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華南理工大學廣州學院
本科生畢業(yè)設計（論文）翻譯
英文原文名 Crawler mountain transport vehicle research status and development trend
中文譯名 履帶式山地運輸車研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢 ?
學 院
專業(yè)班級
學生姓名
學生學號
指導教師
填表日期
二〇一三 年 五月
英文原文版出處： Cao jg. Crawler mountain transport structure design analysis [J], journal of chongqing institute of technology, 1999, 03
譯文成績： 指導教師（導師組長）簽名：
譯文：
履帶式山地運輸車研究現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展趨勢?
我國山區(qū)面積占全國總面積的三分之二以上，廣大山區(qū)有著豐富的森林和礦產(chǎn)資源，水果在我國農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)值中的比重不斷增加，為發(fā)展經(jīng)濟提供雄厚的物質(zhì)基礎。山區(qū)由于地形崎嶇，交通閉塞，經(jīng)濟文化常常相對落后。水果生產(chǎn)機械化顯得明顯滯后，其中果園運輸尤為突出。例如我國水果中的柑橘有 ９０％ 種植在地形復雜的丘陵和山地區(qū)域，但是在種植和采收過程中果品和農(nóng)資物料運輸仍然以人力運輸為主，生產(chǎn)效率低、勞動強度大。而傳統(tǒng)的輪式農(nóng)用運輸車缺乏地形的針對性。改革開放以來，我國的科學技術、信息技術迅猛發(fā)展，各行各業(yè)都發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化，工程機械行業(yè)同樣得到了相應的快速發(fā)展。各行各業(yè)都在奮力拼搏、大膽創(chuàng)新，使得工程機械品種不斷增加、產(chǎn)量不斷提高、性能不斷完善，發(fā)展勢頭強勁。
山地運輸車是工程機械的一個重要品種，是一種廣泛用于建筑、鐵路、公路、水利、采礦等建設工程的運輸機械。山地運輸車由發(fā)動機、液壓系統(tǒng)、傳動裝置、底盤幾部分組成。發(fā)動機的作用是提供動力；液壓系統(tǒng)功能是把發(fā)動機機械能以油液為介質(zhì)，利用油泵轉變?yōu)橐簤耗軅魉徒o油缸、馬達等，再傳動各個執(zhí)行機構，實現(xiàn)各種運動；底盤的作用是承重、傳力并保證滿足對車速、牽引力和行駛方向的要求。底盤是組成整體的主要部分，行走機構的性能優(yōu)劣直接影響整機的使用性能、經(jīng)濟性能。
目前國外農(nóng)用運輸車產(chǎn)品基本可分為日韓型、意德型、英法型和美加型。日本、韓國兩國的地理環(huán)境主要以山區(qū)為主，耕種規(guī)模不大，使得自走式履帶、輪式小型運輸車得以盛行。意大利與德國的地形特點是丘陵和山區(qū)占多數(shù)，但以農(nóng)場經(jīng)營管理為主，主要使用獨立式農(nóng)用運輸車和農(nóng)用拖拉機變形運輸車。英國、法國等眾多歐洲國家的地理環(huán)境與農(nóng)場經(jīng)營規(guī)模與以上兩種模式有較大差異，主要以中型農(nóng)場為主，使用農(nóng)用客貨兩用車和大型廂式農(nóng)用貨車作運輸之用的同時又可滿足日常生活的需要。以美國、加拿大和澳大利亞為代表的大農(nóng)業(yè)國家，更多的是使用重型載貨汽車和半掛牽引汽車作為農(nóng)業(yè)運輸用途的工具。
近年來我國山地果園田間運輸技術已有所突破，主要技術有架空運輸索道和軌道形式。這兩種運輸技術，為山地陡坡果園的農(nóng)資和果品運輸提供了解決方案，但存在機動性較差的缺點。為更好地提高山地緩坡地果園的運輸效率，設計一種操作輕便而且適應性好的運輸車很有必要。針對以山地為主的果園地理環(huán)境，在無路的粘性土壤路面，輪式車輛的附著力明顯小于接地面積較大的履帶式車輛，后者對復雜地形的適應性也明顯優(yōu)于前者。
（1）能無極調(diào)速且調(diào)速范圍大，例如液壓馬達的最高轉速與最低轉速之比可達到1000:1。
（2）能得到較低的穩(wěn)定轉速，例如柱塞式液壓馬達的穩(wěn)定轉速可低達1r/min。
（3）傳動平穩(wěn)，結構簡單，可吸收沖擊和振動，操作省力，易實現(xiàn)自動化控制。
（4）易于實現(xiàn)標準化、系列化、通用化。
但是由于工作環(huán)境的惡劣，對機體的損害較大，磨損嚴重。
運輸車的種類繁多，可以從不同角度對其來寫進行劃分：
（1）根據(jù)主要機構傳動來寫劃分
根據(jù)主要機構是否全部采用液壓傳動，山地運輸車分為機械傳動、全液壓傳動和非全液壓（或稱半液壓）傳動兩種；
（2）根據(jù)行走機構的類型劃分
（1）履帶式底盤結構的設計應有利于提高運輸機在山地果園運行的通過性，即具有較好的轉向性能、較強的爬坡能力和抗側翻能力。
（2）設計履帶式運輸車的轉向及行走控制系統(tǒng)應有利于提高操縱輕便性，適應山地果園運輸作業(yè)。
（3）運輸車的動力傳動系統(tǒng)應有利于提高運輸機的牽引力、承載能力、運輸效率及燃油經(jīng)濟性。
（4）車廂結構及整機布局應優(yōu)化設計，提高運輸機的通用性、適應性和降低使用成本。 山地果園自走式履帶運輸車除了要具有山地行駛能力外還需要在高載重情況下工作，因此對其總體設計應要求具有合理的布局和結構緊湊。在動力性方面應保證其有足夠的驅(qū)動力以獲得較好的加速、爬坡與越障性能，同時提高履帶式運輸車的安全性和穩(wěn)定性也極為重要。由于整車尺寸相對較小，履帶底盤的尺寸也有限，因此在山區(qū)丘陵地帶凹凸不平的路面行駛時比大中型履帶車輛易側翻，提高其各種負荷下的抗側翻性能顯得尤其重要。
