復旦 物理化學 第二章 習題答案.doc
第二章習題解答1.DU=DH=02.等溫可逆膨脹:向真空膨脹:由于始態(tài)和終態(tài)同上,體系的熵變也為19.14 JK13先求冷熱水混合后溫度:500Cp(T343)+100 Cp (T300) = 0T=336.3 K (63.3C)再計算熵變:=41.27 + 43.63 = 2.34 JK14Sn摩爾數(shù)nCp,m,Sn(T473)+1000Cp,H2O(T283)=02.10624.14(T473)+10004.184(T283)=0T=285.3 K5體系熵變按可逆相變計算:真空蒸發(fā)熱:Q=DHDnRT=106708.314373.2=37567 J環(huán)境熵變:DS總= DS體 + DS環(huán)= 8.28 JK1 >0自發(fā)進行6.體系:設計可逆過程:T=263KlT=263KsDSDS3DS2DS1T=273KlT=273Ksp恒定JK1 JK1JK1DS體=DS1+DS2+DS3=20.66 JK1環(huán)境:J JK1總熵:DS總=DS體+DS環(huán)=0.81 JK1>0過程自發(fā)。7等量氣體混合,熱容相同,平衡溫度T=15C=288 K=0.006+11.526=11.53 JK1 >0自發(fā)過程8W=30.65 kJ,即環(huán)境做功30.65 kJ。W=Q1+Q2Q2=WQ1=30.650334.7103=365.35 kJ即向環(huán)境放熱365.35 可kJ9DS總=DS體+DS環(huán)=2.6 JK1>0不可逆過程。10Q = DH = 92.14362 = 33355 JW= p(VgVl) pVg = nRT = 8.314383.2 = 3186 JDU = QW = 30169 JDG = 0DS總= 011(1)等溫可逆DU = DH = 0Q = W = JDS隔DS體 +DS環(huán)0(2)等溫恒外壓DU = DH = 0 DS體14.9 JK1DG = 4442 JQ = W = p外(V2V1)=DS隔DS體 +DS環(huán)26.67 JK1設計恒溫變壓可逆過程:12計算DG:H2O(g)pH2O(l)pDGDG3DG2DG1H2O(g)3167PaH2O(l)3167PaT=298KDSDS2DS1DS3DG2=0DG30DG總=8591 J計算DS: JK1DS30DS體DS1 +DS2+DS3105 JK1 JK1DS總DS體 +DS環(huán)28.81 JK113DUDHDSDGDF(1)理想氣體卡若循環(huán)00000(2)H2和O2絕熱鋼瓶中反應0(3)非理想氣體絕熱節(jié)流膨脹0(4)水在373K,p壓力蒸發(fā)0(5)理想氣體節(jié)流膨脹00(6)理想氣體向真空自由膨脹00(7)理想氣體絕熱可逆膨脹0(8)理想氣體等溫可逆膨脹0014.(1) 可逆過程 JK1(2) 自發(fā)進行時JK1DS總DS體 +DS環(huán)147.6 JK1(3) 根據(jù)DF物理意義,等溫條件下,Wmax=DF=(DUTDS)=TDSDH (凝聚相,DU=DH)=QrQp(恒壓)=4000(40000) = 44 kJ設計恒溫變壓可逆過程:DG1+DG50DGT=268KDG2DG1苯(l) p苯(l) 2.64kPa苯(g) 2.64kPa苯(s) p苯(s) 2.28kPa苯(g) 2.28kPaDG4DG5DG315DG1=Vl(plp)DG5=Vs(pps)DG2=DG4=0DG=DG3 JK116.2C(石墨)+ 3H2 (g) C2H6 (g)Sm/JK1mol15.74130.6229.5=229.5(25.74+3130.6)=173.8 JK117C6H6(g)+ C2H2(g) C6H5C2H3(g)DfHm/kJmol182.93226.25147.36Sm/JK1mol1269.2200.82345.1DrHm= S(DfHm)產(chǎn)物S(DfSm)反應物=147.6(82.93 + 226.75) = 162.32 kJmol1DrSm= S(nSm)產(chǎn)物S(nSm)反應物=345.1(269.2 + 200.82) = 124.92 JK1DrGm=DrHmTDrSm=162.32298.2(124.92)103 =125.07 kJ18C(石墨) C (金剛石)DcHm/kJmol1393.5395.4Sm/JK1mol15.742.38DrHm=S(DcSm)反應物S(DcHm)產(chǎn)物=393.5(395.4)=1.9 kJmol1DrSm= S(nSm)產(chǎn)物S(nSm)反應物=2.385.74=3.36 JK1DrGm=DrHmTDrSm=1900 298(3.36)=2901 JDrGm>0,常溫下,反應不會自發(fā)進行,石墨穩(wěn)定。石墨p金剛石pDGDG3DG2DG1石墨p金剛石p19設壓力為p時,石墨金剛石,此時DG=0由18題,DG2=2901 JDG=DG1+DG2+DG3=0忽略p對V影響積分:p=1.532109 Pa=15120pH2O(l)pT=373.2KDG1H2O(g)pT=373.2KDG2H2O(g)pT=473.2KDG3H2O(g)0.5pT=473.2K20變化過程:DG1=0DG2=DH(T2S2T1S1),分別計算DH和始、終態(tài)的熵298K373K積分:298K473K積分:DG2=DH(T2S2T1S1)=3490(473.2204.63373.2196.34)=20067 JDG終=DG1+DG2+DG3=22793 J*DG2的另一解法:a=30.54,b=10.29103=81223+61161=20062 J21C2H2(g)+ 2H2(g) C2H6(g)Sm/JK1mol1200.82130.59229.49Cp,m/JK1mol143.9328.8452.65DrSm= S(nSm)產(chǎn)物S(nSm)反應物=229.49(200.82+2130.59) = 232.51 JK1DCp = 52.65(43.93+228.84) = 48.96 JK1 JK122.偏摩爾量偏摩爾量偏摩爾量化學勢化學勢化學勢23證明:dU=TdSpdV,恒溫對V求導:對于范氏氣體,代入上式:24證明:dU=TdSpdVdH=TdS+Vdp25.溫度為T時,DF=DUTDSdF=SdTpdV合并DF項:兩邊除以T2:即26由集合公式:V=n水Vm,水+n乙醇Vm,乙醇,設總物質量為1molV=0.4Vm,水+0.657.5解得V=40.97 mLVm,水=16.175 mLmol127V=1001.38+16.625n+17738m2/3+0.1194n2當n=1時,V=1018.2 mL,代入集合公式:V=n水Vm,水+n鹽Vm,鹽1018.2=55.49Vm,水+119.5245Vm,水17.99 mLmol1101,p,l100,p,l100,2p,lSldTace101,p,g100,p,g100,2p,gSgdTbdfDG=0VldpVgdp28純物質,化學勢 m=Gm(1) 相平衡 ma = mb(2) 液相壓力增加 mc>ma 因為mcma=DGm(l)=Vldp=Vm(2pp) =18106101325=1.82 J(3) 氣相壓力增加 md>mb 因為mdmb=DGm(g)=Vgdp (4) 由(1) (2) (3)得 md >mc (5)ae:ma = mbbf:Sg>Slme >mf29(1)液1中NH3的化學勢:液2中NH3的化學勢:轉移過程,(2)溶解過程: