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學(xué)生用表 屆本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）中期報告學(xué)院：工程學(xué)院 系：機(jī)械系 專業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 學(xué)號姓名班名論文(設(shè)計)題目板栗脫蓬機(jī)的設(shè)計簡述開題以來所做的具體工作和取得的進(jìn)展或成果開題以來，把有關(guān)板栗脫蓬機(jī)的資料收集歸類好，包括圖書館相關(guān)的書籍的查閱，還有網(wǎng)上的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)的查詢。目前已完成了部分相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)的計算校核，及部分零件三維圖的繪制和裝配。存在的具體問題1、 帶輪中心距不合理，導(dǎo)致裝配起來發(fā)生干涉；2、 連桿機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計不合理，發(fā)生干摩擦嚴(yán)重，需要改進(jìn)連桿結(jié)構(gòu)。下一步工作具體設(shè)想與安排 其余零件三維圖繪制出來試裝配，把不合理的零件重新設(shè)計，在5.20開始繪制裝配圖和零件圖，5.26號撰寫設(shè)計說明書。指導(dǎo)教師意見指導(dǎo)教師簽名：年 月 日學(xué)生用表1 屆本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）開題報告學(xué)院：工程學(xué)院 系：機(jī)械系 專業(yè)：機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化學(xué)號姓名班名畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）題目板栗脫蓬機(jī)設(shè)計指導(dǎo)教師所在單位、部門工程學(xué)院職稱教授一、研究的目的和意義板栗是殼斗科栗屬植物，又名栗子、風(fēng)栗，現(xiàn)已多為人工種植。板栗一直是人們青睞的營養(yǎng)食物，加上近些年來人們對健康的要求越來越高，板栗自然成為被熱捧的營養(yǎng)食物，板栗中含有大量的植物蛋白、維生素、胡蘿卜素、鉀、鋅、鐵礦物質(zhì)和多種微量元素，能夠起到養(yǎng)顏、養(yǎng)胃、健脾、補(bǔ)腎等功效。板栗適合多種多樣的加工方法，所以關(guān)于板栗的加工品也越來越多，例如板栗蛋糕、板栗醬、板栗餅、板栗糕等。加上這幾年一些地方政府發(fā)展旅游業(yè)，對于板栗糕。板栗餅等手信類食品需求較大，如湖北省和河南省就是生產(chǎn)板栗的大省，他們的種植出來的板栗和有關(guān)板栗的副食品出口到國外，農(nóng)民以前都是依靠手工來脫蓬，生產(chǎn)節(jié)奏已經(jīng)跟不上時代的步伐了，所以提高板栗的生產(chǎn)效率顯得尤為的重要。板栗脫蓬機(jī)是通過機(jī)械加工去除外苞從而獲得板栗堅果的機(jī)器，板栗脫蓬不能在采摘的時候一同完成的原因是板栗本身的生理特性，只能在板栗堅果水分在一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范圍內(nèi)才能進(jìn)行高效地脫蓬。近些年來由于人們對板栗的需求量大，我國板栗產(chǎn)量逐年攀升，帶動了以板栗為中心的很多產(chǎn)業(yè)，板栗，作為我國歷史悠久的農(nóng)作物，已成為國家生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)林樹種，而且國家林業(yè)局已經(jīng)把板栗定位為全國六大戰(zhàn)略性干果和五大優(yōu)勢經(jīng)濟(jì)林之一，板栗產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展已受到越來越多人的關(guān)注。為了解放生產(chǎn)力，解決農(nóng)民板栗脫蓬的難題，板栗脫蓬機(jī)的研究成為了關(guān)鍵?，F(xiàn)在農(nóng)業(yè)已經(jīng)開始全面推進(jìn)自動化生產(chǎn)，普通的小型生產(chǎn)戶也開始使用機(jī)械來代替人工，減少體力勞動，生產(chǎn)效益也大大地提升。近些年來圍繞著板栗脫蓬的研究也越來越被重視，推廣的力度也逐年增大，但是前些年脫蓬機(jī)存在的一些問題使得推廣有些難度，第一：價格普遍偏高，一臺脫蓬機(jī)價格大概在2000元左右，作為一名普通農(nóng)民來說，這個價格難以接受，第二：推廣的地區(qū)多為經(jīng)濟(jì)較為發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)，一些偏遠(yuǎn)的地方，農(nóng)民依然是使用原始的人工脫蓬的方法進(jìn)行脫蓬，難以實(shí)現(xiàn)脫貧。但是經(jīng)過這幾年的推廣，廣大農(nóng)民都可以自己在家通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)來購買自己需要的板栗脫蓬機(jī)了，普及率大大上升，實(shí)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)民真正的解放雙手，而機(jī)械造福了人類。同時，板栗脫蓬機(jī)的發(fā)展不但符合了現(xiàn)在人們對板栗需求量大的剛需，還為板栗生產(chǎn)自動化的進(jìn)步推了一把，在一些地方，已經(jīng)有圍繞著板栗而研究的一系列自動化生產(chǎn)機(jī)械，如板栗采摘升降臺，采摘器等等。二、國內(nèi)外研究（設(shè)計）發(fā)展?fàn)顩r通過查閱大量關(guān)于板栗脫蓬機(jī)的產(chǎn)品，發(fā)現(xiàn)六十年代的產(chǎn)品普遍存在脫蓬的破壞率高，有些機(jī)器破壞率高達(dá)15%，生產(chǎn)出來的板栗無法出售，只能用作壓榨食用油，或者農(nóng)戶自己加工成板栗的加工品，如板栗糕，板栗餅等。進(jìn)入到二十一世紀(jì)，推廣面最廣的，農(nóng)民使用數(shù)量最多的脫蓬機(jī)大概分為下面兩種形式：立式和橫式板栗脫蓬機(jī)。立式脫蓬機(jī)利用板栗的自身重力和錐度螺旋揉搓式原理原理，在螺旋片和桶壁的作用下進(jìn)行板栗果和板栗蓬的分離，優(yōu)點(diǎn)是單相電源、耗電低、體積小、重量輕，便于安裝和移動，但其缺點(diǎn)也比較明顯，就是脫蓬率不高，沒有板栗蓬和板栗的分離裝置，導(dǎo)致使用后的后續(xù)工作量大，使用體驗(yàn)差。橫式板栗脫蓬機(jī)可分為單輥輪和雙輥輪。雙輥輪利用兩個輥輪見的轉(zhuǎn)動差來實(shí)踐對板栗的摩擦擠壓，達(dá)到脫蓬的目的，因采用軟硬輥輪，所以破殼率較低，但是結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，制造成本和維修成本高，不適合家庭式農(nóng)戶使用。單棍子式采用打擊、擠壓、摩擦原理達(dá)到脫蓬目的，成本低，維修方便，但是市面上這種脫蓬機(jī)制造較粗糙，棍子的釘末端沒有封口，而且采用鐵等硬材料，使得板栗果的破碎率較高。三、研究（設(shè)計）主要內(nèi)容、預(yù)期目標(biāo)及擬解決的關(guān)鍵問題以現(xiàn)有板栗脫蓬機(jī)為參考，設(shè)計使用性能好、安全可靠、操作方便的板栗脫蓬機(jī)，主要包括以下內(nèi)容：1板栗脫蓬機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計及三維實(shí)體設(shè)計；2.零部件設(shè)計； 3.安全校核計算；4.其它。預(yù)期目標(biāo)：1、通過本設(shè)計使學(xué)生學(xué)會設(shè)計資料與信息獲取的方法，熟悉本專業(yè)常用專業(yè)技術(shù)手冊的使用技能與方法；2、通過本設(shè)計使學(xué)生能熟練使用三維實(shí)體設(shè)計、二維平面設(shè)計的CAD軟件，以及文字編輯處理軟件；3、完成開題報告、中期進(jìn)度報告、英文設(shè)計總說明、設(shè)計計算說明書。解決關(guān)鍵問題：通過改善打釘?shù)慕Y(jié)構(gòu)來降低了板栗的破碎率；簡化脫蓬機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)，降低了制造成本。