TD650皮帶輸送機的設(shè)計-帶式輸送機含開題及7張CAD圖
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外文資料與中文翻譯
外文資料： Mold CAD/CAE/CAM technology
Introduction
Mold CAD/CAE/CAM is transforms the traditional mold production method the essential technology, is a high tech, the high benefit systems engineering. It take the computer software form, provides one kind of effective auxiliary means as the enterprise, causes the engineers and technicians with the aid of in the computer to the product performance, the mold structure, the formed craft, the numerical control processing and the production management carries on the design and the optimization. Mold CAD/CAE/The CAM technology can remarkably reduce the mold design and the manufacture cycle, reduces the production cost and improves the product quality to become the mold mutual recognition.
Is same with any newly emerging things, mold CAD/CAE/CAM experienced in the nearly 20 years from to has been simply complex, from experiment site to popular process. Since has entered this century, mold CAD/CAE/The CAM technological development speed quicker, the application scope is broader, in order to enable the general molds worker further to deepen to this technical understanding, better display mold CAD/CAE/The CAM function, this article applies in view of the mold in most widespread, most has the representative casting mold, the forging die and the level enters the mold CAD/CAE/The CAM development condition and the tendency make the concise introduction and the analysis.
Casting mold CAD/CAE/CAM development survey
The casting forming process simulation work begins in solves the casting the temperature field distribution. In 1962 Denmark's Fursund has carried on the solidification process heat transfer computation for the first time with the finite difference method to the two-dimensional shape casting, in 1965 US General Motors Henzel and so on has carried on the temperature field simulation to the steam turbine casting success, from this time on casting in mold cavity heat transfer process numerical analysis technology in world scope rapid development. From on century 70's to the 80's, US, England, France, Japan, Denmark and so on one after another has yielded the remarkable result in the casting coagulation simulator study and the application, and promotes one batch of commercialized simulations software one after another. After enters for the 90's, our country's institutions of higher learning, like Qinghua University and the Central China scientific and technical university has also obtained the achievement in this domain which focuses attention on.
The pure heat transfer process simulation cannot accurately calculate the flaw which the casting in the temperature change and the forecast casting possibly produces, the sufficient mold process to in the casting initial temperature field distribution influence as well as the solidification process liquid metal flowing the influence which forms to the defect casting all is noticeable. The casting sufficient mold process simulation technology begins in the century for 80's, it take calculates the hydromechanics the theory and the method as the foundation, experiences ten years, starts from the two-dimensional simple shape, deepens and the expansion gradually, already succeeded has realized the three dimensional complex shape casting sufficient mold process simulation, and could flow with the heat transfer process coupling. At present overseas had one batch of commercialized the three dimensional casting process simulation softwares, like Japan's SOLIDIA, England's SOLSTAR, France's SIMULOR, Sweden's NOVACAST, Germany's MAGMA and US'S AFSOLID, PROCAST and so on. The home also has Qinghua University star of, Central China scientific and technical university's the casting China casts CAE and so on. These casting mold CAE softwares have covered the cast steel, the cast iron, the cast-aluminium and the cast copper and so on each kind of casting, as is big as several hundred tons, slightly to several kilograms, regardless of is and shrinks the pine in the elimination shrink hole, in the optimized pouring rising head design, aspect and so on improvement dross entrapped slag has all played the remarkable role.
Is following the CAE technology in the casting domain success application, the casting craft and the mold structure CAD research and the application in unceasingly is also thorough, overseas has promoted some application software one after another, like American casting association's AFS-SOFTWARE, may use in the cast steel and casts the iron stock the pouring rising head design, English FOSECO Corporation's FEEDERCALK software, may calculate the steel casting the pouring rising head size and a choice heat preservation rising head set of type. Our country Central China scientific and technical university and Qinghua University has also done many work in the casting craft and the mold structure CAD aspect, like Qinghua University develops the THFSCAD software, mainly and the vector and the casting craft CAD two parts is composed by the graph scanning. The preceding part to scans the input the graph to carry on disappears the blue decontamination and the vector, the latter part uses for to establish the parametrization graph, to calculate the casting the processing remainder, the plan craft card and so on. THFSCAD is develops in the two dimensional plot geometry foundation, used the AUTOCAD software for to develop the platform. Along with the CAD technology fast progress, the three dimensional CAD system can substitute for the two-dimensional CAD system in the casting realm of production but to become the mainstream design system gradually.
