小型釘齒玉米脫粒機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)-帶演講稿PPT【含9張CAD圖紙+PDF圖】

喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 喜歡就充值下載吧。。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，，請(qǐng)放心下載，，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 ======================== 軸流式玉米脫粒裝置運(yùn)行因素 對(duì)損耗和能耗的影響 Waree Srison,Somchai,Chuan-Udom,Khwantri,Saengprachatanarak 孔敬大學(xué)工程學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)工程系，泰國孔敬 40002 孔敬大學(xué)東北重點(diǎn)作物應(yīng)用工程研究所，泰國孔敬 40002 摘要 研究了影響軸流式玉米脫粒裝置損耗和能耗的的運(yùn)行因素。脫殼裝置長 0.90 米，釘齒末端直徑 0.30 米。 這些因素包括三個(gè)級(jí)別的水分含量（MC），三 個(gè)層次的進(jìn)料速率（FR），以及三級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS）。實(shí)驗(yàn)基于響應(yīng)面方法和 23 因 子設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行。研究結(jié)果表明，MC 顯著影響顆粒破碎和功率消耗，但不影響脫殼 裝置的損耗。增加 MC 可提高晶粒破碎率和耗電量。FR 影響了電耗，但不影響脫 粒裝置的損耗和谷物的破碎。增加 FR 增加了能耗。RS 對(duì)脫粒單元損失、糧食破 碎和耗電量均無明顯影響，增加 RS 值增加了晶粒破碎率和耗電量，但降低了脫 粒單位損失。在多元線性模型的基礎(chǔ)上建立了經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ汀? 關(guān)鍵詞 玉米脫粒裝置 ；水分含量；進(jìn)給速率；轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速 引言 玉米是對(duì)畜牧業(yè)來說很重要的飼料原料（Farjam 等人，2014）。玉米生產(chǎn)是 基于其多樣性，另外，收獲機(jī)制是玉米生產(chǎn)過程中最重要的組成部分之一（參考 文獻(xiàn)）（(Chuan-Udom，2013 年)。 Kunjara 等人(1998 年)討論了泰國的玉米脫殼問題，從中獲得以下信息。玉 米脫粒機(jī)自從 1929 起就被使用和改良。玉米脫粒機(jī)的開發(fā)主要是由當(dāng)?shù)氐闹圃?商來進(jìn)行，大部分玉米脫粒機(jī)采用的是紋桿脫粒機(jī)和釘齒脫粒機(jī)。這些脫粒機(jī)已 經(jīng)過測(cè)試和評(píng)估，以確定其最佳操作性能，直到累計(jì)損失（谷物損失和顆粒破碎） 低于 1.5％。然而，用紋桿式脫粒機(jī)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，殘留在凹形表面上的破碎作物部件 降低了谷物分離的有效性，而釘齒脫粒機(jī)的能耗和剝落滾筒速度是紋桿式脫粒機(jī) 的兩倍(Kunjara 等人，1998 年)。 玉米脫粒裝置最初是以小麥脫粒裝置為基礎(chǔ)研制而成的，但糧食破碎率較高 （農(nóng)業(yè)部，1996）。Chuan Udom（2013）對(duì)泰國脫粒機(jī)影響玉米脫殼損失的操作 因素進(jìn)行了研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)軸流式脫粒機(jī)具有高效、易清洗、糧食破碎少等特點(diǎn)，對(duì) 調(diào)整脫粒玉米是經(jīng)濟(jì)的，并且只需要簡單的修改。此外，軸流脫殼裝置的原理適 用于泰國和亞洲國家的情況（Singhal 和 Thierstein，1987; Chuan-Udom，2011）。 Chuan-Udom 和 Chinsuwan（2009）對(duì)泰國軸流式水稻聯(lián)合收割機(jī)的運(yùn)行和調(diào) 整進(jìn)行的研究表明，轉(zhuǎn)子速度，導(dǎo)葉傾斜度，谷物含水率，進(jìn)料速度和顆粒物質(zhì) 對(duì)脫粒裝置損失都有明顯的影響。Chinsuwan 等人（2003）研究了轉(zhuǎn)子切向速度 和進(jìn)給速度對(duì)脫粒裝置損失和稻谷破損的影響。結(jié)果表明，當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子切向速度增大 時(shí)，脫粒單元損失減小，損傷增大。安德魯斯等人（1993）研究了聯(lián)合收割機(jī)操 作參數(shù)對(duì)水稻收獲損失的影響，并介紹了喂入率、料谷比、顆粒含水量、旋翼轉(zhuǎn) 速、凹間隙等因素對(duì)脫粒裝置損失的影響。Gummert 等人（1992）報(bào)道了轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn) 速、進(jìn)給速度和百葉窗傾角對(duì)脫粒單元損失的影響，以及轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速對(duì)顆粒損傷的 影響。 合適的玉米脫粒機(jī)需要研究影響損耗和能耗的重要因素，即轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速，進(jìn)料 速率和谷物含水率。