手動(dòng)液壓堆高車畢業(yè)CAD圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)和說(shuō)明書
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手動(dòng)液壓堆高車設(shè)計(jì) 摘 要手動(dòng)液壓堆高車是一種無(wú)污染,無(wú)動(dòng)力的裝卸產(chǎn)品,該產(chǎn)品具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,運(yùn)輸靈活,操作簡(jiǎn)單,回轉(zhuǎn)半徑小等特點(diǎn)。適用于工廠,車間,倉(cāng)庫(kù),車站,碼頭等處的貨物搬運(yùn)與堆垛。對(duì)于那些有防火,防爆要求的場(chǎng)地(如印刷車間,油庫(kù),碼頭,倉(cāng)庫(kù)等)更為適用。若配合托盤裝箱,集裝箱等及可實(shí)現(xiàn)單元化運(yùn)輸,有效減少了零部件的碰撞,劃傷和堆放面積,減少搬運(yùn)工作量,提高搬運(yùn)效率。單門架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑小,適用于機(jī)械制造,造紙,印刷,搬運(yùn),物流等行業(yè)使用。關(guān)鍵詞: 堆高車 液壓 鏈傳動(dòng) 機(jī)架外型組件指導(dǎo)老師簽名:Manual Hydraulic Design of the Tool TruckAbstract: Manual hydraulic tall car is a kind of pollution free and dynamic loading and unloading product, the product hascompact structure, transport flexible, simple operation, turning radiussmall etc. Characteristics. Apply to factory, workshops, warehouses, station, wharf handling and storage of goods in. For those with fire, explosion proof requirements of the site (such as printing workshop, oil depot, wharf, warehouse, etc.) more applicable. If packing, container with tray and ChanYuanHua transportation, can realize the effective reduced parts collision, scoring and piled up area, reduce handling work and enhance handling efficiency. ChanMen frame structure design, turning radius is small, be applicable to the machinery manufacturing, papermaking,printing, handling, logistics industries use. Keywords: hascompact radiussmall Characteristics ChanYuanHua papermaking,printing,Signature of Superbisor :目錄一、緒論1(一)堆高車的簡(jiǎn)介1(二)堆高車的發(fā)展1(三)堆高車的優(yōu)勢(shì)及前景1(四)堆高車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)2(五)堆高車設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)2二、總體設(shè)計(jì)方案3(一)堆高車主要結(jié)構(gòu)3(二)堆高車的特點(diǎn)4(三)設(shè)計(jì)難點(diǎn)分析5三、動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)6 液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)61.液壓系統(tǒng)的組成62.液壓泵的選用63.液壓缸的選用74.液壓缸的計(jì)算7四、傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì)8(一)傳動(dòng)裝置的選擇裝置8(二)鏈傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)10(三)鏈輪軸的選擇15(四)軸承選擇18五、堆高車外型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)20(一)后輪的設(shè)計(jì)201.輪架的選擇202.階梯軸的材料選擇及結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)203.后輪軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)224.輪子的材料選擇235.被動(dòng)輪架24(二)機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)251.門架的總體結(jié)構(gòu)252.機(jī)架的主要組件的材料及尺寸的選擇25(三)貨叉架的設(shè)計(jì)28(四)內(nèi)六角圓柱頭螺釘設(shè)計(jì)30六、 結(jié)論與展望33 參 考 文 獻(xiàn)34 致 謝 詞34- 3 -手動(dòng)液壓堆高車設(shè)計(jì)一、緒論 (一)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的簡(jiǎn)介 手動(dòng)液壓堆高車是一種無(wú)污染,無(wú)動(dòng)力的裝卸產(chǎn)品,該產(chǎn)品具有結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,運(yùn)輸靈活,操作簡(jiǎn)單,回轉(zhuǎn)半徑小等特點(diǎn)。適用于工廠,車間,倉(cāng)庫(kù),車站,碼頭等處的貨物搬運(yùn)與堆垛。對(duì)于那些有防火,防爆要求的場(chǎng)地(如印刷車間,油庫(kù),碼頭,倉(cāng)庫(kù)等)更為適用。若配合托盤裝箱,集裝箱等及可實(shí)現(xiàn)單元化運(yùn)輸,有效減少了零部件的碰撞,劃傷和堆放面積,減少搬運(yùn)工作量,提高搬運(yùn)效率。單門架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑小,適用于機(jī)械制造,造紙,印刷,搬運(yùn),物流等行業(yè)使用。 (二)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的發(fā)展當(dāng)今時(shí)代,國(guó)內(nèi)外在輕小型搬運(yùn)和裝卸的工業(yè)車輛,和以蓄電池為動(dòng)力的各種類型的搬運(yùn),裝卸,堆垛,牽引的工業(yè)車輛有CBY系列手動(dòng)托盤搬運(yùn)車、辦電動(dòng)和全電動(dòng)插腿式堆高車、輕型前移式堆高車、電動(dòng)堆高機(jī)、揀選車及電動(dòng)牽引車等。隨著物流倉(cāng)庫(kù)儲(chǔ)蓄業(yè)得飛快發(fā)展,工業(yè)車輛產(chǎn)品要進(jìn)入車間、庫(kù)房、超市等,這不僅要求車輛機(jī)構(gòu)輕巧,同時(shí)提出無(wú)污染、低噪音,還有通道的寬窄、門限、屋頂貨架的高度、進(jìn)入電梯、地面樓板的承載能力、耐低溫、防爆燈技術(shù),這些要求只有輕小型搬運(yùn)車輛較容易做到。近幾年來(lái)在物流技術(shù)的推動(dòng)下,企業(yè)的技術(shù)改造投入加大,老庫(kù)房的改造和新庫(kù)房的建立大量增加,各城市超市數(shù)量的增加,都為輕小型搬運(yùn)車輛產(chǎn)量增大和品種增多提供了很好的條件,所以說(shuō)輕小型搬運(yùn)車輛是物流技術(shù)重要裝備之一。輕小型搬運(yùn)車輛行業(yè)應(yīng)盡快抓住“物流熱”的機(jī)遇,努力提高產(chǎn)品技術(shù)含量,增加品種規(guī)格,為各行業(yè)的物流服務(wù)提供商務(wù)服務(wù)。 (三)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的優(yōu)勢(shì)及前景手動(dòng)液壓堆高車具有能量轉(zhuǎn)換效率高、噪聲小、無(wú)廢氣排放、控制方便等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在車間、倉(cāng)庫(kù)等場(chǎng)所以及食品、制藥、微電子及儀器儀表等對(duì)環(huán)境條件要求較高的行業(yè)得到了廣泛應(yīng)用,成為室內(nèi)物料搬運(yùn)的首選工具。國(guó)外市場(chǎng)特別是歐美發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,由于受環(huán)保法規(guī)影響,電動(dòng)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的產(chǎn)量已占手動(dòng)液壓堆高車總產(chǎn)量的40以上,日本電動(dòng)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車產(chǎn)量也已超過(guò)了手動(dòng)液壓堆高車總量的13。在中國(guó),手動(dòng)液壓堆高車所占比例為20左右,已突破原來(lái)只能用于小噸位作業(yè)的局限,逐步由室內(nèi)走向室外,市場(chǎng)需求逐年上升我果手動(dòng)液壓堆高車銷量海外市場(chǎng)貢獻(xiàn)率高速增長(zhǎng),進(jìn)軍國(guó)際市場(chǎng)前景光明。 于我國(guó)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車口量占海外市場(chǎng)比重仍較低、性價(jià)比優(yōu)勢(shì)突出以及出口退稅導(dǎo)致國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)出口沖動(dòng)等理由,預(yù)計(jì)未來(lái)中國(guó)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車出口仍將保持較快增速,2010年前復(fù)合增長(zhǎng)率不低于30%。而未來(lái)3年,國(guó)內(nèi)堆高車銷量年增速有望保持在20%以上,對(duì)海外市場(chǎng)的依賴度將加大。出口已成銷量增長(zhǎng)的主要推進(jìn)力。 (四)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的優(yōu)點(diǎn) 本文所設(shè)計(jì)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車共有以下的七個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì):1)液壓起升;2)確保長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的工作3)價(jià)格合理,使用性能好4)噪音小、無(wú)廢氣、工作效率高、節(jié)約占地面積、可單獨(dú)完成運(yùn)輸功能。5)自重輕、車身低、操作輕、視野開(kāi)闊; 6)車架設(shè)計(jì)堅(jiān)固,承載力強(qiáng) (五)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù) 手動(dòng)液壓堆高車性能:在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起升高度 1.5m 和額定起重量為 500。 本論文所設(shè)計(jì)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車系統(tǒng)主要技術(shù)參數(shù)(如表1-1所示)。