四、研究方案與技術(shù)路線通過查閱現(xiàn)有的板栗脫蓬機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)來改善確定設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)方案，板栗脫蓬機(jī)的制造主要是以沖壓和焊接為主，制造要求不高，制造成本低。五、研究方法1、通過視頻介紹和商家的溝通來了解板栗脫蓬機(jī)的技術(shù)要求與參數(shù)；2、和指導(dǎo)老師進(jìn)行交流；3、查閱機(jī)械設(shè)計、機(jī)械原理等書籍來使設(shè)計標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。六、參考文獻(xiàn)1 程志宏. 機(jī)械設(shè)計. 東南大學(xué)出版社. 2006.62 傅東明. 起重機(jī)械. 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社. 1989.103 濮良貴，陳國定，吳立言. 機(jī)械設(shè)計. 高等教育出版社. 2013.54 成大先. 機(jī)械設(shè)計手冊. 化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社. 2007.115 石一兵. 食品機(jī)械與設(shè)備. 北京：中國商業(yè)出版社. 1992.66 陳立德. 機(jī)械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)課程設(shè)計指導(dǎo)書. 北京：高等教育出版社. 2007.87 王智才. 我國農(nóng)機(jī)市場需求與發(fā)展前景J. 農(nóng)機(jī)質(zhì)量與監(jiān)督. 2002.58 孫恒，陳作模，葛文杰. 機(jī)械原理. 北京：高等教育出版社. 2013.59 Henry T.Brown. Mechanisma and Devices. 2005.810 Robert L.Norton. Machine Design. 2010.2工作計劃進(jìn)程表時 間工 作 內(nèi) 容2.14-3.253.26-4.154.16-4.204.20-4.305.1-5.155.16-5.205.21-5.255.26-5.31閱讀有關(guān)資料，確定設(shè)計方案，計劃草案；機(jī)器的總體設(shè)計；材料、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的選擇，有關(guān)計算；各零件的詳細(xì)設(shè)計；零件的三維設(shè)計；總體虛擬裝配設(shè)計；機(jī)器細(xì)節(jié)修改與二維圖設(shè)計；編寫設(shè)計說明書。選題是否合適： 是 否方案是否可行： 是 否進(jìn)程是否合理： 是 否任務(wù)能否完成： 能 不能指導(dǎo)教師（簽字） 年 月 日選題是否合適： 是 否方案是否可行： 是 否進(jìn)程是否合理： 是 否任務(wù)能否完成： 能 不能指導(dǎo)小組組長（簽字） 年 月 日3設(shè)計目的設(shè)計用于板栗產(chǎn)量較大的地區(qū)農(nóng)戶，實(shí)現(xiàn)除人工加料外，板栗通過機(jī)器自動脫蓬和果、蓬分離；提高脫蓬率，降低板栗的破碎率；使用性能好，安全可靠、操作簡單方便；工作原理 該機(jī)器由電動機(jī)驅(qū)動，通過皮帶的傳動，實(shí)現(xiàn)主要工作部件輥輪、振動篩、風(fēng)機(jī)的運(yùn)作，板栗苞經(jīng)過輥輪的敲打、與桶壁的摩擦、自身的摩擦擠壓實(shí)現(xiàn)板栗脫蓬，脫蓬后的板栗和外苞經(jīng)過柵籠掉落到振動篩中，振動篩把板栗堅果和板栗蓬分離，板栗堅果和板栗蓬小碎末掉落到下一層振動篩中，上層的板栗蓬和下層的小碎末走到振動篩末端的時候因?yàn)橹亓刻p而被風(fēng)機(jī)吹走，實(shí)現(xiàn)了板栗堅果和板栗蓬間的分離。設(shè)計步驟確定各機(jī)構(gòu)脫蓬機(jī)構(gòu)：在輥輪上焊上末端為半圓球的打釘，4排打釘分布在輥輪上，排一排之間輥輪間隔放置；振動篩：依據(jù)板栗苞的大小來確定篩網(wǎng)孔的孔徑和孔之間的間隔，使板栗果順利通過篩網(wǎng)下落到篩盤，蓬留在篩網(wǎng)，各地區(qū)的板栗大小不一樣，可更換篩網(wǎng)來保證篩選的效果；連桿機(jī)構(gòu)：實(shí)現(xiàn)篩網(wǎng)和篩盤的震動；風(fēng)機(jī)：出風(fēng)量能夠滿足把板栗蓬吹走，而板栗果順利落到出料口。一、脫蓬機(jī)構(gòu)輥輪設(shè)計成空心，可以減輕輥輪的質(zhì)量，降低電動機(jī)的負(fù)荷，打釘均采用電焊焊接在輥輪上，末端做成半球型，在其外面套軟橡膠套。末端球型是為了防止板栗在脫蓬的時候被打壞，軟橡膠套能夠保護(hù)板栗果不被蓬刺刺傷，降低了板栗脫蓬時的破碎率。打釘平均分為4排，排與排之間打釘錯開，這樣有利于板栗苞在滾筒里面運(yùn)動充分，一定程度上保證了脫蓬率。市面上大多數(shù)的板栗脫蓬機(jī)內(nèi)部都是做成空心的，但是輥輪里面沒有支撐的結(jié)構(gòu)，結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度欠缺，此次設(shè)計的輥輪內(nèi)部焊有6個支架，支架兩端與主軸焊接，三邊與輥輪的內(nèi)壁焊接上，這樣子輥輪的整體強(qiáng)度就會增強(qiáng)，保證了脫蓬機(jī)構(gòu)使用的可靠性和提高了脫蓬機(jī)的耐用性。二、振動篩振動篩主要由篩網(wǎng)、篩盤、連桿機(jī)構(gòu)、振動篩支撐條、振動篩支撐側(cè)板組成。經(jīng)過調(diào)研板栗的尺寸，確定篩網(wǎng)的孔徑大小為30mm，這尺寸會使板栗順利落下到篩盤，而比較大的外苞則留在篩網(wǎng)。篩網(wǎng)和篩盤的傾斜角度約為5度，有利于外苞和板栗落下和傳送到振動篩出口處，振動篩的工作頻率定為15Hz。連桿機(jī)構(gòu)連桿機(jī)構(gòu)由連桿1、擋塊、內(nèi)六角沉頭螺釘、連桿2、連桿座等組成。由振動篩軸的動力帶動連桿1做圓周運(yùn)動，從而帶動連桿2和連桿座做往復(fù)運(yùn)動，連桿座固定在振動篩盤上，振動篩盤可在一定范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行擺動，達(dá)到了振動的效果。風(fēng)機(jī)風(fēng)機(jī)是通過類比的方法設(shè)計出來的，因?yàn)檎駝雍Y出口較寬，所以風(fēng)機(jī)的出風(fēng)口做成寬口，保證了板栗蓬都能被吹走，與板栗果分離。感 謝 老 師世界最新機(jī)械設(shè)計理念來源:中國科技期刊摘要:根據(jù)目前國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計時的主要思維特點(diǎn)，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識和智能。這幾種方法的特點(diǎn)及其相互間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計計算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的努力方向。關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計方法發(fā)展趨勢設(shè)計文件是將語義設(shè)計網(wǎng)作為設(shè)計工具，在其開發(fā)的活性語義設(shè)計網(wǎng)ASK中，采用結(jié)點(diǎn)和線條組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述設(shè)計，結(jié)點(diǎn)表示元件化的單元(如設(shè)計任務(wù)、功能、構(gòu)件或加工設(shè)備等)，線條用以調(diào)整和定義結(jié)點(diǎn)間不同的語義關(guān)系，由此為設(shè)計過程中的所有活動和結(jié)果預(yù)先建立模型，使早期設(shè)計要求的定義到每一個結(jié)構(gòu)的具體描述均可由關(guān)系間的定義表達(dá)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計過程由抽象到具體的飛躍。系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計看成由若干個設(shè)計要素組成的一個系統(tǒng)，每個設(shè)計要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計思想于70年代由德國學(xué)者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國工程師協(xié)會在這一設(shè)計思想的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)設(shè)計方法。