因此，本研究的目的是研究軸流式玉米脫殼裝置的運(yùn)行因素 對(duì)損失和能耗的影響。 材料與方法 玉米脫粒裝置 本研究利用泰國農(nóng)業(yè)研究開發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)（公共組織）提供的軸流玉米脫殼裝置進(jìn) 行，如圖 1 所示，脫粒裝置長為 0.90 米，直徑端面距釘齒末端 0.3 米，具有可 控的轉(zhuǎn)子速度。功率測(cè)量裝置如圖 2 所示，軸流式玉米脫粒裝置由圓柱釘齒構(gòu)成， 圓筒下面的凹板由彎曲鋼筋制成，導(dǎo)葉的傾角是可調(diào)的。脫粒裝置下的谷物溜槽 分為九個(gè)槽，進(jìn)給速度可通過控制物料輸送帶速度進(jìn)入脫粒裝置來調(diào)節(jié)。實(shí)驗(yàn)是 在實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)成規(guī)模進(jìn)行的。本試驗(yàn)采用先鋒 B-80 玉米品種進(jìn)行。 影響因素和實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì) 如表 1 所示，影響軸流式玉米脫殼裝置損失和功耗的操作因素范圍包括水分 含量（MC），進(jìn)料速率（FR）和轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS）。在進(jìn)行了因素實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)之后，需 要大量因素和程度來確定材料和實(shí)驗(yàn)單元的數(shù)量。 因此，應(yīng)用 2 3 析因?qū)嶒?yàn)設(shè)計(jì)， 如圖所示表 2，減少材料的使用和測(cè)試時(shí)間（伯杰和 Maurer，2002). 測(cè)試方法 每次測(cè)試使用 10 公斤玉米，通過輸送帶將玉米送入脫粒裝置的入口，從玉 米籽粒和玉米棒出口取樣，直到只剩下玉米顆粒，稱重并從原來的 10 千克玉米 中減去籽粒，結(jié)果被認(rèn)為是脫粒單位損失（TL）。 為獲得顆粒破碎率，隨機(jī)從斜 槽中取出兩個(gè) 1 公斤的樣品，用手工分離破碎籽粒并記錄破碎籽粒的重量。在該 實(shí)驗(yàn)中，使用具有應(yīng)變計(jì)的扭矩傳感器（KFG-2-350-D2-11L1M3R; Sokki Kenyujo Co.Ltd。; Tokyo，Japan）。 扭矩計(jì)安裝在氣缸軸上以測(cè)量扭矩并計(jì)算功耗（P）。 數(shù)據(jù)分析 從所獲得的參數(shù)中，使用術(shù)語 TL，GB 和 P 構(gòu)建多個(gè)線模型。 然后，模型是 表 1 自變量及其因子水平 變量 范圍和級(jí)別（編碼） - 0 + X1; 含水量（％濕基） 14 21 28 X2; 進(jìn)給率（t / hr） 0.5 1.5 2.5 X3; 轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速（m / s） 8 10 12 表 2 實(shí)驗(yàn)裝置基于一個(gè) 2 3 因子設(shè)計(jì)，用于變量水分含量（X1），進(jìn)料速率（X2） 和轉(zhuǎn)子速度（X3）的軸流式玉米脫粒裝置的損失和功耗。 實(shí)驗(yàn)編號(hào) X1 X2 X3 1 - - - 2 + - - 3 - + - 4 + + - 5 - - + 6 + - + 7 - + + 8 + + + 9 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 表 3 水分含量（MC），進(jìn)料速率（FR）和轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS）對(duì)脫粒單元損失， 籽粒破碎和功耗的影響。 實(shí)驗(yàn)編號(hào) MC（％ 濕基） FR(t/hr) RS(m/s) 脫殼單位 損失(%) 谷物破損 率 (%) 功耗(W) 1 14(-) 0.5(-) 8(-) 2.32 0.61 1529.73 2 14(-) 0.5(-) 8(-) 2.93 0.37 1439.82 3 14(-) 0.5(-) 8(-) 3.24 0.18 1417.35 4 28(+) 0.5(-) 8(-) 2.43 2.26 1979.24 5 28(+) 0.5(-) 8(-) 2.89 2.22 2046.66 6 28(+) 0.5(-) 8(-) 3.33 2.47 2024.19 7 14(-) 2.5(+) 8(-) 2.60 0.18 2271.42 8 14(-) 2.5(+) 8(-) 2.88 0.19 2316.37 9 14(-) 2.5(+) 8(-) 3.06 0.25 2316.37 10 28(+) 2.5(+) 8(-) 2.90 2.20 3058.06 11 28(+) 2.5(+) 8(-) 2.89 2.13 2990.63 12 28(+) 2.5(+) 8(-) 2.65 2.68 3058.06 13 14(-) 0.5(-) 12(+) 1.60 0.94 2069.14 14 14(-) 0.5(-) 12(+) 1.57 0.71 2046.66 15 14(-) 0.5(-) 12(+) 1.52 1.30 2091.61 16 28(+) 0.5(-) 12(+) 1.11 2.20 2361.32 17 28(+) 0.5(-) 12(+) 1.90 2.36 2338.84 18 28(+) 0.5(-) 12(+) 1.60 2.47 2428.74 19 14(-) 2.5(+) 12(+) 1.54 0.49 2653.50 20 14(-) 2.5(+) 12(+) 1.53 1.06 2541.12 21 14(-) 2.5(+) 12(+) 1.57 0.79 2631.02 22 28(+) 2.5(+) 12(+) 1.58 2.22 3215.39 23 28(+) 2.5(+) 12(+) 1.54 2.68 3215.39 24 28(+) 2.5(+) 12(+) 1.47 2.20 3215.39 25 21(0) 1.5(0) 10(0) 2.36 1.06 2586.07 26 21(0) 1.5(0) 10(0) 2.22 1.26 2653.50 27 21(0) 1.5(0) 10(0) 2.03 1.52 2563.60 28 21(0) 1.5(0) 10(0) 2.56 1.61 2586.07 括號(hào)中的數(shù)字表示范圍和級(jí)別的代碼; -低，0 中等，+高。 