表1-1 設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù) 額 定 載 重 量500 最 高 起 升 高 度 1500 mm 貨 叉 最 低 高 度 88 mm 貨 叉 長(zhǎng) 度 1150 mm 單 個(gè) 貨 叉 寬 度 160 mm 整 車 尺 寸2200700mm 凈 重 210kg二、總體設(shè)計(jì)方案 (一)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車主要結(jié)構(gòu) 手動(dòng)液壓堆高車主要由機(jī)架部分、叉架部分、叉腳部分、起升裝置、等部分組成。 圖2-1機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)圖 圖2-2叉架結(jié)構(gòu)圖 圖2-3叉腳結(jié)構(gòu)圖 圖2-5起升裝置結(jié)構(gòu)圖 圖2-6前后輪結(jié)構(gòu)圖 (二)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的特點(diǎn) 分析手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的組成部分,結(jié)合設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車擁有以下特點(diǎn): 1.由于所設(shè)計(jì)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車是液壓起重,對(duì)于工作環(huán)境的要求較低,所以可適應(yīng)各種不同的工作環(huán)境。 2. 對(duì)比與手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的手動(dòng)起升,本文所設(shè)計(jì)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車是由液壓回路路控制的,其操縱簡(jiǎn)便,可大大降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,提高勞動(dòng)效率。 3.本次設(shè)計(jì)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車,其車架主體部分的材料選用Q235A,且在手動(dòng)液壓堆高車架的各關(guān)鍵受力點(diǎn)都輔以加強(qiáng)筋,使其受力均勻, 使堆高車能承受在叉物時(shí)所承受的重力,提高堆高車的安全性能。 4.對(duì)比與手動(dòng)液壓堆高車,本文所設(shè)計(jì)的液壓叉吊車其載重能力更強(qiáng),可以滿足更多的工作要求。 5.此次設(shè)計(jì)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車,由于其是使用液壓,所以在工作時(shí)噪聲小,且無(wú)污染。 (三)設(shè)計(jì)難點(diǎn)分析 為了使設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車能實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定的功能,分析設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),手動(dòng)液壓堆高車在設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程中有以下的難點(diǎn)需要解決: 1.為了使手動(dòng)液壓堆高車能實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定的載重量,對(duì)于液壓系統(tǒng)要如何設(shè)計(jì)。 2.完成液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)后,如何傳遞動(dòng)力,選擇何種傳動(dòng)裝置。 3.本次所設(shè)計(jì)的是手動(dòng)液壓堆高車,除了讓堆高車完成裝卸的功能外,如何讓壓堆高車完成吊物的功能。 4.如何完成液壓堆高車的起升功能。 5.完成手動(dòng)液壓堆高車各部份的設(shè)計(jì)后,如何設(shè)計(jì)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的主體車架,及貨叉架、加強(qiáng)筋等輔助部分的設(shè)計(jì)。 本次對(duì)于液壓叉吊車的設(shè)計(jì)主要圍繞以上的難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析設(shè)計(jì)。三、動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)液壓系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)1.液壓系統(tǒng)的組成一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個(gè)部分組成,即動(dòng)力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件和液壓油。動(dòng)力元件的作用是將原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液體的壓力能,指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵,它向整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)提供動(dòng)力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。執(zhí)行元件(如液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá))的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能,驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載作直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)??刂圃?即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調(diào)節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據(jù)控制功能的不同,液壓閥可分為壓力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為溢流閥 (安全閥)、減壓閥、順序閥等;流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調(diào)整閥、分流集流閥等;方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、梭閥、換向閥等。根據(jù)控制方式不同,液壓閥可分為開(kāi)關(guān)式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、壓力表、油位油溫計(jì)等。 液壓油是液壓系統(tǒng)中傳遞能量的工作介質(zhì),有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類。2.液壓泵的選用手動(dòng)油泵、腳踏油泵體積小,重量輕,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,操作簡(jiǎn)單,超高壓,小排量,配有低壓泵以提高工作效率??芍苯訉?duì)壓力容器進(jìn)行壓力試驗(yàn),配備油缸及機(jī)具可以進(jìn)行 起重、頂升、彎曲、校直、拉伸、沖孔、鉚接、拆裝等作業(yè)。技術(shù)參數(shù): 型號(hào)工作壓力MPa最大排量ml/次最大手搖力N油箱容量L出口螺紋公制外形尺寸重量Kg高壓低壓高壓低壓SYB-1631.52.312.55000.7M16X1.5600x100x1509SDB-1/0.7631.52.314.55000.7M16X1.5600x100x1508SDB-1/3631.52.314.55003M16X1.5620x160x15010SDB-2/0.7631.52.314.55000.7M14X1.5620x150x1509.5SDB-2/3631.52.314.55003M14X1.5620x190x15011.5SSB-163255001M14X1.5150x120x18093.液壓缸的選用 液壓缸按結(jié)構(gòu)形式分可分為: 活塞式液壓缸柱、柱塞式液壓缸、擺動(dòng)式液壓缸。 活塞式液壓缸:將液壓能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)械能的、做直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)(或擺動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng))的液壓執(zhí)行元件。它結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、工作可靠。用它來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),可免去減速裝置,并且沒(méi)有傳動(dòng)間隙,運(yùn)動(dòng)平穩(wěn),因此在各種機(jī)械的液壓系統(tǒng)中得到廣泛應(yīng)用。 柱塞式液壓缸:結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單,成本低,制造方便,柱塞常做成空心的,單柱塞缸只能有一個(gè)方向的運(yùn)動(dòng),所以多成對(duì)使用。 一般用在行程比較長(zhǎng)的場(chǎng)合,比如:龍門刨床、液壓機(jī)、導(dǎo)軌磨、大型拉床等。 擺動(dòng)式液壓缸:輸出扭矩并實(shí)現(xiàn)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的執(zhí)行元件,也稱擺動(dòng)式液壓馬達(dá)。有單葉片和雙葉片兩種形式。定子塊固定在缸體上,而葉片和轉(zhuǎn)子連接在一起。根據(jù)進(jìn)油方向, 葉片將帶動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)子作往復(fù)擺動(dòng)。 本文所設(shè)計(jì)的半電動(dòng)液壓叉吊車的液壓缸設(shè)計(jì)起升裝置要求傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),但速度要求不高,對(duì)比以上幾種液壓缸,綜合本文設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)際需要選擇單活塞桿液壓缸,即可滿足設(shè)計(jì)的要求。4.液壓缸的計(jì)算對(duì)于液壓缸內(nèi)徑D和活塞桿直徑d的選擇,可根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)的最大總負(fù)載和選取的工作壓力來(lái)確定。(本章計(jì)算公式參照 液壓與氣動(dòng)技術(shù) 2000) (1). 液壓缸主要尺寸的計(jì)算:液壓缸內(nèi)徑D:F載重量P缸工作壓力,查表得則 活塞桿直徑d: (2). 活塞桿校核 F液壓缸的負(fù)載力材料許用應(yīng)力(45鋼) 活塞桿材料的抗拉強(qiáng)度 640mpa安全系數(shù) 則滿足要求按國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB234880)取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值(JS106867)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 下冊(cè) 第二版 1987內(nèi)徑, 活塞桿直徑 (3) 流量q的計(jì)算 四、傳動(dòng)裝置設(shè)計(jì) (一)傳動(dòng)裝置的選擇裝置傳動(dòng)裝置有帶傳動(dòng)裝置、鏈傳動(dòng)裝置、齒輪傳動(dòng)裝置等。 1.帶傳動(dòng)一般有以下特點(diǎn): (1)帶有良好的饒性,能吸收震動(dòng),緩和沖擊,傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)噪音小。