空氣錘的傳動機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計
空氣錘的傳動機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計,空氣錘的傳動機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計,空氣錘,傳動,機(jī)構(gòu),設(shè)計
實習(xí)小結(jié)
轉(zhuǎn)眼間，實習(xí)已臨近結(jié)束。在這幾個月的實習(xí)中，使我對一些鍛壓設(shè)備，鍛壓工序等有了一定的了解。對它們的設(shè)計、制造、安裝多能夠有一定的認(rèn)識。
平時我們都學(xué)習(xí)課本上的理論知識，沒有看到或接觸到產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計及制造。故在此實習(xí)中把平時學(xué)習(xí)到的理論知識多結(jié)合到實際應(yīng)用中，充分做到了教核和實踐相結(jié)合。在兩者的結(jié)合下，使我又學(xué)到了很多專業(yè)知識。
在此期間，我們還做了一個畢業(yè)離校前的一個必修課——畢業(yè)設(shè)計。他對我們是一個挑戰(zhàn)、也是一個機(jī)遇。畢業(yè)設(shè)計立足于四年所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上，對其進(jìn)行綜合利用，積累和創(chuàng)新的過程，他要求我們應(yīng)用所學(xué)的知識進(jìn)行有機(jī)的結(jié)合，并運用到設(shè)計過程中是理論結(jié)合的具體表現(xiàn)。
我設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品是我實習(xí)單位經(jīng)常生產(chǎn)的一個產(chǎn)品——C41-1000空氣錘，通過實習(xí)，我明白了設(shè)計不單是憑空捏造出來的，而是在大量數(shù)據(jù)，資料，精力是基礎(chǔ)之上的，綜合了設(shè)計者的思想，并通過理論經(jīng)驗公式，校核和實踐檢驗是不是可行，每一個步驟都要仔細(xì)檢查運算和有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)，綜合協(xié)調(diào)個部分的關(guān)系，從而的出最佳的結(jié)論，畢業(yè)設(shè)計使我們明白了設(shè)計的一般步驟方法，這最我們即將走向工作崗位是很有益的。實際設(shè)計中難免有一些不足和失誤的地方，望各位老師和同學(xué)給予指正以便以后進(jìn)一步提高。
通過本次實習(xí)，我學(xué)會了綜合運用所學(xué)基礎(chǔ)理論，基礎(chǔ)知識和基礎(chǔ)技能，特別是提高分析，解決實習(xí)問題的能力，培養(yǎng)了良好的工作的能力和創(chuàng)造性思維，并培養(yǎng)了良好的團(tuán)隊協(xié)作精神。
我們將告別大學(xué)四年的生活，這次實習(xí)就像是一次演習(xí)，為我們步入社會做了一個鋪氈，為我劃平人生的線起著至關(guān)重要的作用。我希望在畢業(yè)后的生活中，能吸取更多的知識，開闊自己的視野，投入一個新的集體中不斷的鍛煉、成長，更希望我有一個美滿的人生！
周旭
07.5.23
空氣錘的傳動機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計 設(shè)計人 周旭揚州職業(yè)大學(xué)產(chǎn)品圖空氣錘傳動機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計空氣錘傳動機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計 摘摘 要要本課題來源于南通天田鍛壓設(shè)備有限公司。在國內(nèi)，對于鍛造方法可以采用 自由鍛造，模鍛和特殊的鍛造形式冷鍛。而對于鍛造設(shè)備有鍛錘，水壓機(jī)，液壓機(jī)，摩擦壓力機(jī)。其中使用最為普遍的是鍛錘。鍛錘根據(jù)傳動介質(zhì)和傳動形式的不同又可以分為空氣錘，蒸氣空氣錘，液壓錘和電氣錘。使用最為廣泛的是空氣錘(氣缸作為線性驅(qū)動器，它可以在空氣的任意位置，組建它所需要的運動軌跡，安裝維護(hù)方便，不需要配線配管。從介質(zhì)上面講，空氣取之不盡，用之不竭。本身不花錢，排氣處理簡單，無污染。)作用：本錘適用于鍛工車間對各種形狀的零件自由鍛造。如延伸，鍛粗，鍛接，熱剪，沖孔和彎曲等工序。原理：首先，由三相異步交流電機(jī)（為節(jié)省電流采用Y/啟動，經(jīng)一組三角帶輪以及齒輪進(jìn)行減速（傳動軸才用齒輪軸設(shè)計，由圓錐滾子軸承支承）。自由軸曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)將圓周運動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運動，驅(qū)動活塞往復(fù)行程，其形成的壓縮空氣經(jīng)壓縮缸和工作缸的配氣操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的旋閥獲得錘桿的各種動作。傳動機(jī)構(gòu)裝備示意圖 曲柄轉(zhuǎn)一周壓縮活塞往復(fù)運動一次，則錘頭打擊一次也就是錘頭打擊次數(shù)與曲柄轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)一致，不斷重復(fù)上述過程就可得連續(xù)打擊?？諝忮N可以實現(xiàn)空行程，懸空，壓緊和打擊等動作。打擊又有輕，重，連打和單打之分。這些動作是通過配氣操縱機(jī)構(gòu)來實現(xiàn)。