1. 將用戶需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計和零件設(shè)計、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開發(fā)的宏觀過程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。2. 將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計過程劃分成功能需求層次、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計層次。同時采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。3. 將機(jī)械設(shè)計中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個基本問題：一是把要設(shè)計的產(chǎn)品作為一個系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分（單元）及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計過程看成一個系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計中各個方面的工作和各個不同的設(shè)計階段。由于每個設(shè)計者研究問題的角度以及考慮問題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計時采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計方法。4. 設(shè)計元素法用五個設(shè)計元素（功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù)）描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個產(chǎn)品的五個設(shè)計元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國亦有設(shè)計學(xué)者采用了類似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。5. 圖形建模法研制的“設(shè)計分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。將設(shè)計劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類型、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點(diǎn)，將設(shè)計方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計過程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。6. “構(gòu)思”“設(shè)計”法將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計”兩個階段?！皹?gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿足設(shè)計任務(wù)要求的原理解?！霸O(shè)計”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿足設(shè)計任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實(shí)現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機(jī)械運(yùn)動簡圖)。方案的“設(shè)計”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計單元(GE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素(KE)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素(VKE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件(KT)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元素尺寸、位置和傳動參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡圖，把設(shè)計專家憑直覺設(shè)計的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計”階段。7. 鍵合圖法將組成系統(tǒng)元件的功能分成產(chǎn)生能量、消耗能量、轉(zhuǎn)變能量形式、傳遞能量等各種類型，并借用鍵合圖表達(dá)元件的功能解，希望將基于功能的模型與鍵合圖結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)功能結(jié)構(gòu)的自動生成和功能結(jié)構(gòu)與鍵合圖之間的自動轉(zhuǎn)換，尋求由鍵合圖產(chǎn)生多個設(shè)計方案的方法。提倡在產(chǎn)品功能分析的基礎(chǔ)上，將產(chǎn)品分解成具有某種功能的一個或幾個模塊化的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，通過選擇和組合這些模塊化基本結(jié)構(gòu)組建成不同的產(chǎn)品。這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以是零件、部件，甚至是一個系統(tǒng)。本結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的接口(聯(lián)接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、層次化、靈便化、經(jīng)濟(jì)化，具有互換性、相容性和相關(guān)性。我國結(jié)合軟件構(gòu)件技術(shù)和CAD技術(shù)，將變形設(shè)計與組合設(shè)計相結(jié)合，根據(jù)分級模塊化原理，將加工中心機(jī)床由大到小分為產(chǎn)品級、部件級、組件級和元件級，并利用專家知識和CAD技術(shù)將它們組合成不同品種、不同規(guī)格的功能模塊，再由這些功能模塊組合成不同的加工中心總體方案。以設(shè)計為目錄作為選擇變異機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的工具，提出將設(shè)計的解元素進(jìn)行完整的、結(jié)構(gòu)化的編排，形成解集設(shè)計目錄。并在解集設(shè)計目錄中列出評論每一個解的附加信息，非常有利于設(shè)計工程師選擇解元素。網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，異地協(xié)同設(shè)計與制造，以及從用戶對產(chǎn)品的功能需求設(shè)計加工裝配成品這一并行工程的實(shí)現(xiàn)成為可能。但是，達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)的重要前提條件之一，就是實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計效果的三維可視化。為此，不僅三維圖形軟件、智能化設(shè)計軟件愈來愈多地應(yīng)用于產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計中，虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)以及多媒體、超媒體工具也在產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計中初露鋒芒。