(2)當(dāng)帶傳動(dòng)過(guò)載時(shí),帶在帶輪上打滑,防止其他機(jī)件損壞,起到過(guò)載保護(hù)作用。(3)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,制造,安裝和維護(hù)方便; (4)帶與帶輪之間存在一定的彈性滑動(dòng),故不能保證恒定的傳動(dòng)比,傳動(dòng)精度和傳動(dòng)效率較低。 (5)由于帶工作時(shí)需要張緊,帶對(duì)帶輪軸有很大的壓軸力。(6)帶傳動(dòng)裝置外廓尺寸大,結(jié)構(gòu)不夠緊湊。 (7)帶的壽命較短,需經(jīng)常更換。 由于帶傳動(dòng)存在上述特點(diǎn),故通常用與中心距較大的兩軸之間的傳動(dòng)傳遞功率一般不超過(guò)50KW。 2.鏈傳動(dòng)一般有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn): (1)由于鏈傳動(dòng)屬于帶有中間撓性件的嚙合傳動(dòng),所以可獲得準(zhǔn)確的平均傳動(dòng)比; (2)與帶傳動(dòng)相比,鏈傳動(dòng)預(yù)緊力小,所以鏈傳動(dòng)軸壓力小,而傳遞的功率較大,效率較高,鏈傳動(dòng)還可以在高溫、低速、油污等情況下工作; (3)與齒輪傳動(dòng)相比,兩軸中心距較大,制造與安裝精度要求較低,成本低廉。 (4)鏈傳動(dòng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)不能保持恒定的瞬時(shí)傳動(dòng)比和瞬時(shí)鏈速,所以傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn)性較差,工作時(shí)有噪音且鏈速不宜過(guò)高。 鏈傳動(dòng)主要用在要求工作可靠,且兩軸相距較遠(yuǎn),以及其他不宜采用齒輪傳動(dòng)的場(chǎng)合。 3.齒輪傳動(dòng)的特點(diǎn) (1)效率高 在常用的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)中,以齒輪傳動(dòng)效率為最高,閉式傳動(dòng)效率為96%99%,這對(duì)大功率傳動(dòng)有很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)意義。 (2)結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊 比帶、鏈傳動(dòng)所需的空間尺寸小。 (3)工作可靠、壽命長(zhǎng) 設(shè)計(jì)制造正確合理、使用維護(hù)良好的齒輪傳動(dòng),工作十分可靠,壽命可長(zhǎng)達(dá)一二十年,這也是其它機(jī)械傳動(dòng)所不能比擬的。這對(duì)車輛及在礦井內(nèi)工作的機(jī)器尤為重要。 (4)傳動(dòng)比穩(wěn)定 傳動(dòng)比穩(wěn)定往往是對(duì)傳動(dòng)性能的基本要求。齒輪傳動(dòng)獲得廣泛應(yīng)用,正是由于其具有這一特點(diǎn)。 但是齒輪傳動(dòng)的制造及安裝精度要求高,價(jià)格較貴,且不宜用于傳動(dòng)距離過(guò)大的場(chǎng)合。對(duì)比以上幾種傳動(dòng)裝置,結(jié)合本文設(shè)計(jì)的需要,所以選擇鏈傳動(dòng)作為液壓堆高車的傳動(dòng)裝置。鏈傳動(dòng)裝置主要由鏈輪軸、軸承、鏈輪鏈條等部分組成。鏈傳動(dòng)裝置:(如圖4-1所示)4-1鏈傳動(dòng) (二)鏈傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)1. 鏈輪齒數(shù)Z的確定在實(shí)際工作過(guò)程中,此處鏈輪只作單個(gè)使用,起到一個(gè)傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)力的作用,所以對(duì)于鏈輪輪齒強(qiáng)度、剛度要求較高,鏈輪齒數(shù)應(yīng)盡量取小,根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)的起升裝置的起升要求,結(jié)合實(shí)際工作情況,初步確定齒數(shù)Z= 14。2. 鏈型號(hào)的確定堆高車承載500,鏈條工作載荷F = 20200 N,根據(jù)這一特點(diǎn)結(jié)合滾子鏈的基本參數(shù)和尺寸選用鏈號(hào) 10A 的滾子鏈傳動(dòng) ,其極限拉伸載荷F= 21800 N,足以滿足要求,為了保證其工作平穩(wěn),選用兩個(gè)鏈傳動(dòng)。3. 鏈節(jié)數(shù)的確定由于此處鏈輪只作單個(gè)使用,所以不存在中心距 a ,鏈節(jié)數(shù)由堆高車起升裝置的起升高度來(lái)確定。根據(jù)選定鏈號(hào),查表得所選鏈的節(jié)距 p = 15.875mm ,起升裝置的起升高度h = 1.5m,確定鏈節(jié)數(shù)L=105節(jié)。4. 強(qiáng)度校核在鏈輪正常工作情況下,鏈速v 0.1 m/s,所傳遞的功率p為其承載力與其速度的乘積,即p = Fv ,承載力F = 20200 N,單個(gè)鏈輪的工作拉力F 10100N,則p = Fv=101000.1 w=1.01kw鏈速v 0.1 m/s,即為低速鏈傳動(dòng),鏈傳動(dòng)的主要失效形式為鏈條的過(guò)載拉斷,因此應(yīng)進(jìn)行靜強(qiáng)度計(jì)算。(本章計(jì)算公式參照 簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 第二版 1997)靜強(qiáng)度安全系數(shù)S F 單排鏈的極限拉伸載荷m 鏈條排數(shù)K 工作情況系數(shù) F 鏈的工作拉力所選鏈的極限拉伸載荷F= 21800 N;采用兩個(gè)鏈傳動(dòng),即m=2;根據(jù)其工作情況,查表選取K= 1.2;鏈的工作拉力=5052 N,則 滿足強(qiáng)度要求5. 驗(yàn)算鏈速在預(yù)先設(shè)計(jì)的范圍內(nèi)6. 確定潤(rùn)滑方式采用人工定期潤(rùn)滑方式7. 計(jì)算對(duì)鏈輪軸的壓力 FF=1.25 F =1.2510100 N=12625 N8. 鏈輪設(shè)計(jì)主要參數(shù)為 齒數(shù)Z、節(jié)距p、分度圓直徑d P鏈節(jié)距 P =15.875 mmZ齒數(shù) Z=14則 (1) 鏈輪的齒槽尺寸計(jì)算齒面圓弧半徑 r 查表得 mm齒溝圓弧半徑 齒溝角 (2) 鏈輪的主要尺寸分度圓直徑 取齒頂圓直徑 分度圓弧齒高 齒根圓直徑齒側(cè)凸緣(或排間槽)直徑 (3) 鏈輪的結(jié)構(gòu) 鏈輪的直徑較小,因此采用實(shí)心式(如圖4-2所示)圖 4-2 鏈輪結(jié)構(gòu)圖 (4) 鏈輪輪齒結(jié)構(gòu)齒寬 內(nèi)鏈節(jié)寬則 倒角寬 P鏈節(jié)距 P =15.875 mm則 倒角半徑 齒側(cè)凸緣(或排間槽)圓角半徑 鏈輪齒總寬: 排數(shù) 取2排距 取18.11 取8.55則 (三) 鏈輪軸的選擇1.選擇軸的材料,確定許用應(yīng)力該軸傳遞的功率,對(duì)材料無(wú)特殊要求,故選用45鋼,并經(jīng)調(diào)質(zhì)處理。由表查得強(qiáng)度極限,再由表得許用應(yīng)力=200。(本章計(jì)算公式參照 簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 第二版 1997)按扭轉(zhuǎn)強(qiáng)度估算軸徑P=11.3=1.3KW 根據(jù)表得 C=107118,又由式得又由d=由設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直徑。設(shè)計(jì)軸的結(jié)構(gòu)并繪制結(jié)構(gòu)草圖(如圖4-3所示)圖 4-3鏈輪軸 按彎曲合成強(qiáng)度校核軸徑畫出軸的受力圖(如圖4-4所示)圖 4-4 受力分析圖 在之間載一段距離為x(如圖4-5所示)圖 4-5受力分析圖 M的扭轉(zhuǎn)方向?yàn)槟鏁r(shí)針為負(fù) 在和之間截任一段距離。x的取值為又是階梯軸,軸的粗細(xì)不一當(dāng)時(shí),也可能存在危險(xiǎn)截面當(dāng)時(shí),在和之間截一段距離為Y(如圖4-6所示)圖 4-6 受力分析圖 在和之間任取一段。的取值為 當(dāng)Y取最大時(shí)Y=193N 作轉(zhuǎn)矩圖 (如圖4-7所示) 圖 4-7 轉(zhuǎn)距圖 求當(dāng)量彎矩因?yàn)榇溯S為靜應(yīng)力狀態(tài)下的軸,轉(zhuǎn)矩不變,修正系數(shù)為。 確定危險(xiǎn)截面及校核強(qiáng)度查表得,滿足的條件,故此處所設(shè)計(jì)的軸的強(qiáng)度足夠,并有一定寬余量。 (四) 軸承選擇1. 計(jì)算軸承的的載荷根據(jù)以上所求的結(jié)果,要選擇軸承,要先求出當(dāng)量載荷,因該向心軸承受作用。求出當(dāng)量動(dòng)載荷。計(jì)算時(shí)用到的徑向系數(shù),軸向系數(shù)。要根據(jù)值查取,而是額定靜載荷,在軸承型號(hào)為選定前不知道,故用試算法。查表暫??;e=0.34;X=1,Y=0,。即軸承在作用下的使用壽命,相當(dāng)于在純徑向載荷10100N作用下的使用壽命。(本章計(jì)算公式參照 簡(jiǎn)明機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 第二版 1997)(1) 計(jì)算所需的徑向基本額定靜載荷計(jì)算所需的徑向基本額定靜載荷 由式 (2) 選擇型號(hào)查表選60206型軸承其 故60206軸承的與原估計(jì)值接近,選擇的軸承適用。2.選擇潤(rùn)滑方式潤(rùn)滑的目的是為了減輕機(jī)械傳動(dòng)零件、軸承等磨損,降低零件之間的摩擦阻力和能源消耗,提高傳動(dòng)效率,延長(zhǎng)零件使用壽命,保證設(shè)備正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn);同時(shí)還可以起到冷卻、散熱、吸振、防銹、降低噪聲等作用。 潤(rùn)滑的方法很多,根據(jù)手動(dòng)液壓堆高車鏈傳動(dòng)的實(shí)際情況,液壓堆高車的潤(rùn)滑方式選擇手工潤(rùn)滑,可根據(jù)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行定期的潤(rùn)滑保養(yǎng),以增長(zhǎng)液壓堆高車的使用壽命。五、液壓堆高車外型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) (一)后輪的設(shè)計(jì)1.輪架的選擇為了保證手動(dòng)液壓堆高車在運(yùn)輸及起重物的過(guò)程中的穩(wěn)定性,應(yīng)具有四個(gè)支持點(diǎn),堆高車重心的投影點(diǎn)不論在工作位置或運(yùn)輸位置,都不應(yīng)超出四點(diǎn)所形成的四邊形,要使轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)堆高車的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方便、靈活,在轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)必須要求各個(gè)輪子有一個(gè)共同瞬時(shí)的回轉(zhuǎn)中心,所設(shè)計(jì)的兩后輪軸應(yīng)在同一軸線上,所以選用插頭式腳輪。2.階梯軸的材料選擇及結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) (1)軸材料選擇,確定許用應(yīng)力材料選擇Q235A普通碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼,用于承載較小或不太重的軸。其抗拉強(qiáng)度 180Mpa,扭轉(zhuǎn)疲勞極限 105Mpa,許用靜應(yīng)力=176Mpa,許用疲勞應(yīng)力 = 120138Mpa。 (2)軸結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)及軸承和擋圈的選用由于選用插頭式腳輪,根據(jù)兩個(gè)配合性質(zhì)不同的軸,并要起到連接及為避免輪子在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中傾斜,選用階梯軸,以便裝拆。 (3)軸承的選擇由于該軸軸承主要承受軸向載荷,其極限轉(zhuǎn)速低,所以選用推力軸承。故該軸的兩個(gè)軸承分別選用型號(hào)為軸承60204/GB278-82, 軸承60205/GB278-82。再根據(jù)軸承所選用的型號(hào)確定擋圈型號(hào),故 擋圈20/GB894.286, 擋圈25/GB894.286, 擋圈52/GB893.286。 (4)確定尺寸根據(jù)階梯軸的承受載荷和軸承所選用的型號(hào)查表得軸承的外勁及寬度尺寸和擋圈的型號(hào)查表得擋圈的內(nèi)徑及擋圈的厚度來(lái)確定軸的各段尺寸: 軸承60204/GB278-82,其內(nèi)徑20mm,外徑47mm,寬度14mm 軸承60205/GB278-82,其內(nèi)徑25mm,外徑52mm,寬度15mm 擋圈20/GB894.286, 其內(nèi)徑20 mm,厚度1 mm 擋圈25/GB894.286, 其內(nèi)徑25 mm,厚度1.2 mm 擋圈52/GB893.286, 其內(nèi)徑52 mm,厚度1.37 mm 圖5-1 后輪結(jié)構(gòu)(5)輪架階梯軸及尺寸(如圖5-2所示)圖5-2 階梯軸軸1直徑為26.5mm。軸2直徑為35 mm,長(zhǎng)度為22 mm。軸3 直徑為25mm ,與軸承配合軸直徑為23.2 mm,總長(zhǎng)為37 mm。軸4直徑為18.5 mm,與軸承配合軸直徑為20 mm,總長(zhǎng)為18 mm。該階梯軸總長(zhǎng)為85 mm3.后輪軸的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)(1)后輪軸的結(jié)構(gòu)圖:(如圖5-3所示) 圖5-3 后輪軸 受力分析 根據(jù)后輪軸的承載能力的受力分析,可知軸的受力簡(jiǎn)圖(如圖5-4所示)圖5-4受力分析圖由于該軸承載能力為總承載的1/6噸,, F=1/69.820000=32667N根據(jù)靜力學(xué)平衡方程得出F=0F+F-F=0F=32667N再根據(jù)軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算公式得:d=C=140 根據(jù)后輪軸所軸承確定該軸的直徑和長(zhǎng)度由于該軸主要承受徑向載荷,且工作轉(zhuǎn)速高,而軸向載荷不大,所以采用深溝球軸承。 故軸承型號(hào)選擇軸承1602.4/GB279-88 ;查表得:其內(nèi)徑為20mm,外徑為47 mm,寬度為47 mm。 綜上所訴d=20 mm4.輪子的材料選擇輪子的材料選用實(shí)芯橡膠輪,由實(shí)芯橡膠胎和金屬材料的輪芯組合或結(jié)合一起制成,具有定的彈性,能承載受較大的載荷,耐磨,一般用于低速,短途運(yùn)輸?shù)陌腚妱?dòng)電瓶堆高車。輪子的孔與后輪軸作過(guò)盈配合,其固定方式為選用螺釘周向固定,其型號(hào)選擇M520/GB78-85 (如圖5-5所示) 圖5-5 后輪結(jié)構(gòu)5.被動(dòng)輪架被動(dòng)輪架為精鑄造件,其規(guī)格與尺寸大小以輪子尺寸而定,其軸承孔與軸承作過(guò)盈配合。 圖 5-6被動(dòng)輪架結(jié)構(gòu) (二)機(jī)架的設(shè)計(jì)1.門架的總體結(jié)構(gòu)圖5-7 機(jī)架裝置2.機(jī)架的主要組件的材料及尺寸的選擇(1)機(jī)架底板組件:槽鋼304,32010048 (如圖5-8所示)圖5-8機(jī)架底板組件1. 槽鋼 2.墊板 3. 槽 (2)機(jī)架前插腳組件:鑄鋼、矩形管,9809656 (如圖5-9所示) 圖5-9機(jī)架前插腳組件 1.前輪座 2. 前插腳矩形管 (3)機(jī)架橫檔組件:Q235A, 4805012 (如圖5-10所示) 圖5-10機(jī)架橫檔組件 1.中板 2. 鏈座(4)機(jī)架后輪架組件:Q235A、矩形管, 230115100 (如圖5-11所示) 圖5-11機(jī)架后輪架組件 1.輪座 2. 輪架(5)機(jī)架立柱組件:矩形管,100501925(如圖5-12所示) 圖5-12機(jī)架立柱組件 (三)貨叉架的設(shè)計(jì) 1.貨叉架材料、尺寸的選擇貨架叉腳: Q235,9809656主 滾 輪: QT700-2,8528橫 管: 方鋼,33011058鏈 條 座: 45號(hào),704522豎 管: 方鋼,35012068上 橫 檔: Q235A,4805012側(cè)板焊件: Q235A,34810072.貨叉架總體結(jié)構(gòu)圖圖5-13貨叉架裝置 (四).內(nèi)六角圓柱頭螺釘設(shè)計(jì)圖5-19 支撐連接板支撐連接板在手動(dòng)液壓堆高車上起到連接作用,通過(guò)三個(gè)內(nèi)六角圓柱頭螺釘進(jìn)行連接,連接板選用的材料是Q235普通碳素結(jié)構(gòu)鋼。內(nèi)六角圓柱頭螺釘?shù)倪x用6.8級(jí)內(nèi)六角圓柱頭螺釘,采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)DIN912,洛氏硬度:HRC39-HRC44; 抗力極限強(qiáng)度:600,屈服強(qiáng)度:480。(本章計(jì)算公式參照 材料力學(xué) 第三版 1992)內(nèi)六角圓柱頭螺釘連接的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算根據(jù)螺栓計(jì)算公式:=對(duì)于M10M68的普通螺紋,可取,則得根據(jù)公式計(jì)算=4056 因此強(qiáng)度計(jì)算公式為 =4.73mm根據(jù)強(qiáng)度計(jì)算內(nèi)六角圓柱頭螺釘M10可以達(dá)到要求。六、 結(jié)論與展望(一)結(jié)論 通過(guò)本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),讓我更加的認(rèn)識(shí)到了知識(shí)的重要性。從剛開(kāi)始自己的茫然無(wú)措,到通過(guò)老師的指導(dǎo)漸入佳鏡,直到最后設(shè)計(jì)的完成,這中間的每一步都充滿了興奮與挑戰(zhàn),在設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程中我不僅學(xué)到了技術(shù)上的新內(nèi)容,鞏固了自己的專業(yè)知識(shí),還增強(qiáng)了與人合作的意識(shí)及能力,對(duì)于即將步入社會(huì)的我來(lái)說(shuō)這是一次很好的鍛煉機(jī)會(huì),同時(shí)也為我以后的工作打下了基礎(chǔ)。本次設(shè)計(jì)是在市場(chǎng)調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)了解市場(chǎng)的需求而開(kāi)展的。對(duì)于手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的設(shè)計(jì),主要分為四個(gè)階段進(jìn)行:第一個(gè)階段是設(shè)計(jì)液壓堆高車的載重能力,主要通過(guò)對(duì)液壓裝置的設(shè)計(jì)從而確定液壓堆高車的承載重量;第二個(gè)階段是設(shè)計(jì)液壓堆高車的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng),通過(guò)對(duì)鏈輪的設(shè)計(jì)及對(duì)鏈條的選用,確定液壓堆高車的起升速度;第三個(gè)階段是設(shè)計(jì)液壓堆高車的總體框架,結(jié)合前兩個(gè)階段的設(shè)計(jì),選擇合適的材料,進(jìn)行手動(dòng)液壓堆高車叉架的設(shè)計(jì)。(二)展望 本次設(shè)計(jì)從開(kāi)始彷徨,到著手準(zhǔn)備,到開(kāi)始設(shè)計(jì),直到最后的設(shè)計(jì)完成,這期間走過(guò)的每一步都充滿汗水與歡樂(lè),在指導(dǎo)老師的細(xì)心指導(dǎo)下我完成了本次的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。雖然此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已告一段落,但對(duì)于我所設(shè)計(jì)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車來(lái)說(shuō)還有許多可以改進(jìn)的地方,通過(guò)對(duì)已設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)的堆高車的實(shí)際應(yīng)用,還可以對(duì)以下幾點(diǎn)進(jìn)行改進(jìn): 1.在液壓系統(tǒng)上,在貨叉架工作的場(chǎng)合下,液壓系統(tǒng)的供給壓力不足,對(duì)已設(shè)計(jì)的液壓回路的分析,可以用一個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)兩個(gè)液壓回路,把控制貨叉架的液壓回路分開(kāi),分別供給,使兩者一起工作時(shí),也能達(dá)到所要求的載重量。2.此次所設(shè)計(jì)的手動(dòng)液壓堆高車,其液壓系統(tǒng)主要用于控制貨叉腳的起升,其行走還須人工控制,一方面能讓手動(dòng)液壓堆高車的行走更加方便,另一方面也可提高工作效率。 參考文獻(xiàn)1、沈紉秋主編工程材料與制造工藝教程北京:航空工業(yè)出版社 1991.52、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 新版 第4卷 液壓、氣動(dòng)與液力傳動(dòng)與控制 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社。3、徐灝主編機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè),北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1995。124、液壓傳動(dòng),章宏甲主編。北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20025、T. Morita, Y. Sakawa, Modeling and control of power shovel, 1 1986 6975致 謝 詞 為期一個(gè)學(xué)期的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已接近尾聲了,我的四年大學(xué)生涯也即將圈上一個(gè)句號(hào)。此刻我的心中卻有些悵然若失,因?yàn)榕c那些熟悉的老師們和同學(xué)們,也即將揮手告別了。此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)從論文選題到搜集資料,從寫稿到反復(fù)修改,期間經(jīng)歷了喜悅、聒噪、痛苦和彷徨,在寫作論文的過(guò)程中心情是如此復(fù)雜。如今,伴隨著這篇畢業(yè)論文的最終成稿,復(fù)雜的心情煙消云散,自己甚至還有一點(diǎn)成就感。 我要感謝,感謝我的導(dǎo)師。本課題是在袁寧老師的悉心指導(dǎo)下完成的,在此衷心感謝指導(dǎo)老師對(duì)我的諄諄教導(dǎo),以及對(duì)我在生活、工作、學(xué)習(xí)、研究等各方面的無(wú)私幫助。袁寧老師嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)細(xì)致、實(shí)事求是的治學(xué)態(tài)度,及認(rèn)真勤奮、不知疲倦的的工作作風(fēng),都是我以后工作學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣。在此,再次向袁寧老師獻(xiàn)上我誠(chéng)摯的謝意。 于此同時(shí)我還要感謝07的各位同學(xué)無(wú)私支持和幫助,他們不僅在生活給予我?guī)椭?,還幫助我解決了很多畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的困惑,幫助我完成了設(shè)計(jì)以及論文寫作的工作,希望我們以后能夠繼續(xù)合作,共同進(jìn)步! 再次感謝所有支持和幫助過(guò)我的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、老師和同學(xué)們! 最后,我要感謝,非常感謝四年的大學(xué)生活,感謝我的家人和那些永遠(yuǎn)也不能忘記的朋友,他們的支持與情感,是我永遠(yuǎn)的財(cái)富。