應(yīng)用響應(yīng)面法和 2 3 析因設(shè)計(jì)分析參數(shù)對(duì)損耗和功耗的影響，使用設(shè)計(jì)專家 軟件確定每個(gè)參數(shù)對(duì)測(cè)定系數(shù)（R2）的影響（版本 7; Stat-Ease 公司;明尼蘇達(dá) 州明尼阿波利斯，明尼蘇達(dá)州，美國）。采用方差分析法對(duì)影響 TL 的設(shè)計(jì)因素進(jìn) 行回歸分析，在 P＜0.05 時(shí)進(jìn)行籽粒破碎和功耗檢驗(yàn)。 指標(biāo)值 指標(biāo)值 TL，GB 和 P 是根據(jù)評(píng)估玉米脫粒機(jī)的程序計(jì)算出來的（亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)社 會(huì)委員會(huì)和太平洋農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械地區(qū)網(wǎng)絡(luò) 1995）。 結(jié)果與討論 MC，F(xiàn)R 和 RS 對(duì) TL，GB 和 P 的影響如表 3 所示。 影響脫粒裝置損失的操作參數(shù) 影響脫殼裝置損失的操作參數(shù)的方差分析結(jié)果如表 4 所示。結(jié)果表明，RS 對(duì)脫殼單元損失有顯著影響，而 MC、FR、MCxFR、MCxRS、FRxRS 和 MCxFRxRS 對(duì) 脫殼單元損失的影響不顯著。 確定操作參數(shù)對(duì)脫殼裝置損失的影響的回歸方程如公式（1）： TL = 5.44 - 0.32RS （1） 其中 TL 是脫粒損失（百分比），RS（米每秒）是轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速，方程（1）中 R2 和 R2 的調(diào)整值分別為 0.87 和 0.87。 基于公式 （1）中，表示 MC 和 RS 對(duì) TL 的影響的響應(yīng)曲線圖如圖 3。 從圖 3 中可以看出，增加轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速（RS）減少了與 Simonyan（2009）的研 究有關(guān)的脫粒單位損失（TL），其增加跳動(dòng)導(dǎo)致脫粒能力增加減少脫粒單位損失。 影響籽粒破碎的操作參數(shù) 表 5 顯示影響籽粒破碎的操作參數(shù)的方差分析結(jié)果。結(jié)果表明，MC、RS 和 MC X RS 對(duì)籽粒破損有顯著影響，而 FR，MC X FR，F(xiàn)R X RS 和 MC X FR X RS 對(duì) 籽粒破碎沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)影響。用于確定操作參數(shù)對(duì)籽粒破碎的影響的回歸方程如方 程 (2): GB =-3.40 + 0.22MC + 0.28RS - 9.85 X 10-3MC X RS (2) 其中 GB 是籽粒破碎率（百分比），MC 是含水量（百分比），Rs 是轉(zhuǎn)子速度（米 每秒），R2 和調(diào)整后的 R2 值分別為 0.96 和 0.94。 基于公式 (2)，開發(fā)了響應(yīng)面圖以顯示 MC 和 RS 的影響（圖 4）以及 MC 和 FR（圖 5）在 GB 上。 如圖 4 和圖 5 所示，增加 RS 傾向于增加 GB，這與 Rostami 等人的研究有關(guān) （2009 年），在這種情況下，跳動(dòng)加劇導(dǎo)致?lián)p失加劇。 MC 的增加導(dǎo)致 GB 的增加趨勢(shì)（Chuan-Udom,2013,Mahmoud 和 Buchele， 1975），因?yàn)楣任锏母吆扛屿`活，使得谷物在被擊打時(shí)更容易破碎。 表 4 影響脫殼裝置損耗的變異操作參數(shù)分析 資源 平方和 DF 均方根 F 值 p 值 Prob> F 模型 10.15 7 1.45 18.77 <0.0001 模型是重要的 MC 1.93x10-0.005 1 1.93x10-0.005 2.49x10-0.004 0.9876 FR 1.82x10-0.003 1 1.82x10-0.003 0.024 0.8796 RS 9.57 1 9.57 123.93 <0.0001 MCxFR 1.95x10-0.003 1 1.95x10-0.003 0.025 0.8754 MCxRS 2.51x10-0.003 1 2.51x10-0.003 0.032 0.8589 FRxRS 3.77x10-0.004 1 3.77x10-0.004 4.89x10-0.003 0.9450 MCxFRxRS 3.13x10-0.003 1 3.13x10-0.003 0.040 0.8426 純粹的錯(cuò)誤 1.47 19 0.077 相關(guān)總數(shù) 11.65 27 MC 為水分含量，F(xiàn)R 為進(jìn)給速率，RS 為轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速; DF 為自由度。 圖 3.當(dāng)進(jìn)料速率為 1.5 噸/小時(shí)，脫粒單位損失（TL）的響應(yīng)曲線圖顯示了水分 含量（MC，以重量為基準(zhǔn)測(cè)量百分比）和轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS）的影響。 