Forging die CAD/CAE/CAM development survey
Since on century 70's, domestic and foreign many academic organizations and company to forging die CAD/CAE/The CAM technology has conducted extensive research, in the forging technological process design, the forging die structural design and the metal flowed aspect and so on simulation has obtained the remarkable result.
The axial symmetry forging approximately composes about forging total 30%, in addition axial symmetry forging geometry shape simple, is easy to describe and the definition, therefore development forging die CAD/ When CAM system the domestic and foreign majority organizations and the human all are obtain from the axial symmetry forging die. Axial symmetry forging die CAD/ CAM system main constituent including forging design, drop forging technological design, forging die structural design and NC programming. The forging design refers is designs the cold forging chart and the hot forging chart, divides the modular surface, the supplement machining remainder, the increase fillet including the choice and pulls out the mold ascent and so on. The drop forging technological design decided whether uses the preliminary shaping working procedure, how uses the preliminary shaping working procedure as well as how chooses the forging and stamping equipment the tonnage.
Another kind of widespread application forging is the major axis class forging, its formed working procedure design and the mold structural design are far more complex than the axial symmetry forging die, therefore development major axis class forging die CAD/The CAM system difficulty bigger, the versatility is also low, at present in many general commercialized CAD/On the CAM software two time develops major axis class forging die CAD/The CAM system only is restricted in the specific product and the specific situation application.
Another kind of widespread application forging is the major axis class forging, its formed working procedure design and the mold structural design are far more complex than the axial symmetry forging die, therefore development major axis class forging die CAD/The CAM system difficulty bigger, the versatility is also low, at present in many general commercialized CAD/On the CAM software two time develops major axis class forging die CAD/The CAM system only is restricted in the specific product and the specific situation application.
In the CAE technology aspect, the finite element method always is the analysis and the research metal forging forming main numerical analysis method, for many years has yielded many gradual result. In 1973 Lee and Kobayashi derived just the plastic finite element Lagrange algorithm by the matrix analytic method, the success has analyzed the forging forming process. In 1974 Zienkiewicz proposed just the visco-plasticity finite element punished the function method, analyzed the rolling, has extruded and draws and so on the formed craft. In 1982 Mori and Osakada proposed just in the plastic finite element material might the compression method and uses in the rolling and the extrusion.
On the century at the beginning of 80's, Oh and Altan had just conducted the thorough research with large-scale plastic finite element analysis software ALPID to each kind of plastic deformation question. After 90's, overseas some commercialized specialized finite element analysis softwares, like France's FORGE2, US'S DEFORM, ABAQUS, MSC/AutoForge and so on, all successfully has applied in the forging domain. These softwares not only may forecast the forging forms entire process, moreover may the quota produce with the distortion related each kind of physical quantity, like the displacement, the speed, the stress, the strain and the load and so on, for obtained the most superior mold design, the most reasonable craft plan and the least experimental molds time has provided the technical guarantee.
The level enters mold CAD/CAE/CAM development survey
The overseas level enters mold CAD/CAE/The CAM research begins in the century at the end of for 60's, the 70's then have the preliminary application, but only are restricted in the two-dimensional graph the simple blanking level to enter the mold, its main function like strip material row of type, concave mold arrangement, process design and NC programming and so on. The curving level enters mold CAD/The CAM system appears in the 80's, like Japanese Hitachi Corporation and the Fujitsu Corporation's curving level enters the mold system and so on. In order to can adapt the complex mold design, the Fujitsu system has used the method which the automatic design and designs alternately unifies, launches, the curving snapping back computation and a labor step of arrangement in this system except the semifinished materials for the automatic reduction outside, other need to design personnel's participation.