在今后的日子里,我定會(huì)牢記領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和老師們的教誨,在今后的工作中努力上進(jìn),立志成材。今天我以學(xué)院為榮,明天學(xué)院以我為榮!34中文部分切削加工新概念現(xiàn)今的刀具公司再也不能只是制造和銷售刀具,為了成功,他們必須與全球化制造趨勢(shì)保持一致,通過(guò)提高效率、同客戶合作來(lái)降低成本。在這個(gè)近乎瞬間的全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的后NAFTA、后WTO時(shí)代,全世界的公司正對(duì)相同感覺(jué)作出更快、更輕、更便宜的反應(yīng)。換句話說(shuō),他們制造的產(chǎn)品和零件包含能在高速下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),由于成本的壓力,最好、更輕而且要制造更便宜。取得這些目標(biāo)的一個(gè)最佳途徑是通過(guò)發(fā)展和應(yīng)用新材料,但這些新的和改進(jìn)的材料通常都難以加工。這種商業(yè)上的動(dòng)力和技術(shù)上的困難的組合在汽車和航空工業(yè)尤其突出,并已成為有見(jiàn)識(shí)的刀具公司研發(fā)部門的首要驅(qū)動(dòng)力。 例如,拿球墨鑄鐵來(lái)說(shuō),它已成為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)零件和其它汽車、農(nóng)用設(shè)備和機(jī)床工業(yè)上的零件的日益見(jiàn)的材料。這種合金提供較低的生產(chǎn)成本和良好的機(jī)械性能的組合。他們比鋼材便宜,而比鑄鐵有更高的強(qiáng)度和韌性。但同時(shí)球墨鑄鐵非常耐磨,有快速磨壞刀具材料的傾向。這種耐磨性很大程度上受珠光體含量影響。某一已知球墨鑄鐵的珠光體含量越高,它的耐磨性越好,而且它的可加工性越差。另外,球墨鑄鐵的多孔性導(dǎo)致斷續(xù)切削,這更加降低壽命。 可以預(yù)計(jì),高硬度和高耐磨的切削材質(zhì)需考慮球墨鑄鐵的高耐磨性。并且事實(shí)上材質(zhì)包含極硬的TiC(碳化鈦)或TiCN(碳氮化鈦)的厚涂層在切削速度每分鐘300米時(shí)加工球墨鑄鐵被證明通常是有效的。但是隨著切削速度的增加,切屑/刀具結(jié)合面的溫度也在增加。當(dāng)發(fā)生這樣的情況,TiC涂層傾向于和鐵發(fā)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)并軟化,更多的壓力作用在抗月牙洼磨損的涂層上。在這些條件下,希望有一種化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性更好的涂層,如Al2O3(雖然在較低的速度下不如TiC硬或耐磨)。 化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性比耐磨性更成為一個(gè)重要的表現(xiàn)性能分界的因素,速度和溫度取決于被加工球墨鑄鐵的晶粒結(jié)構(gòu)和性能。但是通常厚涂層的TiC或TiCN和僅有氧化物的較薄涂層是針對(duì)球墨鑄鐵應(yīng)用的,因?yàn)榻裉齑蟛糠诌@類被加工材料的切削速度在每分鐘150到335米之間。對(duì)于速度高于每分鐘300米的應(yīng)用,人們對(duì)這種材料是滿意的。 為了使這個(gè)范圍性能最優(yōu),山高研發(fā)和推出了針對(duì)球墨鑄鐵加工的材質(zhì)TX150。這種材質(zhì)有一個(gè)硬且抗變形的基體,對(duì)于加工球墨鑄鐵很理想。它的涂層由一層較厚的很耐磨的碳氮化鈦和一層較薄的抗月牙洼磨損的氧化物涂層,頂面是一薄層TiN。這種涂層運(yùn)用目前工藝水平的產(chǎn)生耐磨性和抗月牙洼磨損需要的CVD涂層的全部硬度而且韌性平滑性增加的中溫化學(xué)氣相沉積(MTCVD)工藝。基體/涂層的組合性能給予很高的抗塑性變形和刃口微崩能力,使之成為正常速度下加工球墨鑄鐵的理想材質(zhì)。 涂層陶瓷也表現(xiàn)出能有效加工球墨鑄鐵。在過(guò)去,未涂層的韌性較好的諸如氮化硅和碳化硅纖維強(qiáng)化的氧化鋁陶瓷應(yīng)用受工件材料化學(xué)親和性的限制。但是今天通過(guò)使用能抵抗切屑變形過(guò)程產(chǎn)生高熱量的涂層刀具壽命已經(jīng)顯著增加。而某些早期這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的工件加工使用氧化鋁涂層晶須強(qiáng)化陶瓷,今天的多數(shù)研究活動(dòng)集中于TiN涂層氮化硅。這種涂層能顯著拓寬韌性較好的陶瓷的應(yīng)用范圍。 切削加工時(shí),工件的已加工表面是依靠切削工具和工件作相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)獲得的。按表面形成方法,切削加工可分為刀尖軌跡法、成形刀具法、展成法三類。刀尖軌跡法是依靠刀尖相對(duì)于工件表面的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡,來(lái)獲得工件所要求的表面幾何形狀,如車削外圓、刨削平面、磨削外圓、用靠模車削成形面等,刀尖的運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡取決于機(jī)床所提供的切削工具與工件的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng);成形刀具法簡(jiǎn)稱成形法,是用與工件的最終表面輪廓相匹配的成形刀具,或成形砂輪等加工出成形面,如成形車削、成形銑削和成形磨削等,由于成形刀具的制造比較困難,因此一般只用于加工短的成形面;展成法又稱滾切法,是加工時(shí)切削工具與工件作相對(duì)展成運(yùn)動(dòng),刀具和工件的瞬心線相互作純滾動(dòng),兩者之間保持確定的速比關(guān)系,所獲得加工表面就是刀刃在這種運(yùn)動(dòng)中的包絡(luò)面,齒輪加工中的滾齒、插齒、剃齒、珩齒和磨齒等均屬展成法加工。有些切削加工兼有刀尖軌跡法和成形刀具法的特點(diǎn),如螺紋車削。切削加工質(zhì)量主要是指工件的加工精度和表面質(zhì)量(包括表面粗糙度、殘余應(yīng)力和表面硬化)。隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,切削加工的質(zhì)量不斷提高。18世紀(jì)后期,切削加工精度以毫米計(jì);20世紀(jì)初,切削加工的精度最高已達(dá)0.01毫米;至50年代,切削加工精度已達(dá)微米級(jí);70年代,切削加工精度又提高到0.1微米。影響切削加工質(zhì)量的主要因素有機(jī)床、刀具、夾具、工件毛坯、工藝方法和加工環(huán)境等方面。要提高切削加工質(zhì)量,必須對(duì)上述各方面采取適當(dāng)措施,如減小機(jī)床工作誤差、正確選用切削工具、提高毛坯質(zhì)量、合理安排工藝、改善環(huán)境條件等。提高切削用量以提高材料切除率,是提高切削加工效率的基本途徑。常用的高效切削加工方法有高速切削、強(qiáng)力切削、等離子弧加熱切削和振動(dòng)切削等。磨削速度在45米秒以上的切削稱為高速磨削。采用高速切削(或磨削)既可提高效率,又可減小表面粗糙度。高速切削(或磨削)要求機(jī)床具有高轉(zhuǎn)速、高剛度、大功率和抗振性好的工藝系統(tǒng);要求刀具有合理的幾何參數(shù)和方便的緊固方式,還需考慮安全可靠的斷屑方法。強(qiáng)力切削指大進(jìn)給或大切深的切削加工,一般用于車削和磨削。強(qiáng)力車削的主要特點(diǎn)是車刀除主切削刃外,還有一個(gè)平行于工件已加工表面的副切削刃同時(shí)參與切削,故可把進(jìn)給量比一般車削提高幾倍甚至十幾倍。與高速切削比較,強(qiáng)力切削的切削溫度較低,刀具壽命較長(zhǎng),切削效率較高;缺點(diǎn)是加工表面較粗糙。強(qiáng)力切削時(shí),徑向切削力很大故不適于加工細(xì)長(zhǎng)工件。振動(dòng)切削是沿刀具進(jìn)給方向,附加低頻或高頻振動(dòng)的切削加工,可以提高切削效率。低頻振動(dòng)切削具有很好的斷屑效果,可不用斷屑裝置,使刀刃強(qiáng)度增加,切削時(shí)的總功率消耗比帶有斷屑裝置的普通切削降低40左右。高頻振動(dòng)切削也稱超聲波振動(dòng)切削,有助于減小刀具與工件之間的摩擦,降低切削溫度,減小刀具的粘著磨損,從而提高切削效率和加工表面質(zhì)量,刀具壽命約可提高40。對(duì)木材、塑料、橡膠、玻璃、大理石、花崗石等非金屬材料的切削加工,雖與金屬材料的切削類似,但所用刀具、設(shè)備和切削用量等各有特點(diǎn)。 木材制品的切削加工主要在各種木工機(jī)床上進(jìn)行,其方法主要有:鋸切、刨切、車削、銑削、鉆削和砂光等。塑料的剛度比金屬差,易彎曲變形,尤其是熱塑性塑料導(dǎo)熱性差,易升溫軟化。故切削塑料時(shí),宜用高速鋼或硬質(zhì)合金刀具,選用小的進(jìn)給量和高的切削速度,并用壓縮空氣冷卻。若刀具鋒利,角度合適,可產(chǎn)生帶狀切屑,易于帶走熱量。玻璃(包括鍺、硅等半導(dǎo)體材料)的硬度高而脆性大。對(duì)玻璃的切削加工常用切割、鉆孔、研磨和拋光等方法。對(duì)厚度在三毫米以下的玻璃板,最簡(jiǎn)單的切割方法是用金剛石或其他堅(jiān)硬物質(zhì),在玻璃表面手工刻劃,利用刻痕處的應(yīng)力集中,即可用手折斷。對(duì)大理石、花崗石和混凝土等堅(jiān)硬材料的加工,主要用切割、車削、鉆孔、刨削、研磨和拋光等方法。切割時(shí)可用圓鋸片加磨料和水;外圓和端面可采用負(fù)前角的硬質(zhì)合金車刀,以1030米分的切削速度車削;鉆孔可用硬質(zhì)合金鉆頭;大的石料平面可用硬質(zhì)合金刨刀或滾切刨刀刨削;精密平滑的表面,可用三塊互為基準(zhǔn)對(duì)研的方法,或磨削和拋光的方法獲得。刀具在熱強(qiáng)合金中的應(yīng)用 航空加工也變化迅速。例如,鎳基高溫合金如幾年前多數(shù)人未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)的Rene88現(xiàn)在占到航空發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)制造使用總金屬量的1025%。對(duì)于這個(gè)有很好的表現(xiàn)和商業(yè)理由。例如,這些熱強(qiáng)合金能增加發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)壽命而且允許較小的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在大飛機(jī)上,那將提高燃燒效率并降低運(yùn)營(yíng)成本。這些韌性好的材料也把費(fèi)用呈現(xiàn)在刀具上。它們的耐熱性導(dǎo)致刀尖上的溫度更高,從而降低了刀具壽命。相似地,這些合金里的碳化物顆粒顯著增加了摩擦,從而縮短刀具壽命。 作為這些條件改變的結(jié)果,曾經(jīng)能很滿意地加工很多鈦合金和鎳基合金的硬質(zhì)合金材質(zhì)C-2在應(yīng)用到當(dāng)今的合金時(shí)遭受切削刃的壓碎和切削深度線處嚴(yán)重的溝槽磨損。但是用最新的細(xì)顆粒硬質(zhì)合金能有效加工高溫合金,刀具壽命得到提高,更重要的是提高在高溫合金應(yīng)用時(shí)的可靠性。細(xì)顆粒硬質(zhì)合金有比傳統(tǒng)硬質(zhì)合金材質(zhì)更高的壓縮強(qiáng)度和硬度,只是在韌性方面增加少量的成本。而結(jié)果是在高溫合金加工上比傳統(tǒng)硬質(zhì)合金抵抗常見(jiàn)失效模式更有效。 PVD(物理氣相沉積)涂層也被證明有效加工高溫合金。TiN(氮化鈦)PVD涂層是最早使用的并仍然是最受歡迎的。最近,TiAlN(氮鋁化鈦)和TiCN(碳氮化鈦)涂層也能很好使用。過(guò)去TiAlN涂層應(yīng)用范圍和TiN相比限制更多。但是當(dāng)切削速度提高后它們是一個(gè)很好的選擇,在那些應(yīng)用提高生產(chǎn)率達(dá)40%。另一方面,在較低的切削速度下取決于涂層的表面工況TiAlN會(huì)導(dǎo)致積屑瘤、隨后的微崩和溝槽磨損。 近來(lái),用于高溫合金應(yīng)用的材質(zhì)已經(jīng)發(fā)展了,這些涂層由幾層組合而成。大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)室和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)試已經(jīng)論證了這種組合和其它任何一種單一涂層相比在很寬范圍的應(yīng)用時(shí)很有效。因此針對(duì)高溫合金應(yīng)用的PVD復(fù)合涂層可能成為硬質(zhì)合金新材質(zhì)研發(fā)持續(xù)的焦點(diǎn)。和MTCVD涂層、涂層陶瓷集合在一起,它們有望成為更有效加工正在研發(fā)的新的更難加工工件材料的主要沖擊力量。 干切削,包括冷卻液在內(nèi)的問(wèn)題是刀具制造的科技和商業(yè)擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)業(yè)化趨勢(shì)的另一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。北美和歐洲嚴(yán)格冷卻液管理的要求和最大的三家汽車制造商強(qiáng)制它們的核心供應(yīng)商取得ISO14000認(rèn)證(ISO9000的環(huán)境管理版本),這使得冷卻液處理成本上升。對(duì)汽車公司和他們核心供應(yīng)商來(lái)說(shuō)明顯受歡迎的反應(yīng)之一是在特定的加工應(yīng)用里完全免除冷卻液的使用。這種干加工的新世界給刀具供應(yīng)商提出了一系列挑戰(zhàn)。 最近,已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了一些有關(guān)這個(gè)專題揭示速度、進(jìn)給、涂層化學(xué)成分和其它參數(shù)的很充實(shí)的綜合性很強(qiáng)的有用的技術(shù)文章。在這里我想集中論述在操作和商業(yè)含義上的汽車制造商的新“干加工觀點(diǎn)”。 金屬加工從業(yè)人員能很好理解有關(guān)冷卻液使用的問(wèn)題,但大多數(shù)不能理解有關(guān)除在刀具-工件接觸面間技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)(例如排屑)之外的干加工問(wèn)題。通??梢杂^察到流出的冷卻液分散切屑,但壓力超過(guò)3000磅/英寸2的高速冷卻液也能幫助斷屑,特別是軟且連續(xù)的切屑會(huì)引起刀具-工件接觸面上的麻煩。 采用干切削工藝的零件的結(jié)果是機(jī)床比采用濕式加工零件的更熱。你是否允許它們測(cè)量前在露天自然冷卻?如果新加工的熱零件經(jīng)常放到周轉(zhuǎn)箱,升高周圍環(huán)境溫度,是否零件充分冷卻并正好足夠允許精度檢測(cè)?還有處置身邊幾十上百的零件會(huì)對(duì)操作工人增加額外負(fù)擔(dān)。 同許多刀具/工件的技術(shù)問(wèn)題一起,這些潛在的問(wèn)題需要陳述是否干加工能行。幸運(yùn)地,有很多途徑闡述這些問(wèn)題。例如,壓縮空氣被證明在很多應(yīng)用里排屑成為問(wèn)題的場(chǎng)合有成功的反響。 另一個(gè)方案是叫做MQL(最小量潤(rùn)滑)的技術(shù),它由應(yīng)用代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)冷卻液的相當(dāng)少量油霧構(gòu)成。這是一個(gè)公認(rèn)的折中方案,這種最小量技術(shù)會(huì)大幅度減少冷卻液的頭疼事,而且在許多應(yīng)用里加工出的光潔度也很好。這個(gè)領(lǐng)域仍然有很多研究在做,而且刀具公司積極參與這樣的研究是絕對(duì)必要的。如果他們不做將落后于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手,處于不利的地位。 根據(jù)世界上工廠內(nèi)具體情況設(shè)計(jì)出別的也許更好的方案。制造業(yè)從業(yè)人員可能仍然會(huì)問(wèn)為什么他們要努力使用新發(fā)展的技術(shù)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷數(shù)代人改進(jìn)提高的冷卻液方法,尤其因?yàn)閷?shí)施干加工或半干加工產(chǎn)生的試驗(yàn)和失敗可能引起更高的短期刀具成本。簡(jiǎn)明的答案是當(dāng)?shù)镀蠹s占典型加工零件成本的3%時(shí),冷卻液的成本(從購(gòu)買到維護(hù)、儲(chǔ)存、處理)會(huì)占零件成本的15%。 干加工也許不是對(duì)每個(gè)應(yīng)用都適合,但象上面討論的其它加工問(wèn)題一樣,需要從更寬的操作、環(huán)境和商業(yè)角度來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)。能幫助客戶這樣做的刀具公司將有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì),而那些不能提供的將不斷處于被動(dòng)地位。 刀具和納米技術(shù) 一個(gè)能劇烈改變刀具工業(yè)的迷人的新領(lǐng)域是微型制造,或處理微小粒子形成所需的產(chǎn)品。要談及的關(guān)于刀具微型制造的第一件事是它這里還沒(méi)有;第二件要說(shuō)的事是它并不遙遠(yuǎn)。 為什么微型制造和刀具相關(guān)。因?yàn)樽钪饕氖穷w粒尺寸越小,硬質(zhì)合金材料韌性越好且更耐磨。用納米級(jí)顆粒(一些專家定義為小于0.2m,而其他人堅(jiān)持納米顆粒要小于0.1m)制造的硬質(zhì)合金刀具原型已經(jīng)做好并測(cè)試,據(jù)稱耐磨性戲劇性地增加。問(wèn)題是納米級(jí)的硬質(zhì)合金顆粒不能靠粉碎較大的材料形成,它們一定得通過(guò)更小的材料構(gòu)成,而處理分子級(jí)粒子還不是一件容易和經(jīng)濟(jì)的事情。英文翻譯The new concept of cutting processingThe nowadays cutting tool company cannot only be again the manufacture and the sales cutting tool, in order to succeed, they must be consistent with the globalization manufacture tendency maintenance, through enhances the efficiency, cooperates with the customer reduces the cost. Approaches the instantaneous global competition after this after NAFTA, the WTO time, the world company is making quickly to the same feeling, is lighter, a cheaper response. In other words, they make the product and the components contain can in high speed under revolve, as a result of the cost pressure, best, is lighter moreover must make cheaply. Obtains these goals a best way is through develops and applies the new material, but these is new and the improvement material usually all with difficulty processes. In in this kind of commercial power and the technical difficulty combination is especially prominent in the automobile and the aviation industry, and has become has the experience the cutting tool company to research and develop the department the most important driving influence.For example, takes the modular cast iron to say that, it has become the engine part and other automobiles, the agriculture the material which see day by day with the equipment and in the machine tool industry components. This kind of alloy provides the low production cost and the good machine capability combination. They are cheaper than the steel products, but has a higher intensity and toughness compared to the cast iron. But at the same time the modular cast iron is extremely wear-resisting, has fast breaks by rubbing the cutting tool material the tendency. In this wear resistant very great degree bead luminous body content influence. Some known modular cast iron bead luminous body content higher, its resistance to wear better, moreover its machinability is worse. Moreover, the modular cast iron porosity causes off and on to cut, this even more reduces the life. May estimate that, the high degree of hardness and the high wear-resisting cutting material quality must consider the modular cast iron the high resistance to wear. And the material quality contains extremely hard TiC in fact (carbonized titanium) or TiCN (carbon titanium nitrides) thick coating when cutting speed each minute 300 meters processes the modular cast iron to prove usually is effective. But along with cutting speed increase, scrap/The cutting tool junction plane temperature also is increasing. When has such situation, the TiC coating favors in has the chemical reaction with the iron and softens, more pressures function in anti- crescent moon hollow attrition coating. Under these conditions, hoped has one chemical stability better coating, like Al2O3 (although under low speed was inferior to TiC hard or is wear-resisting). The chemical stability becomes an important performance performance dividing line compared to the resistance to wear the factor, the speed and the temperature is decided in is processed the modular cast iron the crystal grain structure and the performance. But usually thick coating of TiCN and TiC or only ductile iron oxides in the soil coating is applied to, because the today majority of this kinds are processed