目前空氣錘使用的空氣分配閥主要有兩種形式：三閥式和兩閥式。本錘才用三閥式。三閥式空氣分配閥的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖,它有上中下三個旋閥,上下閥各有閥體和閥套,中旋閥只有閥體,在中旋閥同一軸線的左端裝有一止回閥.上下旋閥閥體通過平行四連桿聯(lián)動,用一長手柄操縱.中旋閥采用短手柄操縱,轉(zhuǎn)動手柄就可以改變閥體在閥套中的位置,從而改變壓縮缸和工作缸之間的氣路情況(通斷,通道大小)實現(xiàn)各種動作.(1)空行程:把短手柄放在使中旋閥全開的位置上，下旋閥的長手柄放在相當(dāng)于懸空時的垂直位置（或把手柄順時針推轉(zhuǎn)一角度，放在相當(dāng)于壓緊時的位置），使兩缸上下腔與大氣相通，這時錘頭在自重的作用下下落，并在下砧面上保持不動。由于空行程時壓縮缸不產(chǎn)生壓縮空氣，啟動力矩小，故常用于電動機(jī)的啟動。(2)懸空:把短手柄放在使中旋閥全關(guān)閉的位置（圖中短手柄設(shè)在左邊水平位置），長手柄放在垂直位置，這時兩缸上腔通大氣，壓縮缸下腔的氣體經(jīng)旋閥D段，止回閥再經(jīng)下旋閥的C段進(jìn)入工作缸的下腔。在壓縮空氣的作用下，錘頭被提起至行程的上方，直至工作活塞進(jìn)入頂部的緩沖腔，在緩沖腔氣壓的作用下達(dá)到平衡為止。止回閥的作用是防止工作缸下腔的壓縮空氣倒流，當(dāng)止回閥兩端壓力達(dá)到平衡時，止回閥關(guān)閉。這時壓縮缸下腔的氣體僅在其下腔及錘身氣道內(nèi)壓縮膨脹。當(dāng)工作缸下腔壓縮空氣有泄露，止回閥兩端壓力不平衡時，止回閥被頂開，補入一部分壓縮空氣，懸空時錘頭在行程上方往復(fù)顫動。懸空時可以進(jìn)行放置工具或鍛件等工件(3)壓緊:把短手柄放在使中旋閥全關(guān)的位置，長手柄從垂直位置順時針方向轉(zhuǎn)動一角度，使壓縮缸上腔及工作缸下腔與大氣相通，壓縮缸下腔的氣體經(jīng)下旋閥的D段，止回閥上旋閥的A段進(jìn)入工作缸的上腔，則下砧在落下部分重量及工作腔上腔氣體壓力的作用下壓緊下砧上的工件。在壓緊狀態(tài)時可以對工件進(jìn)行彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)操作(4)打擊:把短手柄放在使中旋閥全關(guān)的位置，長手柄從垂直位置逆時針轉(zhuǎn)一角度，使兩缸上下腔分別連通，則可實現(xiàn)連續(xù)打擊，當(dāng)錘頭打擊一次后立即把長手柄至“懸空”位置，錘頭不再下落就可得到單次打擊。打擊的輕重是靠操作手柄來實現(xiàn)的，手柄回拉的角度越大，則兩缸上下通道的開口越大，上旋閥中段通大氣的通道的開口越小或完全被堵死，打擊就越重；反之，打擊就較輕。上旋閥A段的小孔是為了從“懸空”到“打擊”有一段過度，使工作缸上下腔瞬時溝通，錘頭快速下落，動作靈敏。為了確保錘正常工作時，保持足夠的空氣，實現(xiàn)補償泄漏損失的目的，壓縮缸上腔由活塞的環(huán)形孔于缸側(cè)的雙排孔接通大氣，其下腔由活塞圓周上的小孔與大氣接通而補氣。小結(jié)和致謝 轉(zhuǎn)眼間，實習(xí)已臨近結(jié)束。在這幾個月的實習(xí)中，使我對一些鍛壓設(shè)備，鍛壓工序等有了一定的了解。對它們的設(shè)計、制造、安裝多能夠有一定的認(rèn)識。平時我們都學(xué)習(xí)課本上的理論知識，沒有看到或接觸到產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計及制造。故在此實習(xí)中把平時學(xué)習(xí)到的理論知識多結(jié)合到實際應(yīng)用中，充分做到了教核和實踐相結(jié)合。在兩者的結(jié)合下，使我又學(xué)到了很多專業(yè)知識。我設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品是我實習(xí)單位經(jīng)常生產(chǎn)的一個產(chǎn)品C41-1000空氣錘，通過實習(xí)，我明白了設(shè)計不單是憑空捏造出來的，而是在大量數(shù)據(jù)，資料，精力是基礎(chǔ)之上的，綜合了設(shè)計者的思想，并通過理論經(jīng)驗公式，校核和實踐檢驗是不是可行，每一個步驟都要仔細(xì)檢查運算和有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)，綜合協(xié)調(diào)個部分的關(guān)系，從而的出最佳的結(jié)論，畢業(yè)設(shè)計使我們明白了設(shè)計的一般步驟方法，這最我們即將走向工作崗位是很有益的。實際設(shè)計中難免有一些不足和失誤的地方，望各位老師和同學(xué)給予指正以便以后進(jìn)一步提高。我們將告別大學(xué)四年的生活，這次實習(xí)就像是一次演習(xí)，為我們步入社會做了一個鋪氈，為我劃平人生的線起著至關(guān)重要的作用。我希望在畢業(yè)后的生活中，能吸取更多的知識，開闊自己的視野，投入一個新的集體中不斷的鍛煉、成長，更希望我有一個美滿的人生！最后感謝我的指導(dǎo)老師杜晉老師,衷心感謝這幾個月來杜老師給予我的無微不至的關(guān)懷，以及學(xué)業(yè)上的悉心指導(dǎo)和諄諄教誨。杜老師淵博的學(xué)識、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)慕虒W(xué)作風(fēng)及謙虛謹(jǐn)慎的人格魅力值得我學(xué)習(xí)和敬仰，使我受益非淺。畢業(yè)答辯發(fā)言稿
各位答辯老師你們好！
首先我介紹下課題的來源和背景。