圖 4.當(dāng)進(jìn)料速率為 1.5 噸/小時(shí)，表明水分含量（MC，以重量基準(zhǔn)測(cè)量百分比） 和轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS）的影響的顆粒破碎的響應(yīng)曲線圖（GB）。 圖 5.當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子速度為 10 m / s 時(shí)，顯示進(jìn)料速率（FR）和含水量（MC，以重量為 基準(zhǔn)測(cè)量百分比）的影響的顆粒破碎響應(yīng)曲線圖（GB）。 影響功耗的操作參數(shù) 表 6 示出了影響功率消耗的操作參數(shù)的方差分析結(jié)果。結(jié)果表明：MC、FR、RS、 MCxFR、MCxRS 和 FRxRS 對(duì)脫粒單元損失有顯著影響，而 MCxFRxRS 對(duì)脫粒單元損 失影響不顯著，方程（3）示出了確定操作參數(shù)對(duì)動(dòng)力消耗的影響的回歸方程： P=-925.096+58.508MC+699.237FR+211.020RS +11.416MCxFR-3.345MCxRS-39.956FRxRS (3) 其中 P 是功率消耗（瓦特），MC 是水分含量（百分比），F(xiàn)R 為進(jìn)給速度（每 秒米）RS 為轉(zhuǎn)子速度（每秒米），R2 和調(diào)整后的 R2 值分別為 0.99 和 0.99?；?于公式（2），開發(fā)了響應(yīng)面圖，顯示 MC 和 FR（圖 6），MC 和 RS（圖 7）和 FR 和 RS（圖 8）對(duì)功耗的影響。 從圖 4 和 5，增加 MC 增加 P，因?yàn)楹枯^高的谷物較粘。隨著 FR 數(shù)量的 增加，傾向于增加 P，因?yàn)閷⒏嗖牧涎b入脫粒裝置導(dǎo)致打擊增加（Saeng-Ong 等人，2015）如圖 6 和 8。從圖 7 和 8，增加 RS 導(dǎo)致了增加功耗，因?yàn)樵黾恿舜?擊（Saeng-Ong 等人，2015)。 主要研究結(jié)論如下：1）轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速（RS）顯著影響脫粒單位損失（TL），增加 RS 降低 TL；2）含水量（MC）和轉(zhuǎn)子轉(zhuǎn)速（RS）對(duì)籽粒破碎有顯著影響，增加 MC 和 RS 導(dǎo)致籽粒破碎的增加趨勢(shì)；3）含水率（MC）、進(jìn)給率（FR）和轉(zhuǎn)速（RS） 對(duì)功率消耗（P）有顯著影響，MC、FR 和 RS 增加消耗；4）影響脫粒單元損失（TL） 的運(yùn)行因素的最優(yōu)線性模型為 5.44318-0.32501RS，R2 值為 0.87；5）影響糧食 破碎的操作因素的優(yōu)化模型為-3.40+0.22MC+0.28RS-9.85x10-0.03MCxRS，R2 值 為 0.96；6）影響電力消耗的操作因素（P）的優(yōu)化模型為- 925.096 + 58.508MC + 699.237FR + 211.02RS + 11.416MCxFR - 3.345MCxRS - 39.956FRxRS, R2 值 為 0.99。 表 5 影響谷物破碎的操作參數(shù)的方差分析 資源 平方和 DF 均方根 F 值 p 值 Prob> F 模型 19.54 7 1.45 51.62 <0.0001 模型重要 MC 16.80 1 16.80 310.70 <0.0001 FR 0.045 1 0.045 0.83 0.3728 RS 0.56 1 0.56 9.86 0.0054 MCxFR 0.068 1 0.068 1.26 0.2752 MCxRS 0.44 1 0.44 8.05 0.0105 FRxRS 2.04x10-0.004 1 3.77x10-0.004 3.77x10-0.003 0.9516 MCxFRxRS 3.37x10-0.004 1 3.13x10-0.003 6.24x10-0.003 0.9379 純粹的錯(cuò)誤 1.03 19 0.077 相關(guān)總數(shù) 20.61 27 MC 為含水量，F(xiàn)R 為進(jìn)給速率，RS 為轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS），DF 為自由度。 表 6 影響功耗的操作參數(shù)的方差分析 資源 平方和 DF 均方根 F 值 p 值 Prob> F 模型 6.59x100.006 7 9.42x100.005 580.58 <0.0001 模型重要 MC 1.53x100.006 1 1.53x100.006 944.00 <0.0001 FR 3.93x100.006 1 3.93x100.006 2422.03 <0.0001 RS 8.74x100.005 1 8.74x100.005 535.67 <0.0001 MCxFR 86,211.76 1 86,211.76 53.16 <0.0001 MCxRS 57,765.05 1 57,765.05 35.62 <0.0001 FRxRS 86,211.76 1 86,211.76 53.16 <0.0001 MCxFRxRS 1.54x100.005 1 5388.24 3.32 0.0841 純粹的錯(cuò)誤 36,202.20 19 1621.79 相關(guān)總數(shù) 6.95x100.006 27 MC 為含水量，F(xiàn)R 為進(jìn)給速率，RS 為轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS），DF 為自由度。 圖 6.