山地運輸車主要由發(fā)動機、傳動系統(tǒng)、行走裝置和電氣控制等部分組成。底盤可以分為履帶式與輪式，輪式底盤運用較廣，但是它的牽引附著性能較差，在坡地、粘重、潮濕地及沙土地的使用受到一定的限制；履帶式底盤牽引附著性能好，單位機寬、牽引力大、接地比壓低、越遠性能強、穩(wěn)定性好，在坡地、粘重、潮濕地及沙土地的使用具有更好的性能傳動系統(tǒng)由液壓泵、控制閥、液壓馬達、制動器、行星齒輪減速器、管路、油箱等組成；行走裝置由四輪一帶組成；電氣控制系統(tǒng)包括監(jiān)控盤、發(fā)動機控制系統(tǒng)、泵控制系統(tǒng)、各類傳感器、電磁閥等。 間長、作業(yè)噪聲大等諸多問題。
外文原文：
Crawler mountain transport vehicle research status and development trend
The above?Chinese mountain area accounts for?2/3 of the total area of?the country,?the majority of?mountainous area boasts rich?forest?and mineral resources,?the proportion of?fruit?in China's?agricultural output value?in the growing,?provide a strong foundation for the?development of the economy.?Because of?the rugged terrain andmountains,?blocking traffic,?economy?culture often?lags behind relatively.?Fruit?production mechanization?obviously lag behind,?which?transport is particularly?prominent?in orchard.?For example,?China's?fruit?of Citrus?have 90%grown in?complex terrain?hilly and mountainous?region,?but in?the process of?planting and?harvesting?fruit?and agricultural?material transport?still with?human?transportation primarily,?low production efficiency,?high labor intensity.?Wheeled agricultural?transport vehicle?and?the traditional lack of?pertinence?of terrain.?Since the reform and opening up,?the rapid development of science and?technology,?information technology in our country,?all walks of life?have undergone?changes in?turn the world upside down,?engineering machinery?industry also?obtained the fast?development of?the corresponding.?In all walks of life?struggle,?bold innovation,?make the?engineering machinery?breed increases ceaselessly,?and constantly improve the production?performance,?continuous improvement,?the strong momentum of development.
Mountain?transport is?an important?variety?of construction machinery,?transport machinery?is?a kind of?widely used in construction,?railway,?highway,?water conservancy,?mining and other?construction projects.?Mountain?transportvehicle consists of?engine,?hydraulic system,?transmission device,?the chassis?consists of several parts.?The engine's role is to?provide power;?hydraulic system function?is the?mechanical energy engine?with?oil?as medium,using?oil pump?into?hydraulic energy?transmitted to the?cylinder,?motor,?to?drive?the various implementing agencies,to achieve a variety of?motion;?the chassis?is the role of?the bearing,?the force transmission?and?satisfy?the speed,traction and?driving direction?requirements.?The chassis is the main?part of?the overall?performance,?walkingmechanism?directly influence the using performance,?economic?performance of the whole machine.