目前，德國等發(fā)達(dá)國家正著力于研究超媒體技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)交換標(biāo)準(zhǔn)STEP，以及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)造型語言上基于虛擬環(huán)境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)交換格式)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計中的應(yīng)用。機(jī)械產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計正朝著計算機(jī)輔助實(shí)現(xiàn)、智能化設(shè)計和滿足異地協(xié)同設(shè)計制造需求的方向邁進(jìn)，由于產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計計算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)方法的研究起步較晚，目前還沒有成熟的、能夠達(dá)到上述目標(biāo)的方案設(shè)計工具軟件。作者認(rèn)為，綜合運(yùn)用文中四種類型設(shè)計方法是達(dá)到這一目標(biāo)有效途徑。雖然這些方法的綜合運(yùn)用涉及的領(lǐng)域較多，不僅與機(jī)械設(shè)計的領(lǐng)域知識有關(guān)，而且還涉及到系統(tǒng)工程理論、人工智能理論、計算機(jī)軟硬件工程、網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)等各方面的領(lǐng)域知識，但仍然是產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計必須努力的方向。國外在這方面的研究已初見成效，我國設(shè)計學(xué)者也已意識到CAD技術(shù)與國際交流合作的重要性，及其應(yīng)當(dāng)采取的措施?；诋a(chǎn)品特征知識設(shè)計方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：用計算機(jī)能夠識別的語言描述產(chǎn)品的特征及其設(shè)計領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，建立相應(yīng)的知識庫及推理機(jī)，再利用已存儲的領(lǐng)域知識和建立的推理機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)計算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計。機(jī)械系統(tǒng)的方案設(shè)計主要是依據(jù)產(chǎn)品所具有的特征，以及設(shè)計領(lǐng)域?qū)＜业闹R和經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行推量和決策，完成機(jī)構(gòu)的型、數(shù)綜合。欲實(shí)現(xiàn)這一階段的計算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計，必須研究知識的自動獲取、表達(dá)、集成、協(xié)調(diào)、管理和使用。為此，國內(nèi)外設(shè)計學(xué)者針對機(jī)械系統(tǒng)方案設(shè)計知識的自動化處理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可歸納為下述幾種。The worlds Latest Mechanical Design Conceptssource：China Science and Technology JournalAbstract:According to scholars at home and abroad to carry out mechanicaldesign product design features of the main ideas, product design method of theprogramsummarizedassystematic,modularstructure,basedonproductcharacteristics of knowledge and wisdom. The characteristics of these methods andtheir organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computerproduct design direction.Key words: Mechanical Product Design MethodDevelopment Trends Design documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool inthe design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes andlines to describe the design a network, nodes that components of the cell (such asdesign tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust thelines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the designprocess all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of theearly design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be definedby the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process,the leap from the abstract to the concrete.Asystematic design methodThe main features of a systematic design method are: the design as designed by anumber of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, eachelement of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the designelements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.Systematic design idea in the 70s by the German scholar Professor Pahl andBeitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design,advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on thebasis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems andproduct development design methods.1.The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structuredesign and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro fromthe product development process of starting the use of quality function deploymentmethod and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently convertedto the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational controlprocedures method.2.The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means ofliving systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successfulhierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level