Applies the three dimensional geometry modelling technology the level to enter the mold system to begin in at the end of for the 80's, like American Auto-trol Corporation's Die-Design system, this system uses the three dimensional geometry model to describe the plate work components, and applies the three dimensional graph technology in the mold structural design, demonstrates the three dimensional graph software in mold design vital role.
Enters for the 90's, international famous commercialized three dimensional CAD/CAM system, like US'S Pro/E, UG-II, CADD5, Solidworks, MDT and so on one after another obtain the application in the mold. American PTC Corporation based on Pro/The E system has developed plate work components modelling module Pro/Sheet Metal. UG Solution Corporation has developed similar module UG/ in the UG-II foundationSheet Metal. Above two systems all lack face the level enter the formed craft and the mold structural design special-purpose module, but this aspect work progress is very quick, some already won initial success.
Like American Computer Design Corporation develops the level enters mold software Striker Systems is sales volume big commercialization CAD/The CAM system, including the plate work components modelling (SS-DESIGN), the semifinished materials launches (SS-UNFOLD), a semifinished materials row of type (SS-STRIP DESIGN), mold design (SS-DIE DESIGN) and numerical control processing (SS-WIRE, SS-PROFILE) and so on module. This system support plate work components characteristic modelling, although had certain automated designs the function, but its design process still by alternately operates primarily, only is suitable at present in the curving blanking level enters the mold the design.At the beginning of this century, American UGS Corporation and our country Central China scientific and technical university cooperation (presently is NX) in the software platform develops in UG-II enters mold CAD/ based on the three dimensional geometry model levelCAM software NX-PDW. This software including the project initialization, the craft pre- definition, the semifinished materials launches, a semifinished materials row of type, the waste material design, strip module and so on material row of type, pressure calculation and mold structural design. Has the trick recognition and the heavy construction, the entire three dimensional structure connection and so on the remarkable characteristic, has taken the commercialized product investment □field in 2003. Our country starts from on century 90's, the Central China scientific and technical university, Shanghai Jiaotong University, the Xian Jiaotong University and the Beijing mechanical and electrical research institute and so on developed the level to enter mold CAD/ one after anotherCAM system research and development. Like the Central China scientific and technical university mold technology country key laboratory develops in the AutoCAD software platform enters mold CAD/ based on the characteristic levelCAM system HMJC, including the plate work components characteristic modelling, based on the characteristic ramming technological design, the mold structural design, the standard letter and the modular design constructs the storehouse tool and the line cuts automatically programs five modules. Shanghai Jiaotong University fine holds (Finetool) for Swiss Fyan to flush the company to develop the successful precise blanking level to enter mold CAD/CAM system. The Xian Jiaotong University develops the multi- locations curving level to enter the mold CAD system and so on.