當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS）為 10 m / s 時(shí)，功率消耗（P）的響應(yīng)曲線圖顯示進(jìn)料速率（FR）和 含水量（MC，以重量為基準(zhǔn)測(cè)量百分比）的影響。 圖 7.當(dāng)進(jìn)料速度為 1.5 t / hr 時(shí)，功率消耗（P）的響應(yīng)曲線圖顯示了含水量（MC，以重量基 準(zhǔn)測(cè)量百分比）和轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS）的影響。 圖 8.功率消耗（P）的響應(yīng)曲線圖，顯示當(dāng)潮濕含量為 14％時(shí)進(jìn)料速率（FR）和轉(zhuǎn)子速度（RS） 的影響。 致謝 作者感謝：泰國農(nóng)業(yè)研究開發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)（公共組織）; 東北重要作物應(yīng)用工程系，泰國孔敬 孔敬大學(xué); 以及泰國曼谷高等教育委員會(huì)采后技術(shù)創(chuàng)新中心提供研究支持。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]Andrews, S.B., Siebenmorgen, T.J., Vories, E.D., Loewer, D.H., Mauromoustakos, A., 1993. 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Am. 40, 47-55 Original ArticleEffects of operating factors for an axial-flow corn shelling unit onlosses and power consumptionWaree Srison,a,bSomchai Chuan-Udom,a,b,*Khwantri Saengprachatanaraka,baDepartment of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandbApplied Engineering for Important Crops of the North East Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailanda r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 20 August 2015Accepted 2 May 2016Available online 26 December 2016Keywords:Corn shelling unitMoisture contentFeed rateRotor speeda b s t r a c tThe operating factors were studied for an axial-flow corn shelling unit that affected losses and powerconsumption. The shelling unit was 0.90 m long, with a diameter toward the end of the peg tooth of0.30 m. The factors comprised three levels of moisture content (MC), three levels of feed rate (FR), andthree levels of rotor speed (RS). The experiments were conducted based on response surface method-ology and 23factorial designs. The results of this study indicated that the MC significantly affected grainbreakage and power consumption, but did not affect shelling unit losses. Increasing the MC increasedboth the grain breakage and power consumption. The FR affected the power consumption but did notaffect shelling unit losses and grain breakage. Increasing the FR increased the power consumption. TheRS had a significant impact on the shelling unit losses, grain breakage and power consumption.Increasing the RS increased the grain breakage and power consumption, but decreased the shelling unitlosses. Empirical models were formulated based on multiple linear models.