habitual loss, persecution and unexplained outbreaks of disease have all been blamed. Only 3,000 to 5,000 animals remain, and the species is expected to go extinct within decades if the trend continues.Other large carnivores such as the spotted hyena face similar pressures, yet are not declining.
26、 Now Franck Courchamp of Cambridge University has found a reason why. The dogs weakness lies in its social organization.Within each pack of up to 20 adults and pups, only he dominant male and female bread. The remaining animals help raise the pups, cooperating to hunt prey and defend the kill from o
27、ther carnivores.Because pups cant keep up on a hunt, large packs leave an adult behind to protect them from predators, which include lions and hyenas. But leaving a babysitter also carries costs. A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill. There is also one less
28、 stomach in which to carry food back to the den, and one more mouth to feed when they get there.Courchamp investigated this awkward trade-off by modeling how the costs of a babysitter change with decreasing pack size. This showed that packs of more than five adults should be able to feed all the pup
29、s and still spare a babysitter. But with smaller packs, either the hunting or the babysitting suffers, or the animals have to compensate by increasing he number of hunting excursionswhich itself carries a cost to the pack.Field observations in Zimbabwe supported the model. Packs of five animals or f
30、ewer left pups unguarded more frequently than larger packs did. There was also evidence that when they did leave a babysitter, they were forced to hunt more often.A pack which drops below a critical size becomes caught in a vicious circle, says Courchamp, who is now at Paris-Sud University. “Poor re
31、production and low survival further reduces pack size, culminating in failure of the whole pack.” And deaths caused by human activity, says Courchamp, may be what reduces pack numbers to below the sustainable threshold. Mammal ecologist Chris Carbone at Londons Institute of Zoology agrees. Maintaini
32、ng the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in preserving the species, he says.狗的兩難境地例如，當你出去工作時找一個臨時照顧孩子的保姆是很不方便的。而對于大陸上最有滅絕危險的食肉動物之非洲野狗來說，這是一件生死攸關(guān)的事情。新的研究顯示，一旦一個動物群低于某種規(guī)模，就沒有足夠的動物既去捕獵又留在家里保護幼崽。在過去的一個世紀里，非洲野狗的數(shù)量急劇下降。原因是慣常的損失、殘害和莫名其妙的疾 病的暴發(fā)。目前只剩下3千到5千只野狗，如果這個勢頭繼續(xù)下去的話，在數(shù)十年里，這個物種 就會滅絕。其他“大型食肉動物，如帶
33、斑點的鬣狗也面臨著類似的壓力，但數(shù)量并沒有下降?，F(xiàn)在，劍 橋大學(xué)的富蘭克?顧尚已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了原因。狗的弱點在于它的社會組織。在一個包括多達20只大小狗的狗群中，只有占支配地位的母狗和公狗可以產(chǎn)仔。其他的狗幫 助撫養(yǎng)小狗，共同捕獵和防御其他食肉動物的捕殺。因為小狗在獵食時跟不上來，大的狗群會留下一只成年的狗來保護它們而不受包括獅子、鬣 狗在內(nèi)的捕食動物的傷害。但是留下一只看護狗也是要付出代價的。一個較小的捕獵群體不太容 易捕捉大動物，也不太容易保衛(wèi)獵獲物。而且少了一個帶食回窩的胃，回到窩還多了一張吃東西的嘴。顧尚通過模擬隨著狗群的減小看護狗的代價的變化研究這種兩難境地。研究顯示，多于五只 成年狗的狗
34、群應(yīng)該能夠喂養(yǎng)所有的小狗，并仍然能留一只狗做看護狗。但是規(guī)模稍小的狗群中， 捕獵或看護小狗都會遭受損失，要么這些狗就得增加出獵的次數(shù)作為彌補這本身就需要狗群 付出代價。在津巴布韋進行的野外觀察支持這一結(jié)論。包括五只或五只以下成年狗的狗群比規(guī)模大些的 狗群更經(jīng)常地把小狗獨自留下，而沒有看護。還有證據(jù)表明，當它們留下一只看護狗時，它們不 得不更經(jīng)常地捕獵?，F(xiàn)在在巴黎大學(xué)的顧尚說，一個群體的規(guī)模降到警戒線以下時就會陷入惡性循環(huán)?！吧倭康?繁殖和低存活率進一步減小了狗群的規(guī)模，最終導(dǎo)致整個狗群的消亡?！鳖櫳姓f人類行為導(dǎo)致的 死亡可能是使狗群成員數(shù)量低于可維持的最低點的原因。倫敦動物學(xué)研究所的哺乳動物生
35、態(tài)學(xué)家 克里斯?卡波恩也同意這種說法。他說保持非洲野狗群的完整對保護該物種是重要的。Lower Body Fat Means Better PerformanceThese days，fashion models and pop stars are not the only people who have to watch their waistline. Football players who miss a few kicks and let their belly hanging out a little too much are likely to be attacked by rab
36、id fans or even the president of a country1.The latest football star to draw the attention of the fat police is Barcelonas Ronaldinho, 26. Last Friday，a Spanish sports daily published two photos of the Brazilian star without his shirt. One was taken in November 2003 ； the other was taken this month.