附錄F： 外文譯文
模具的CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)
引言
模具CAD/CAE/CAM是改造傳統(tǒng)模具生產(chǎn)方式的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，是一項高科技、高效益的系統(tǒng)工程。它以計算機軟件的形式，為企業(yè)提供一種有效的輔助工具，使工程技術(shù)人員借助于計算機對產(chǎn)品性能、模具結(jié)構(gòu)、成形工藝、數(shù)控加工及生產(chǎn)管理進行設(shè)計和優(yōu)化。模具CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)能顯著縮短模具設(shè)計與制造周期、降低生產(chǎn)成本和提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量已成為模具界的共識。
與任何新生事物一樣，模具CAD/CAE/CAM在近二十年中經(jīng)歷了從簡單到復(fù)雜，從試點到普及的過程。進入本世紀(jì)以來，模具CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)發(fā)展速度更快、應(yīng)用范圍更廣，為了使廣大模具工作者能進一步加深對該技術(shù)的認識，更好發(fā)揮模具CAD/CAE/CAM的作用，本文針對模具中應(yīng)用最廣泛、最具有代表性的鑄造模、鍛模和級進模CAD/CAE/CAM的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r和趨勢作概括性的介紹和分析。
鑄造模CAD/CAE/CAM的發(fā)展概況
鑄造成形過程模擬的工作始于求解鑄件的溫度場分布。1962年丹麥的Fursund用有限差分法首次對二維形狀的鑄件進行了凝固過程的傳熱計算，1965年美國通用汽車公司Henzel等對汽輪機鑄件成功進行了溫度場模擬，從此鑄件在模具型腔內(nèi)的傳熱過程數(shù)值分析技術(shù)在全世界范圍內(nèi)迅速開展。從上世紀(jì)70年代到80年代，美國、英國、法國、日本、丹麥等相繼在鑄件凝固模擬研究和應(yīng)用上取得了顯著成果，并陸續(xù)推出一批商品化模擬軟件。進入90年代后，我國的高等院校，如清華大學(xué)和華中科技大學(xué)在該領(lǐng)域也取得了矚目的成就。
單純的傳熱過程模擬并不能準(zhǔn)確計算出鑄件的溫度變化和預(yù)測鑄造中可能產(chǎn)生的缺陷，充模過程對鑄件初始溫度場分布的影響以及凝固過程中液態(tài)金屬的流動對鑄件缺陷形成的影響都是不可忽視的。鑄件充模過程的模擬技術(shù)始于上世紀(jì)80年代，它以計算流體力學(xué)的理論和方法為基礎(chǔ)，經(jīng)歷十余載，從二維簡單形狀開始，逐步深化和擴展，現(xiàn)已成功實現(xiàn)了三維復(fù)雜形狀鑄件的充模過程模擬，并能將流動和傳熱過程相耦合。目前國外已有一批商品化的三維鑄造過程模擬軟件，如日本的SOLIDIA、英國的SOLSTAR、法國的SIMULOR、瑞典的NOVACAST、德國的MAGMA和美國的AFSOLID、PROCAST等。國內(nèi)也有清華大學(xué)的鑄造之星、華中科技大學(xué)的華鑄CAE等。這些鑄造模CAE軟件已覆蓋鑄鋼、鑄鐵、鑄鋁和鑄銅等各類鑄件，大到數(shù)百噸，小至幾千克，無論是在消除縮孔和縮松，還是在優(yōu)化澆冒口設(shè)計，改進浮渣夾渣等方面都發(fā)揮了顯著的作用。
伴隨著CAE技術(shù)在鑄造領(lǐng)域的成功應(yīng)用，鑄造工藝及模具結(jié)構(gòu)CAD的研究和應(yīng)用也在不斷深入，國外已陸續(xù)推出了一些應(yīng)用軟件，如美國鑄造協(xié)會的AFS-SOFTWARE，可用于鑄鋼和鑄鐵件的澆冒口設(shè)計，英國FOSECO公司的FEEDERCALK軟件，可以計算鑄鋼件的澆冒口尺寸和選擇保溫冒口套的類型。我國華中科技大學(xué)和清華大學(xué)在鑄造工藝及模具結(jié)構(gòu)CAD方面也做了許多工作，如清華大學(xué)開發(fā)的THFSCAD軟件，主要由圖形掃描及矢量化和鑄造工藝CAD兩部分組成。前一部分對掃描輸入的圖形進行消藍去污和矢量化，后一部分用來建立參數(shù)化圖形、計算鑄件的加工余量、繪制工藝卡等。THFSCAD是在二維圖形學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)的，采用了AUTOCAD軟件為開發(fā)平臺。隨著CAD技術(shù)的快速進步，三維CAD系統(tǒng)在鑄造生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域會逐步取代二維CAD系統(tǒng)而成為主流設(shè)計系統(tǒng)。