andproduct level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used toexpress the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structureformation of product features.3.The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basicquestions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way todetermine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations1; is the productdesign process as a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonablydetermine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.Because each designers point of research questions and to consider the questionof emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here aresome representative of the systematic design methods.4.Design Element MethodWith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements,and surface parameters) describe the product solutions that a product to determinethe value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristicsof the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China have adopted similar methodsdesigned to describe the products original understanding.5.Graphic modeling methodAnd developed a design analysis and guidance systems KALEIT, with thelevel of clear graphic description of a products functional structure and its associatedabstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphicalmodeling, and functional connection between the layers 2.Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology andexchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can be usedgraphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integrationconditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relationsbetween any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integrationand information technology to realize the design process of information betweendifferent abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6.Concept - Design methodProducts design is divided into concept and design in two stages. Conceptphase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the originalunderstanding of design tasks. Design stage of work is a concrete realization of theoriginal understanding of the conceptual stage.Of the programs idea of specific described as: In accordance with theappropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of theoriginal understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function isperformed by the structural elements to achieve, and structural elements of thephysical connection between the definition of a feature vector, feature vector andstructural elements further the interaction between the formation of the functionaldiagram ( mechanical diagram). The program design is based on functional diagram,the first qualitative description of all of the feature vector and structural elements,and then quantitatively describe all the structural elements and the connection parts( feature vectors), the shape and location to be structure diagram3. Roper, H. usinggraph theory, by means of which he defines as the total design unit (GE), structuralelements (KE), functional structural elements (FKE), connect structural elements(VKE), Structural Parts (KT), structure element part (KET) concepts, as well asdescribe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of theinteractions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive designprofessionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of aneffective application of existing knowledge, methods, and applied to ideas anddesign stage.7.Bond Graph MethodFunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produceenergy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energytransfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping tofunction-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure theautomatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automaticconversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of