本課題來源于我的實習(xí)公司南通天田鍛壓設(shè)備有限公司。國內(nèi)對于鍛造方法可以采用自由鍛，模鍛，和特殊的鍛壓形式冷鍛，采用比較多的是自由鍛。而對于鍛造設(shè)備有鍛錘，水壓機(jī)，油壓機(jī)，摩擦壓力機(jī)。其中使用最為普遍的是鍛錘（氣缸作為線性驅(qū)動器，它可以在空氣的任意位置，足見它所需運動軌跡，安裝維護(hù)方便。再一個從介質(zhì)上講，空氣本身取之不盡，用之不竭，排氣處理簡單無污染，也不需要配線配管）鍛錘分為空氣錘，蒸汽-空氣錘，電壓錘，液壓錘。
本錘的作用：本錘適用于鍛工車間對各種形狀的零件的自由鍛造，如鍛粗，鍛接，延伸，沖孔，熱接，和彎曲等工序。本錘系雙作用雙缸單柱式自由鍛錘。
下面我來簡述下基本原理：首先，由三相異步交流電機(jī)（為節(jié)省電流，采用Y/△降壓啟動）經(jīng)一組三角帶輪以及齒輪進(jìn)行減速（傳動軸采用齒輪軸設(shè)計，由圓錐滾子軸承支承）自由軸連桿曲柄機(jī)構(gòu)將圓周運動轉(zhuǎn)化為直線運動，驅(qū)動活塞往復(fù)行程，其形成的壓縮空氣經(jīng)壓縮缸和工作缸配氣操作機(jī)構(gòu)的旋閥獲得錘桿的各種動作。
空氣錘可以實現(xiàn)空行程，懸空，壓緊，打擊等動作。而打擊又有輕打，重打，連打和單打之分。而這些動作都是通過配氣操縱機(jī)構(gòu)實現(xiàn)。目前國內(nèi)空氣錘使用的空氣分配閥主要有兩種形式：三閥式和二閥式。本錘采用三閥式。
三閥式空氣分配閥的結(jié)構(gòu)示意如圖（掛A1示意圖）它有上，中，下三個旋閥。上下旋閥各有閥體和閥套，中旋閥只有閥體。在中旋閥同一軸線的左方裝有一止回閥。上下旋閥閥體通過平行四連桿聯(lián)動，用一長手柄操縱。中旋閥用一短手柄操縱。轉(zhuǎn)動手柄就可以改變閥體在閥套中的位置從而改變壓縮缸和工作缸之間的氣路情況。
（一）空行程 把短手柄放在使中旋閥全開的位置，上下旋閥的長手柄放在相當(dāng)于懸空時垂直的位置，使上下兩腔與大氣相通，這時錘頭在自重的作用下下落，并在砧面上保持不動，常用于電動機(jī)的啟動。
（二）懸空 把短收兵放在使中旋閥全關(guān)閉的位置，長手柄放在垂直位置，這時兩缸上腔通大氣，壓縮下腔的氣體經(jīng)過下旋閥的D段，止回閥，再經(jīng)過下旋閥的C段進(jìn)入工作缸的下腔。在壓縮空氣的作用下，錘頭被提起至行程的上方，直至工作活塞進(jìn)入頂部的緩沖腔，在緩沖腔氣壓的作用下達(dá)到平衡。懸空時可以進(jìn)行放置工具或短見等工作。
（三）壓緊 把短手柄放在使中旋閥全關(guān)的位置，壓縮缸的上腔及工作缸下腔與大氣相通，壓縮缸下腔的氣體經(jīng)下旋閥的D段，止回閥，上旋閥的A段進(jìn)入工作缸的上腔。則上砧在落下部分重量即工作缸氣體壓力作用下壓緊下砧上的工件。
在壓緊的裝帶時可對工件進(jìn)行彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)操作。
（四）打擊 把短手柄放在中旋閥全關(guān)的位置，長手柄從垂直位置逆時針轉(zhuǎn)一角度，使兩缸上下腔分別連通，則可以實現(xiàn)連續(xù)打擊。
黑龍江工程學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計
附 錄A 外文文獻(xiàn)
液壓傳動和氣壓傳動稱為流體傳動，是根據(jù)17世紀(jì)帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動原理而發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù)，1795年英國約瑟夫?布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在倫敦用水作為工作介質(zhì)，以水壓機(jī)的形式將其應(yīng)用于工業(yè)上，誕生了世界上第一臺水壓機(jī)。1905年將工作介質(zhì)水改為油，又進(jìn)一步得到改善。
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)(1914-1918)后液壓傳動廣泛應(yīng)用，特別是1920年以后，發(fā)展更為迅速。液壓元件大約在 19 世紀(jì)末 20 世紀(jì)初的20年間，才開始進(jìn)入正規(guī)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)階段。1925 年維克斯(F.Vikers)發(fā)明了壓力平衡式葉片泵,為近代液壓元件工業(yè)或液壓傳動的逐步建立奠定了基礎(chǔ)。20 世紀(jì)初康斯坦丁?尼斯克(G?Constantimsco)對能量波動傳遞所進(jìn)行的理論及實際研究;1910年對液力傳動(液力聯(lián)軸節(jié)、液力變矩器等)方面的貢獻(xiàn)，使這兩方面領(lǐng)域得到了發(fā)展。
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)(1941-1945)期間,在美國機(jī)床中有30%應(yīng)用了液壓傳動。應(yīng)該指出,日本液壓傳動的發(fā)展較歐美等國家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速發(fā)展液壓傳動,1956 年成立了“液壓工業(yè)會”。近20~30 年間，日本液壓傳動發(fā)展之快，居世界領(lǐng)先地位。