the material the cutting speed in each minute 150 to 335 meters between. Is higher than each minute 300 meter applications regarding the speed, the people to this kind of material are satisfied. In order to cause this scope performance to be most superior, the mountain high researched and developed and has promoted in view of modular cast iron processing material quality TX150. This kind of material quality has hard also the anti- distortion substrate, is very ideal regarding the processing modular cast iron. Its coating the oxide compound coating which hollowly wears by thick very wear-resisting carbon titanium nitrides and a thin anti- crescent moon, the top is thin layer TiN. This kind of coating which needs the center warm chemistry gas phase deposition using the state of the art production resistance to wear and the anti- crescent moon hollow attrition which the CVD coating complete degree of hardness moreover the tough smoothness increases (MTCVD) the craft. Substrate/The coating combination performance gives the very high anti- plastic deformation and the cutting edge micro collapses the ability, causes it to become under the normal speed to process the modular cast iron the ideal material quality.The coating ceramics also display can effectively process the modular cast iron. In the past, the aluminum oxide ceramics application which not the coating tough good such as nitriding silicon and the silicon carbide textile fiber strengthened the work piece material chemistry paralysis limit. Today but could resist the scrap distortion process through the use to have the high thermal coating cutting tool life already remarkably to increase. But certain early this domains work piece processing use aluminum oxides spread the layer crystals to have to strengthen the ceramics, today most research concentrate in the TiN coating nitriding silicon. This kind of coating can remarkably open up the tough good ceramics the application scope.When machining, the work piece has processed the surface is depends upon the cutting tool and the work piece makes the relative motion to obtain.According to the surface method of formation, the machining may divide into the knife point path law, the formed cutting tool law, the generating process three kinds.The knife point path law is depends upon the knife point to be opposite in the work piece surface path, obtains the superficial geometry shape which the work piece requests, like the turning outer annulus, the shaping plane, the grinding outer annulus, with the profile turning forming surface and so on, the knife point path are decided the cutting tool and the work piece relative motion which provides in the engine bed; The formed cutting tool law abbreviation forming, is with the formed cutting tool which matches with the work piece final superficial outline, or the formed grinding wheel and so on processes the formed surface, like formed turning, formed milling and form grinding and so on, because forms the cutting tool the manufacture quite to be difficult, therefore only uses in processing the short formed surface generally; The generating process name rolls cuts method, is when the processing the cutting tool and the work piece do unfold the movement relatively, the cutting tool and the work piece centrode make the pure trundle mutually, between both maintains the definite transmission ratio relations, obtains the processing surface is the knife edge in this kind of movement envelope, in the gear processing rolls the tooth, the gear shaping, the shaving, the top horizontal jade piece tooth and rubs the tooth and so on to be the generating process processing.Some machining has at the same time the knife point path law and the formed cutting tool method characteristic, like thread turning. The machining quality mainly is refers to the work piece the processing precision and the surface quality (including surface roughness, residual stress and superficial hardening).Along with the technical progress, the machining quality enhances unceasingly.The 18th century later periods, the machining precision counts by the millimeter; At the beginning of 20th century, machining precision Gao Yida 0.01 millimeter; To the 50s, the machining precision has reached a micron level; The 70s, the machining precision enhances to 0.1 micron.The influence machining quality primary factor has aspects and so on engine bed, cutting tool, jig, work piece semifinished materials, technique and processing environment.Must improve the machining quality, must take the suitable measure to the above various aspects, like reduces the engine bed work error, selects the cutting tool correctly, improves the semifinished materials quality, the reasonable arrangement craft, the improvement environmental condition and so on. Enhances the cutting specifications to enhance the material excision rate, is enhances the machining efficiency the essential way.The commonly used highly effective machining method has the high-speed cutting, the force cutting, the plasma arc heating cuts and vibrates the cutting and so on. The grinding speed is called the high-speed grinding in 45 meters/second above cuttings.Uses the high-speed cutting (or grinding) both may enhance the efficiency, and may reduce the surface roughness.The high-speed cutting (or grinding) requests the engine bed to have the high speed, the high rigidity, the high efficiency and the vibration-proof good craft system; Requests the cutting tool to have the reasonable geometry parameter and the convenience tight way, but also must consider the safe reliable chip breaking method. The force cutting refers to the roughing feed or cuts the deep machining greatly, uses in the turning and the grinding generally.The force turning main characteristic