37、 In the most recent one, the stars waistline seems to have a little extra padding2.Another Spanish sports daily published similar before-and-after photos and argued that the star has “l(fā)ost his explosiveness and velocity and is “worn out. The cause, according to the news paper, is his poor physical f
38、itness.However, the players coach, Frank Rijkaard, insists that hes satisfied with Ronaldinhos form and fitness. And after Barcelonas victory over Athletic Bibao on Sunday, Ronaldinho challenged photographers to take pictures of him when he took off his shirt.I dont have anything to hide, he said.Fe
39、llow Brazilian Ronaldo, 30, of Real Madrid，faced similar criticism before the 2006 World Cup. But the criticism didnt come from a bunch of sports reporters ： It came from the president of Brazil.“So, what is it?” Brazils President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva asked the national soccer teams coach in hi
40、s office last June, according to the Associated Press. Is he (Ronaldo) fat or not?He is very strong, president” ,Carlos Alberto Parreira reportedly said at the time. He is not that boy anymore. His body type has changed. ”The game of footfall demands that players put as much emphasis on fitness as t
41、hey can do on dribbling，passing or shooting.During a proper training regimen, football players normally follow a load -fatigue -recovery pattern3. They push their body toward a higher mark of fitness and experience a slight and brief drop in performance. Then they begin the recovery process, which w
42、ill ideally carry their performance to an even higher plane.However, sometimes non-physical factors can influence a players poor fitness. In Ronaldinho，s case, for instance, people often unnamed have blamed everything from the pressure of contract negotiations to personal problems and too many adver
43、tising commitments.低脂肪意味著更好的表現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在，不只是時裝模特兒和唱流行歌曲的歌星需要注意他們的腰圍了。足球運動員沒有踢中 幾個球或是他們的肚子耷拉得稍多了些，都會受到瘋狂的球迷甚至是國家總統(tǒng)的譴責(zé)。 今年26歲的巴塞羅那的羅納爾迪尼奧是最近被“脂肪警察”盯上的足球明星。 一家西班牙體育日報于上周五刊登了兩張這位巴西足球明星沒有穿襯衫的照片。一張攝于 2003年11月，另一張攝于本月，在最近的一張照片里，這個球星的腰上似乎多了一小塊贅肉。另一家西班牙體育日報也出版了類似的前后對比照片，并認為這位明星已經(jīng)“失去了爆發(fā)力 和速度”，并且“已經(jīng)頹廢”。據(jù)報紙報道，其原因來自于明星的
44、亞健康況。然而，運動員的教練Frank Rijkaard堅持認為他對羅納爾迪尼奧的外形和健康狀況很滿意。當 周日在巴塞羅那戰(zhàn)勝了 Athletic Bibao后，羅納爾迪尼奧脫下了襯衫挑戰(zhàn)攝影師為他拍照。 “我沒有什么隱藏的?！彼f。來自于皇家馬德里隊的巴西同伴，30歲的羅納爾多在2006年世界杯之前也遭遇了類似的批 評。但不是來自于一群體育記者，而是巴西總統(tǒng)。據(jù)聯(lián)合報社報道，去年6月，巴西總統(tǒng)路易斯伊納西奧盧拉達席瓦爾在辦公室質(zhì)問國 家足球隊教練“這是怎么回事?” “他是不是胖了？”“他很強壯，總統(tǒng)先生”，卡洛斯?阿爾伯托?佩雷拉當時這樣說道，“他已經(jīng)不再是個孩子 了，他的體型發(fā)生了變化”。
45、足球比賽要求運動員們注重自身健康，就像比賽中的運球、帶球和射門一樣重要。 在正式的常規(guī)訓(xùn)練期伺，足球運動員在一般情況下需要按照大運動量一疲勞一恢復(fù)這一方式 訓(xùn)練。他們讓身體發(fā)揮到最佳狀態(tài)，在比賽中極少失誤。之后他們的身體就會進入恢復(fù)過程，從 而使其表現(xiàn)達到更加理想的高度。然而，有時非身體因素會影響運動員的健康。例如在羅納爾迪尼奧的例子中，不知名的人們 對所有的事情加以指責(zé)，從合同協(xié)議的壓力，到個人問題和太多的廣告應(yīng)酬。Is There a Way to Keep the Britains Economy Growing（概括大意）In todays knowledge economy, nat
46、ions survive on the things they do best. Japanese design electronics while Germens export engineering techniques. The French serve the best food and Americans make computers.Britain specializes in the gift of talking. The nation doesnt manufacture much of anything. But it has lawyers, stylists and b
47、usiness consultants who earn their living from talk, talk and more talk. The World Foundation think tank1 says the UKs four iconic jobs today are not scientists, engineers, teachers and nurses. Instead, theyre hairdressers, celebrities, management consultants and managers. But can all this talking k
48、eep the British economy going? The British government thinks it can.Although the countrys trade deficit was more than 60 billion in 2006, UKs largest in the postwar period, officials say the country has nothing to worry about. In fact, Britain does have a world-class pharmaceutical industry, and it