designmethods.To promote the product on the basis of functional analysis, the product has somefeatures broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection andcombination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products.These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operationdepartment),andisserialized,universal,integrated,hierarchical,agile,economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. Chinascombination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant designcombined with the modular design, according to modular principle of classification,will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level,component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledgeand CAD technology to combine them into different species, different specificationsof functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into differentmodules of the overall program processing center.To design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure ofthe tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout,the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed tocomment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is verybeneficial to design engineers select solution elements.The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative design andmanufacturing, as well as the product from the users functional requirements design processing assembly finished product of this realization of concurrentengineering possible. However, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals oneof the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensionalvisualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and moreintelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual realitytechnology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut.At present, Germany and other developed countries are focused on researchhypermedia technology, product data exchange standard STEP, as well as standardvirtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtualenvironments) in the product design applications.Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligentdesign and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture ofdirection, due to the computer product design Study on the implementation startedlate, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools4. Authorbelieves that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effectiveway to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are moreinvolved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-relatedknowledge, but also to the systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory,computer hardware and software engineering, network technology areas such asdomain knowledge, it is still product design must be working for. Abroad in researchin this area has achieved initial success, our scholars have been aware of CAD designtechnology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and itsmeasures to be taken.Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using acomputer can identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product andits design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriateknowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and theestablishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product,and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume anddecision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achievethis stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition ofknowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end,the design and scholars at home and abroad program for the mechanical systemdesign knowledge of the automated processing done a lot of research work, theapproach can be summarized into the following several.
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