液壓傳動有許多突出的優(yōu)點，因此它的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機(jī)械、壓力機(jī)械、機(jī)床等；行走機(jī)械中的工程機(jī)械、建筑機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、汽車等；鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機(jī)械、提升裝置、軋輥調(diào)整裝置等；土木水利工程用的防洪閘門及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋梁操縱機(jī)構(gòu)等；發(fā)電廠渦輪機(jī)調(diào)速裝置、核發(fā)電廠等等；船舶用的甲板起重機(jī)械（絞車）、船頭門、艙壁閥、船尾推進(jìn)器等；特殊技術(shù)用的巨型天線控制裝置、測量浮標(biāo)、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺等；軍事工業(yè)用的火炮操縱裝置、船舶減搖裝置、飛行器仿真、飛機(jī)起落架的收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置等。
一個完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個部分組成，即動力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件和液壓油。
動力元件的作用是將原動機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能，指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵，它向整個液壓系統(tǒng)提供動力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。
執(zhí)行元件(如液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá))的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能，驅(qū)動負(fù)載作直線往復(fù)運動或回轉(zhuǎn)運動。
控制元件(即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調(diào)節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據(jù)控制功能的不同，液壓閥可分為壓力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為益流閥(安全閥)、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等；流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調(diào)整閥、分流集流閥等；方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、梭閥、換向閥等。根據(jù)控制方式不同，液壓閥可分為開關(guān)式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。
輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、壓力表、油位油溫計等。
液壓油是液壓系統(tǒng)中傳遞能量的工作介質(zhì)，有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類。
液壓系統(tǒng)的作用就是幫助人類做工。主要是由執(zhí)行元件把壓力變成轉(zhuǎn)動或往復(fù)運動。
液壓系統(tǒng)由信號控制和液壓動力兩部分組成，信號控制部分用于驅(qū)動液壓動力部分中的控制閥動作。
液壓動力部分采用回路圖方式表示，以表明不同功能元件之間的相互關(guān)系。液壓源含有液壓泵、電動機(jī)和液壓輔助元件；液壓控制部分含有各種控制閥，其用于控制工作油液的流量、壓力和方向；執(zhí)行部分含有液壓缸或液壓馬達(dá)，其可按實際要求來選擇。
在分析和設(shè)計實際任務(wù)時，一般采用方框圖顯示設(shè)備中實際運行狀況。 空心箭頭表示信號流，而實心箭頭則表示能量流。
基本液壓回路中的動作順序—控制元件（二位四通換向閥）的換向和彈簧復(fù)位、執(zhí)行元件（雙作用液壓缸）的伸出和回縮以及溢流閥的開啟和關(guān)閉。 對于執(zhí)行元件和控制元件，演示文稿都是基于相應(yīng)回路圖符號，這也為介紹回路圖符號作了準(zhǔn)備。
根據(jù)系統(tǒng)工作原理，您可對所有回路依次進(jìn)行編號。如果第一個執(zhí)行元件編號為0，則與其相關(guān)的控制元件標(biāo)識符則為1。如果與執(zhí)行元件伸出相對應(yīng)的元件標(biāo)識符為偶數(shù)，則與執(zhí)行元件回縮相對應(yīng)的元件標(biāo)識符則為奇數(shù)。 不僅應(yīng)對液壓回路進(jìn)行編號，也應(yīng)對實際設(shè)備進(jìn)行編號，以便發(fā)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)故障。
DIN ISO1219-2標(biāo)準(zhǔn)定義了元件的編號組成，其包括下面四個部分：設(shè)備編號、回路編號、元件標(biāo)識符和元件編號。如果整個系統(tǒng)僅有一種設(shè)備，則可省略設(shè)備編號。
實際中，另一種編號方式就是對液壓系統(tǒng)中所有元件進(jìn)行連續(xù)編號，此時，元件編號應(yīng)該與元件列表中編號相一致。 這種方法特別適用于復(fù)雜液壓控制系統(tǒng)，每個控制回路都與其系統(tǒng)編號相對應(yīng)
與機(jī)械傳動、電氣傳動相比，液壓傳動具有以下優(yōu)點：
1、液壓傳動的各種元件，可以根據(jù)需要方便、靈活地來布置。
2、重量輕、體積小、運動慣性小、反應(yīng)速度快。
3、操縱控制方便，可實現(xiàn)大范圍的無級調(diào)速（調(diào)速范圍達(dá)2000：1）。