is the lathe tool besides the main cutting edge, but also some is parallel in the work piece has processed superficial the vice-cutting edge simultaneously to participate in the cutting, therefore may enhance to feed quantity compared to the general turning several times of even several times.Compares with the high-speed cutting, the force cutting cutting temperature is low, the cutting tool life is long, the cutting efficiency is high; The shortcoming is processes the surface to be rough.When force cutting, the radial direction cutting force death of a parent is not suitable for to process the tall and slender work piece very much. The vibration cutting is along the cutting tool direction of feed, the attachment low frequency or the high frequency vibration machining, may enhance the cutting efficiency.The low frequency vibration cutting has the very good chip breaking effect, but does not use the chip breaking equipment, makes the knife edge intensity to increase, time the cutting total power dissipation compared to has the chip breaking installment ordinary cutting to reduce about 40%.The high frequency vibration cutting also called the ultrasonic wave vibration cutting, is helpful in reduces between the cutting tool and the work piece friction, reduces the cutting temperature, reduces the cutting tool the coherence attrition, thus the enhancement cutting efficiency and the processing surface quality, the cutting tool life may enhance 40% approximately. To lumber, plastic, rubber, glass, marble, granite and so on nonmetallic material machining, although is similar with the metal material cutting, but uses the cutting tool, the equipment and the cutting specifications and so on has the characteristic respectively. The lumber product machining mainly carries in each kind of joiners bench, its method mainly has: The saw cuts, digs cuts, the turning, the milling, drills truncates with the polishing and so on. The plastic rigidity is worse than the metal, the easy bending strain, the thermoplastic thermal conductivity to be in particular bad, easy to elevate temperature the conditioning.When cutting plastic, suitably with the high-speed steel or the hard alloy tools, selects the small to feed quantity and the high cutting speed, and uses compressed air cooling.If the cutting tool is sharp, the angle is appropriate, may produce the belt-shaped scrap, easy to carry off the quantity of heat. Glass (including semiconducting material and so on germanium, silicon) but degree of hardness high brittleness is big.To methods and so on glass machining commonly used cutting, drill hole, attrition and polishing.To thickness in three millimeters following glass plates, the simple cutting method is with the diamond or other hard materials, in glass surface manual scoring, the use scratch place stress concentration, then uses the hand to break off.To the marble, the granite and the concrete and so on the hard material processing, mainly uses methods and so on cutting, turning, drill hole, shaping, attrition and polishing.When cutting the available circular saw blade adds the grinding compound and the water; The outer annulus and the end surface may use the negative rake the hard alloy lathe tool, by 1030 meter/minute cutting speed turning; Drills a hole the available hard alloy drill bit; The big stone material plane available hard alloy planing tool or rolls cuts planing tool shaping; The precise smooth surface, available three mutually for the datum to the method which grinds, or the grinding and the polishing method obtains.Cutting tool in hot strong alloy applicationThe aviation processing also changes rapidly. For example, nickel base heat-resisting alloy like several years ago the most people had not heard Rene88 now occupies to the aircraft engine manufacture uses the total metal quantity 1025%. Has very good showing and the commercial reason regarding this. For example, these heat strong alloy will be able to increase the engine endurance moreover to permit the small engine work on the big airplane, that will enhance the combustion efficiency and reduces the operation cost. These tough good materials also present the expense on the cutting tool. Their thermal stability causes on the knife point the temperature to be higher, thus reduced the cutting tool life. Similarly, in these alloy carbide pellet remarkably increased the friction, thus reduces the cutting tool life.As a result of changes in these conditions, can be very pleased to have processed many titanium alloys and nickel-based alloy materials C-2 hard metal alloys, in the application to todays cutting edge of blade to the crushing and cutting depth of the trench lines badly worn. But using the latest high-temperature processing of small particles hard metal alloys to be effective, cutlery life improved, but more importantly to enhance the reliability of applications in high-temperature alloys. Small particles hard metal than traditional hard metal materials higher compression strength and hardness, only a small increase in the resilience of the cost. And resulted in high temperature alloy processing than traditional hard metal resistance common failure mode more effective.PVD (physical gas phase deposition) coating also by certificate effective processing heat-resisting alloy. TiN (titanium nitrides) the PVD coating was uses and still was most early most receives welcome. Recently, TiAlN (nitrogen calorization titanium) and TiCN (carbon titanium nitrides) the coating also could very good use. In the past the TiAlN coating application scope and TiN compared the limit to be more. But after the cutting speed enhances them is a very good choice, enhances the productivity in these applicatio
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