鍛模CAD/CAE/CAM的發(fā)展概況
自上世紀(jì)70年代以來，國內(nèi)外許多學(xué)術(shù)機構(gòu)和公司對鍛模CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)進行了廣泛的研究，在鍛造工藝過程設(shè)計、鍛模結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和金屬流動模擬等方面均取得了顯著的成績。
軸對稱鍛件約占鍛件總數(shù)的30%左右，加上軸對稱鍛件幾何形狀簡單，易于描述和定義，所以開發(fā)鍛模CAD/ CAM系統(tǒng)時國內(nèi)外大多數(shù)機構(gòu)和人都是從軸對稱鍛模入手。軸對稱鍛模CAD/ CAM系統(tǒng)的主要組成部分包括鍛件設(shè)計、模鍛工藝設(shè)計、鍛模結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和NC編程。鍛件設(shè)計指的是設(shè)計冷鍛件圖和熱鍛件圖，包括選擇分模面、補充機加工余量、添加圓角和拔模斜度等。模鍛工藝設(shè)計決定是否采用預(yù)成形工序、怎樣采用預(yù)成形工序以及如何選擇鍛壓設(shè)備的噸位。
另一類廣泛應(yīng)用的鍛件是長軸類鍛件，其成形工序設(shè)計和模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計遠比軸對稱鍛模復(fù)雜，因此開發(fā)長軸類鍛模的CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的難度更大、通用性也低，目前在許多通用商品化CAD/CAM軟件上二次開發(fā)的長軸類鍛模的CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)僅限于特定產(chǎn)品和特定場合的應(yīng)用。
鍛模CAD/ CAM系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向是成組技術(shù)和模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化技術(shù)的進一步貫徹執(zhí)行以及CAE技術(shù)和人工智能技術(shù)的深入應(yīng)用。
在CAE技術(shù)方面，有限元法一直是分析和研究金屬鍛造成形的主要數(shù)值分析方法，多年來已取得不少階段性的成果。1973年Lee和Kobayashi以矩陣分析法導(dǎo)出了剛塑性有限元的Lagrange算法，成功分析了鍛造成形過程。1974年Zienkiewicz提出了剛粘塑性有限元的罰函數(shù)法，分析了軋制、擠壓和拉拔等成形工藝。1982年Mori和Osakada提出了剛塑性有限元中的材料可壓縮法并用于軋制和擠壓中。上世紀(jì)80年代初，Oh和Altan用大型剛塑性有限元分析軟件ALPID對各類塑性變形問題進行了深入研究。90年代以后，國外一些商品化的專業(yè)有限元分析軟件，如法國的FORGE2、美國的DEFORM、ABAQUS、MSC/AutoForge等，都已成功地應(yīng)用于鍛造領(lǐng)域。這些軟件不僅可以預(yù)測鍛件成形的全過程，而且可以定量地給出與變形有關(guān)的各種物理量，如位移、速度、應(yīng)力、應(yīng)變和載荷等，為獲得最優(yōu)的模具設(shè)計、最合理的工藝方案和最少的試模時間提供了技術(shù)保證。
級進模CAD/CAE/CAM的發(fā)展概況
國外級進模CAD/CAE/CAM的研究始于上世紀(jì)60年代末，70年代便有初步應(yīng)用，但僅限于二維圖形的簡單沖裁級進模，其主要功能如條料排樣、凹模布置、工藝計算和NC編程等。彎曲級進模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)在80年代，如日本日立公司和富士通公司的彎曲級進模系統(tǒng)等。為了能夠適應(yīng)復(fù)雜模具的設(shè)計，富士通系統(tǒng)采用了自動設(shè)計和交互設(shè)計相結(jié)合的方法，在該系統(tǒng)中除毛坯展開、彎曲回彈計算和工步排序為自動處理外，其余均需要設(shè)計人員的參與。
應(yīng)用三維幾何造型技術(shù)的級進模系統(tǒng)始于80年代末，如美國Auto-trol公司的Die-Design系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)采用三維幾何模型來描述鈑金零件，并將三維圖形技術(shù)應(yīng)用于模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，顯示出三維圖形軟件在模具設(shè)計中的重要作用。