4、可自動實現(xiàn)過載保護(hù)。
5、一般采用礦物油作為工作介質(zhì)，相對運動面可自行潤滑，使用壽命長；
6、很容易實現(xiàn)直線運動/
7、很容易實現(xiàn)機(jī)器的自動化，當(dāng)采用電液聯(lián)合控制后，不僅可實現(xiàn)更高程度的自動控制過程，而且可以實現(xiàn)遙控。
液壓系統(tǒng)的缺點：
1、由于流體流動的阻力和泄露較大，所以效率較低。如果處理不當(dāng)，泄露不僅污染場地，而且還可能引起火災(zāi)和爆炸事故。
2、由于工作性能易受到溫度變化的影響，因此不宜在很高或很低的溫度條件下工作。
3、液壓元件的制造精度要求較高，因而價格較貴。
4、由于液體介質(zhì)的泄露及可壓縮性影響，不能得到嚴(yán)格的傳動比。
5、液壓傳動出故障時不易找出原因；使用和維修要求有較高的技術(shù)水平。
在液壓系統(tǒng)及其系統(tǒng)中，密封裝置用來防止工作介質(zhì)的泄漏及外界灰塵和異物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件，即密封件。外漏會造成工作介質(zhì)的浪費，污染機(jī)器和環(huán)境，甚至引起機(jī)械操作失靈及設(shè)備人身事故。內(nèi)漏會引起液壓系統(tǒng)容積效率急劇下降，達(dá)不到所需要的工作壓力，甚至不能進(jìn)行工作。侵入系統(tǒng)中的微小灰塵顆粒，會引起或加劇液壓元件摩擦副的磨損，進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致泄漏。
因此，密封件和密封裝置是液壓設(shè)備的一個重要組成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用壽命，是衡量液壓系統(tǒng)好壞的一個重要指標(biāo)。除間隙密封外，都是利用密封件，使相鄰兩個偶合表面間的間隙控制在需要密封的液體能通過的最小間隙以下。在接觸式密封中，分為自封式壓緊型密封和自封式自緊型密封（即唇形密封）兩種。
液壓系統(tǒng)的三大頑疾
1、發(fā)熱 由于傳力介質(zhì)（液壓油）在流動過程中存在各部位流速的不同，導(dǎo)致液體內(nèi)部存在一定的內(nèi)摩擦，同時液體和管路內(nèi)壁之間也存在摩擦，這些都是導(dǎo)致液壓油溫度升高的原因。溫度升高將導(dǎo)致內(nèi)外泄漏增大，降低其機(jī)械效率。同時由于較高的溫度，液壓油會發(fā)生膨脹，導(dǎo)致壓縮性增大，使控制動作無法很好的傳遞。解決辦法：發(fā)熱是液壓系統(tǒng)的固有特征，無法根除只能盡量減輕。使用質(zhì)量好的液壓油、液壓管路的布置中應(yīng)盡量避免彎頭的出現(xiàn)、使用高質(zhì)量的管路以及管接頭、液壓閥等。
2、振動 液壓系統(tǒng)的振動也是其痼疾之一。由于液壓油在管路中的高速流動而產(chǎn)生的沖擊以及控制閥打開關(guān)閉過程中產(chǎn)生的沖擊都是系統(tǒng)發(fā)生振動的原因。強的振動會導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)控制動作發(fā)生錯誤，也會使系統(tǒng)中一些較為精密的儀器發(fā)生錯誤，導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)故障。解決辦法：液壓管路應(yīng)盡量固定，避免出現(xiàn)急彎。避免頻繁改變液流方向，無法避免時應(yīng)做好減振措施。整個液壓系統(tǒng)應(yīng)有良好的減振措施，同時還要避免外來振源對系統(tǒng)的影響。
3、泄漏 液壓系統(tǒng)的泄漏分為內(nèi)泄漏和外泄漏。內(nèi)泄漏指泄漏過程發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部，例如液壓缸活塞兩邊的泄漏、控制閥閥芯與閥體之間的泄漏等。內(nèi)泄漏雖然不會產(chǎn)生液壓油的損失，但是由于發(fā)生泄漏，既定的控制動作可能會受到影響，直至引起系統(tǒng)故障。外泄漏是指發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)和外部環(huán)境之間的泄漏。液壓油直接泄漏到環(huán)境中，除了會影響系統(tǒng)的工作環(huán)境外，還會導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)壓力不夠引發(fā)故障。泄漏到環(huán)境中的液壓油還有發(fā)生火災(zāi)的危險。解決辦法：采用質(zhì)量較好的密封件，提高設(shè)備的加工精度。
另：對于液壓系統(tǒng)這三大頑疾，有人進(jìn)行了總結(jié)：“發(fā)燒、拉稀帶得瑟”（這位總結(jié)者是東北人）。液壓系統(tǒng)用于升降機(jī)，挖掘機(jī)，泵站，強夯機(jī)，起重機(jī)，等等大型工業(yè)，建筑，工廠，企業(yè)，還有升降機(jī)，升降平臺，登車橋等等行業(yè)。
液壓元件將向高性能、高質(zhì)量、高可靠性、系統(tǒng)成套方向發(fā)展；向低能耗、低噪聲、振動、無泄漏以及污染控制、應(yīng)用水基介質(zhì)等適應(yīng)環(huán)保要求方向發(fā)展；開發(fā)高集成化高功率密度、智能化、機(jī)電一體化以及輕小型微型液壓元件；積極采用新工藝、新材料和電子、傳感等高新技術(shù)。