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Kasetsart University. This is an open access articleunder the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).IntroductionCorn is a feed raw material and is important for the livestockindustry (Farjam et al., 2014). Corn production is based on its va-rietyand, additionally,the harvesting mechanism is oneof themostimportant components in corn production processes (Reference)(Chuan-Udom, 2013).Kunjara et al. (1998) discussed corn shelling in Thailand fromwhich the following information is sourced. Corn shelling has beenused and modified since 1929. The development of corn shellerequipment was mostly conducted by local manufacturers, with themost corn shellers used for de-husking being the rasp bar shellerand peg-tooth sheller. These shellers have been tested and evalu-ated to determine their best operational performance until theaccumulative losses (grain losses and grain breakage) were lessthan 1.5%. Nevertheless, with a rasp bar sheller, it was found thatbroken crop components remaining on the concave surfacesreduced the effectiveness of grain separation, while the powerconsumption and shelling drum speed of the peg-teeth shellerwere double that of the rasp bar sheller (Kunjara et al., 1998).A shelling unit for corn husker shelling was originally developedbased on a wheat threshing unit, which was efficient but the grainbreakage was relatively high (Department of Agriculture, 1996).Chuan-Udom (2013) studied the operating factors of Thai threshersaffecting corn shelling losses and found that an axial flow ricethresher was highly efficient and easy to clean, with little grainbreakage, with the adjustment to shell corns being economical andrequiringonlyeasy modification. Moreover, the principle of an axialflow shelling unit is suitable for Thailand and conditions in Asiancountries (Singhal and Thierstein, 1987; Chuan-Udom, 2011).The study of the operations and adjustments of the Thai, axialflow, rice combine harvester by Chuan-Udom and Chinsuwan(2009) showed that the rotor speed, guide vane inclination, grainmoisture content, feed rate and grain material other than grain hadsignificant effects on the threshing unit losses. Chinsuwan et al.(2003) studied the effects of the rotor tangential speed and feedrate on threshing unit losses and rice grain damage. The data ob-tained showed that the threshing unit losses decreased and thedamage increased when the rotor tangential speed was increased.Andrews et al. (1993) studied the effects of combine operatingparameters on the harvest loss in rice and reported that the feedrate, the ratio of material other than grain to that of grain, grainmoisture content, rotor speed and concave clearance affectedthreshing unit losses. Gummert et al. (1992) reported that the rotor* Corresponding author. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty ofEngineering, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.E-mail address: (S. Chuan-Udom).Contents lists available at ScienceDirectAgriculture and Natural Resourcesjournal homepage: http:/ and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Kasetsart University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Agriculture and Natural Resources 50 (2016) 421e425speed, feed rate and louver inclination affected threshing unitlosses and that the rotor speed affected grain damage.The appropriate axial flow sheller for shelling corn requires thestudy of important factors that affect losses and the power con-sumption, namely, the rotor speed, feed rate and grain moisturecontent Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the effectsof operating factors of an axial-flowcorn shelling unit on losses andthe power consumption.Materials and methodsCorn shelling unitThis study was conducted using an axial flow corn shelling unitprovided by the Agricultural Research Development Agency (PublicOrganization), Thailand as shown in Fig. 1. The shelling unit was0.90 m long, with a diameter toward the end of the peg tooth of0.30 m, with a controllable rotor speed. There was a powermeasuring device as shown in Fig. 2. The axial flow corn shellingunit consisted of a spike-toothed cylinder. The concave portionlocated under the cylinder was made of curved steel bar. The guidevane inclination was adjustable. The chute for grain under theshelling unit was divided into nine slots. The feed rate wasadjustable by controlling the conveyer belt speed of the materialsinto the shelling unit. The experiments were performed at thelaboratory scale.This study was performed with Pioneer B-80 corn variety.Factors studied and experimental designThe range of operating factors affecting losses and the powerconsumption of an axial flow corn shelling unit were the mois-ture content (MC), feed rate (FR) and rotor speed (RS), as shownin Table 1. Following a factorial experimental design, a largenumber of factors and degrees were required to determine thequantity of materials and the experimental unit. Thus, a 23factorial experimental design was applied, as shown in Table 2, toreduce the use of materials and the time for testing (Berger andMaurer, 2002).Testing methodEach test used 10 kg of corn. The corn was fed into the inlet ofthe shelling unit on a conveyor belt. The samples taken from thehusks and cobs outlet was screened until only corn grain remainedand the grain was weighed and subtracted from the original 10 kgof corn and the result was considered as the shelling unit loss (TL).To obtain the percentage of grain breakage (GB), two 1 kg sampleswererandomly taken fromthe chute, the GB wasseparated byhandand the weight of the GB was recorded. In this experiment, a torquetransducer with a strain gauge (KFG-2-350-D2-11L1M3R; SokkiKenyujo Co. Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan) was used. The torque meter wasinstalled on the cylinder shaft to measure the torque and tocalculate the power consumption (P).Data analysisFrom the obtained parameters, the terms TL, GB and P wereused to construct multiple line models. Then, the models wereFig. 1. Corn shelling unit.Fig. 2. Power measuring device.Table 1Independent variables and their factor levels.VariableRange and Levels (coded)e0X1; Moisture content (% wet basis)142128X2; Feed rate (t/hr)0.51.52.5X3; Rotor speed (m/s)81012Table 2Experimental units based on a 23factorial design for losses and po-wer consumption of an axial flow corn shelling unit for the variablesmoisture content (X1), feed rate (X2) and rotor speed (X3).Experiment numberX1X2X31eee2ee3ee4e5ee6e7e89000100001100012000W. Srison et al. / Agriculture and Natural Resources 50 (2016) 421e425422applied in the analysis of the effects of parameters on losses andthe power consumption based on response surface methodologyand 23factorial designs, determining the effects of each param-eter on the coefficient of determination (R2) using the DesignExpert software package (version 7; Stat-Ease Inc; Minneapolis,MN, USA.). ANOVA was used for regression analysis of thedesign factors affecting TL, GB and P. Significance was tested atp FModel10.1571.4518.770.0001Model is significantMC1.93 ? 10?0.00511.93 ? 10?0.0052.49 ? 10?0.0040.9876FR1.82 ? 10?0.00311.82 ? 10?0.0030.0240.8796RS9.5719.57123.93 FModel19.5471.4551.620.0001Model is significantMC16.80116.80310.70FModel6.59 ? 100.00679.42 ? 100.005580.580.0001Model is significantMC1.53 ? 100.00611.53 ? 100.006944.000.0001FR3.93 ? 100.00613.93 ? 100.0062422.030.0001RS8.74 ? 100.00518.74 ? 100.005535.670.0001MC*FR86,211.76186,211.7653.160.0001MC*RS57,765.05157,765.0535.620.0001FR*RS86,211.76186,211.7653.160.0001MC*FR*RS1.54 ? 100.00515388.243.320.0841Pure error36,202.20191621.79Correlation total6.95 ? 100.00627MC moisture content, FR feed rate, RS rotor speed (RS); DF degrees of freedom.Fig. 6. Response surface plot of power consumption (P) showing the effect of feed rate(FR) and moisture content (MC, measured on a weight basis, %wb), when rotor speed(RS) was 10 m/s.Fig. 7. Response surface plot of power consumption (P) showing the effect of moisturecontent (MC, measured on a weight basis, %wb) and rotor speed (RS), when feed ratewas 1.5 t/hr.Fig. 8. Response surface plot of power consumption (P) showing the effect of feed rate(FR) and rotor speed (RS), when moisture content was 14% on a wet basis.W. Srison et al. / Agriculture and Natural Resources 50 (2016) 421e425425