49、still makes a small sum from selling arms abroad. It also trades services accountancy, insurance, banking and advertising. The government believes Britain is on the cutting edge2 of the knowledge economy. After all, the country of Shakespeare and Wordsworth has a literary tradition of which to be pr
50、oud. Rock “n” roll3 is an English language medium, and there are billions to be made by their cutting-edge bands. In other words, the creative economy has plenty of strength to carry the British economy.However, creative industries account for only about 4 percent of UKs exports of goods and service
51、s. The industries are finding it hard to make a profit, according to a report of the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts4. The report shows only 38 percent of British companies were engaged in innovation activities, 3 percentage points below the EU average and well below Germany
52、(61 percent) and Sweden (47 percent).In fact, it might be better to call Britain a servant economy there are at least 4 million people in service. The majority of the population are employed by the rich to cook, clean, and take care of their children. Many graduates are even doing menial jobs for wh
53、ich they do not need a degree. Most employment growth has been, and will continue to be, at the low-skill end of the service sector in shops, bars, hotels, domestic service and in nursing and care homes.是否有辦法使英國經(jīng)濟繼續(xù)保持增長現(xiàn)今的知識經(jīng)濟體系下，各國都發(fā)揮其特長以求生存。日本靠生產(chǎn)電子產(chǎn)品，而德國出口工程技術(shù)。法國有著名的美食，美國則制造計算機。英國人以口才見長。英國制造不出什么東西
54、，但卻有一把把的律師、造型師和商業(yè)顧問。他 們每天的生計除了說，還是說。世界基金組織的智囊團公布，如今英國的四大偶像職業(yè)已不再是科學(xué)家、工程師、教師和護士，而變成了發(fā)型師、名流顯要、管理顧問和商業(yè)經(jīng)理。但這些以說見長的工作是否能保持英國經(jīng)濟的增長？英國政府認為可以。盡管2006年英國的貿(mào)易赤字已超出600億英鎊，創(chuàng)英國戰(zhàn)后史上的最高，英國官方卻稱此不足為患。事實上，英國的確擁有世界先進水平的制藥工業(yè)和可以小賺一筆的軍工業(yè)。除此之外，它還出售服務(wù)業(yè)，即會計業(yè)、保險業(yè)、銀行業(yè)和廣告業(yè)。英政府認為英國正處在知識經(jīng)濟的風(fēng)口浪尖上。畢竟這個誕生出了莎士比亞和華茲華斯的國度有著可以引以為榮的文學(xué)傳統(tǒng)。搖滾
55、樂也是傳播英語的媒介，英國就有很多頂尖的搖滾樂隊，可以帶來數(shù)十億的收入。換句話說，這種以創(chuàng)造力為本的經(jīng)濟有諸多優(yōu)勢來承載英國經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展。然而，創(chuàng)造力產(chǎn)業(yè)占英國出口商品和服務(wù)的總額還不足4%。據(jù)英國國家科學(xué)、技術(shù)和藝術(shù) 捐贈委員會報告，這些行業(yè)越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)盈利不易。報告顯示只有38%的企業(yè)進行有關(guān)創(chuàng)新的活 動，比歐盟的平均水平還要低三個百分點，更是遠遠落在了德國（61%)和瑞典（47%)之后。事實上，稱英國經(jīng)濟為“仆人經(jīng)濟”或許更形象些因為至少有400萬人在做服務(wù)性工 作。英人口的大多數(shù)受雇富人，替他們做飯、打掃和看孩子。甚至許多大學(xué)生正從事體力勞動， 根本用不著文憑。雇傭增長的大部分過去是，將來
56、仍將是由服務(wù)業(yè)中的低端技術(shù)部分實現(xiàn)，即商 店、酒吧、賓館、家政服務(wù)和養(yǎng)老院這樣的地方。Intelligence: a Changed View（概括大意）Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value therefore, was as a predictor of childrens future learn
57、ing. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according
58、to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education.Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years, research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be
59、measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself1. There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance
60、 tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates.There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence.2 Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimula
61、ting the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.3 Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction.T
62、wo major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most import
63、ant factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between privileged and disadvantaged children4 may be due to the latters lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual
64、experiences.5These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learn
65、ed and, indeed, one of them is learning how to learn.The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstrained classes6, fewer children will be given
職稱英語考試 綜合類A 考前押題 牛津同義詞字典版 小抄 手抄 含30分