---- 液力偶合器向高速大功率和集成化的液力傳動裝置發(fā)展，開發(fā)水介質(zhì)調(diào)速型液力偶合器和向汽車應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域發(fā)展，開發(fā)液力減速器，提高產(chǎn)品可靠性和平均無故障工作時間；液力變矩器要開發(fā)大功率的產(chǎn)品，提高零部件的制造工藝技術(shù)，提高可靠性，推廣計算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)，開發(fā)液力變矩器與動力換檔變速箱配套使用技術(shù)；液粘調(diào)速離合器應(yīng)提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，形成批量，向大功率和高轉(zhuǎn)速方向發(fā)展。
氣動行業(yè)：
----產(chǎn)品向體積小、重量輕、功耗低、組合集成化方向發(fā)展，執(zhí)行元件向種類多、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、定位精度高方向發(fā)展；氣動元件與電子技術(shù)相結(jié)合，向智能化方向發(fā)展；元件性能向高速、高頻、高響應(yīng)、高壽命、耐高溫、耐高壓方向發(fā)展，普遍采用無油潤滑，應(yīng)用新工藝、新技術(shù)、新材料。
（1）采用的液壓元件高壓化，連續(xù)工作壓力達(dá)到40Mpa，瞬間最高壓力達(dá)到48Mpa；
（2）調(diào)節(jié)和控制方式多樣化；
（3）進(jìn)一步改善調(diào)節(jié)性能，提高動力傳動系統(tǒng)的效率；
（4）發(fā)展與機(jī)械、液力、電力傳動組合的復(fù)合式調(diào)節(jié)傳動裝置；
（5）發(fā)展具有節(jié)能、儲能功能的高效系統(tǒng)；
（6）進(jìn)一步降低噪聲；
（7）應(yīng)用液壓螺紋插裝閥技術(shù)，緊湊結(jié)構(gòu)、減少漏油。
附 錄B外文文獻(xiàn)的中文譯文
Hydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 ? Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the world's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.
After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, espec- ially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G ? Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of develo- pment.
The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japan's hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, "Hydraulic Industry." Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japan's fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.
Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industr- ial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu- stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo- od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measu- rement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devi- ces.
A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of co- mponents, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil.
The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump.
Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.
Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve.
Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars.
Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.
The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion.
? Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement.
Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.
In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow.
Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols.
Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.
DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted.
Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the system
With mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages:
1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout.
2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response.
3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1).
4, to achieve overload protection automatically.
5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life;
6, it is easy to achieve linear motion /
7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.
The shortcomings of the hydraulic system:
1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion.
2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions.
3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price.
4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio.
5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.
In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.
Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.
The three hydraulic system diseases
1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the sam- e time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil tempera- ture. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased com- pression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.
2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.
3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydra- ulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the enviro- nment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment.
Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: "fever, with a father拉稀" (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on.
Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.
---- Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equ- ipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process tech -nology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the development of hydraulic torque con- verter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction.
Pneumatic Industry:
---- Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temp- erature, high voltage direction, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials.
(1) used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa;
(2) diversification of regulation and control;
(3) to further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain;
(4) development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear;
(5) development of energy saving, energy efficient system function;
(6) to further reduce the noise;
(7) Application of Hydraulic Cartridge Valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spill.
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