At present foreign?agricultural transport vehicle?basic product?can be divided into?South Korea,?Italy and Germany,Britain and France?type?and?type?of additive.?Japan,?South Korea's?geographical environment?mainly inmountainous areas,?the scale?is not large,?which makes the?self-propelled?crawler,?small sized wheeled?transport vehicle?prevail.?The topographic features of?Italy and Germany?is hilly?and?mountainous area?accounted for the majority,?but?to the?farm business?management primarily,?the main use of?independent type?agricultural vehicles and?farm tractors?deformation?transport vehicle.?Geographical environment and?farm?Britain,?France?and many other?European countries,?business scale?and?more than two modes?have?great differences,?mainly?medium-sizedfarms,?also needs to use?agricultural?van?Van?trucks?for?transport?and large?agricultural?use?and?can meet the needs of?daily life.?To?USA,?Canada and Australia?as the representative of the?large?agricultural country,?more?is the use of?heavy trucks?and?semi-trailer towing vehicle?as agricultural?transportation uses?tools.
In recent years?the Mountainous Orchard?Field Transportation?Technology in our country?has been?a breakthrough,?the main technical?overhead?transport?cableway?and track form.?These two kinds of?transportation technology,?and provides a solution for the?mountain?slope?orchard?of agricultural means of production?andtransport of fruits,?but there are?less maneuverable?shortcomings.?In order to better improve the?mountain?slopesorchard?transport efficiency,?it is necessary to design?a kind of?convenient operation?and?good adaptability?of transportation vehicle.?Taking the?Mountainous?Orchard?geographic?environment,?in a viscous?soil?pavementwithout?road,?wheeled vehicle?adhesion?significantly less than the?ground?with larger area?of tracked vehicle,?the latter?adaptability?to complex topography?is also significantly better than?the former.
(1)?can be?stepless speed regulation?and?wide speed range,?such as the?ratio of?maximum speed?and?minimum speed?of the hydraulic motor?to achieve the?1000:1.
(2)?can get a?stable?low speed,?such as?stable speed?piston hydraulic motor?can be as low as 1r/min.
(3)?smooth transmission,?simple structure,?can absorb?shock and vibration,?labor-saving operation,?easy to?realize automatic control.
(4)?is easy to realize the standardization,?seriation,?universalization.
But because of?the?bad?working environment,?great damage to the body,?serious wear and tear.
The variety of?species?transport vehicle,?from different angles?on the?division?to?write:
(1)?to write the?partition?according to the main?transmission mechanism
According to?whether the?main?mechanism?with hydraulic drive,?mechanical transmission,?full hydraulic transmissionand non?full hydraulic?mountain?transport vehicle?division?(or?semi?hydraulic?transmission in two);
(2)?according to the?classification?of the walking mechanism
(1)?should help?improve?transport?in?Mountainous Orchard?run through the?design?of crawler chassis?structure,which has?good steering performance,?strong climbing?ability and?anti rollover?ability.
(2)?to?walk?and control system?should be conducive to improving?the maneuverability of?the design of?the crawler transporter,?adapt to the?Mountainous Orchard?transport operations.
(3)?transport vehicle?power transmission systems?are conducive to promoting the?conveyor?traction,?bearing capacity,?transportation efficiency and?fuel economy.
(4)?the carriage structure?and whole?layout?should optimize the design,?improve the?versatility?and?adaptability oftransport,?reduce use cost.
Mountainous Orchard?self-propelled?crawler transporter?in addition to a?mountain?driving?ability?also?need to work at high?load?conditions,?and should therefore be?required to have?a reasonable?and compact?layout and structureof?the overall design.?In the power?aspect?should ensure that it?has?sufficient driving force?to obtain?better acceleration,?climbing?and?obstacle performance,?at the same time?improve the?crawler transporter?security and stability?is also very?important.?Because of?the relatively small size?of vehicle,?crawler chassis?size?is limited,therefore?the rugged?hills?in the?mountain?road traveling?than?large and medium-sized?tracked vehicle?roll over,improve?the?anti rollover?performance?under different loads?is especially important.
Mountain?transport vehicle?is mainly composed of an engine,?transmission system,?a walking device?and electriccontrol part.?The transmission system is composed of?hydraulic pump,?control valve,?hydraulic motor,?brake,planetary gear reducer,?pipeline,?oil tank?and composition;?walking?device consists of?four round area?composition;electric control system?including?control panel,?engine control system,?pump control system,?various sensors,electromagnetic?valve?etc..?Many problems?between the long?operation,?big noise.