進入90年代，國際著名商品化三維CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)，如美國的Pro/E、UG-II、 CADD5、Solidworks、MDT等均陸續(xù)在模具界得到應(yīng)用。美國PTC公司基于Pro/E系統(tǒng)開發(fā)了鈑金零件造型模塊Pro/Sheet Metal。UG Solution公司在UG-II的基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)了同類型的模塊UG/Sheet Metal。以上兩個系統(tǒng)都缺乏面向級進成形工藝及模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的專用模塊，但這方面的工作進展很快，有的已經(jīng)初見成效。
如美國Computer Design公司開發(fā)的級進模軟件Striker Systems是銷售量較大的商業(yè)化CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)，包括鈑金零件造型（SS-DESIGN）、毛坯展開（SS-UNFOLD）、毛坯排樣（SS-STRIP DESIGN），模具設(shè)計（SS-DIE DESIGN）和數(shù)控加工（SS-WIRE、SS-PROFILE）等模塊。該系統(tǒng)支持鈑金零件的特徵造型，雖已具有某些自動化設(shè)計的功能，但其設(shè)計過程仍以交互操作為主，目前只適用于彎曲沖裁級進模的設(shè)計。
本世紀(jì)之初，美國UGS公司與我國華中科技大學(xué)合作在UG-II（現(xiàn)為NX）軟件平臺上開發(fā)出基于三維幾何模型的級進模CAD/CAM軟件NX-PDW。該軟件包括工程初始化、工藝預(yù)定義、毛坯展開、毛坯排樣、廢料設(shè)計、條料排樣、壓力計算和模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計等模塊。具有特徵識別與重構(gòu)、全三維結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)聯(lián)等顯著特色，已在2003年作為商品化產(chǎn)品投入巿場。我國從上世紀(jì)90年代開始，華中科技大學(xué)、上海交通大學(xué)、西安交通大學(xué)和北京機電研究院等相繼開展了級進模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的研究和開發(fā)。如華中科技大學(xué)模具技術(shù)國家重點實驗室在AutoCAD軟件平臺上開發(fā)出基于特徵的級進模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)HMJC，包括鈑金零件特徵造型、基于特徵的沖壓工藝設(shè)計、模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件及典型結(jié)構(gòu)建庫工具和線切割自動編程五個模塊。上海交通大學(xué)為瑞士法因托（Finetool）精沖公司開發(fā)成功精密沖裁級進模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)。西安交通大學(xué)開發(fā)出多工位彎曲級進模CAD系統(tǒng)等。近年來，國內(nèi)一些軟件公司也競相加入了級進模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)行列，如深圳雅明軟件制作室開發(fā)的級進模系統(tǒng)CmCAD、富士康公司開發(fā)的用于單沖模與復(fù)合模的CAD系統(tǒng)Fox-cad等。
模具CAD/CAE/CAM是改造傳統(tǒng)模具生產(chǎn)方式的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，是一項高科技、高效益的系統(tǒng)工程。它以計算機軟件的形式，為企業(yè)提供一種有效的輔助工具，使工程技術(shù)人員借助于計算機對產(chǎn)品性能、模具結(jié)構(gòu)、成形工藝、數(shù)控加工及生產(chǎn)管理進行設(shè)計和優(yōu)化。模具CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)能顯著縮短模具設(shè)計與制造周期、降低生產(chǎn)成本和提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量已成為模具界的共識
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