初中英語過去完成時(shí)語法精講.doc

初中英語過去完成時(shí)語法精講 一、過去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 概念：過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去（ past-in-the-past ）”。-|- |-|->那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 構(gòu)成：過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 had + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 二、過去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù) 1. 由時(shí)間狀語來判定 一般說來，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語有： （ 1 ） by + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。 過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： （ 1 ）賓語從句中 當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。如： She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）狀語從句中 在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如： When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如： Where did you study before you came here? After he closed the door, he left the classroom. （3）表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本，未能" We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。 I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、過去完成時(shí)的主要用法 1. 過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如： When I woke up, it had stopped raining. 我醒來時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”） 2. 過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如： He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 ) 3. 過去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten. 4. 過去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能）四、過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。試比較： I have learned 1000 English words so far. 到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。 I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語單詞。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. 沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在） John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been? 他去哪兒了？（答語中使用過去完成時(shí)是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“過去的過去”） 五、過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1. 時(shí)間狀語不同：過去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”；而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較： They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday. They arrived at the station at ten yesterday. 2. 在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition. 3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí)，按時(shí)間順序，只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后，因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。如： He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper. I (had) called her before I left the office.英語過去完成時(shí)重難點(diǎn)實(shí)例講解要掌握好英語過去完成時(shí)，最關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是要掌握它的含義?，F(xiàn)在很多的文章在講解過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)候，都用了一句流行的說法，叫“過去的過去”。雖然這樣的概括點(diǎn)明了過去完成時(shí)的要點(diǎn)，但究竟什么才叫“過去的過去”呢？如果不搞清它的含義，只是去記住什么時(shí)間狀語(如：before, by, until , when, after等)，或者記住哪些動(dòng)詞常用于過去完成時(shí)等等，是不能很好掌握過去完成時(shí)的。一、重點(diǎn)英語中，已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)過去一般時(shí)表示在過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，為什么還有過去完成時(shí)呢？要記住：過去完成時(shí)的關(guān)鍵概念是：假設(shè)在過去發(fā)生了兩件(或以上)的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、B兩個(gè)事件幾乎是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那就用一般過去時(shí)；但是，如果A、B兩個(gè)事件不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，怎么辦呢？那就是：哪個(gè)事件先發(fā)生，就用過去完成時(shí)；哪個(gè)事件后發(fā)生，就用過去完成時(shí)。在上面的假設(shè)中，如果A事件先發(fā)生，A就用過去完成時(shí)；如果B事件先發(fā)生，B就用過去完成時(shí)；而不管兩件事是用什么樣的時(shí)間狀語或其它形式表示的。請看例句：例1She said (that) she had never been to Paris.例2When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.例3We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.例4Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 例5The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office.在上面的五個(gè)例子中，我們只要稍微分析一下，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)：每個(gè)例子講述的內(nèi)容中，都包含著兩個(gè)(或以上)在過去發(fā)生的事件。我們將兩件事抽取出來看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后發(fā)生的：例1said had never been to (先沒有“去”，后“說”)例2arrivedhad run away. (先“跑”了，后“到”)例3 had hoped would comedidnt (先“希望”，后才發(fā)生“沒去”)例4was disappointedhad left arrived (先“離開”，后“到達(dá)”和“失望”)例5were writingwent had left (先“離開”，后“到”和“寫”)二、難點(diǎn)過去完成時(shí)的難點(diǎn)在于：有時(shí)候一句話中并沒有出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)事件，因此無法比較兩個(gè)事件的先后。那為什么也用過去完成時(shí)呢？請看下面的例句：例1By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.實(shí)際上，在上面的例句中，仍然有著“先、后”之分的。不過，這次不是A、B兩件事件的先后，而是有兩個(gè)過去時(shí)間的“先、后”關(guān)系。首先，句子中有個(gè)明確的過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)：12歲。說他“12歲”，顯然是過去式。那么，緊接著說“他已經(jīng)開始謀生了”，這個(gè)“謀生”是發(fā)生在“12歲”時(shí)，還是“12歲”前，還是“12歲”后？答案是肯定的：他的“謀生”發(fā)生在“12歲”之前!也就是說，“12歲”已經(jīng)是一般過去時(shí)，而在“12歲”之前發(fā)生的事，當(dāng)然是過去完成時(shí)。所以，在那么多表示時(shí)間狀語的詞中，大家要特別注意By、Until等的用法。可以說，在講述過去的事件中，如果出現(xiàn)By時(shí)間狀語，很有可能要用過去完成時(shí)了。(當(dāng)然，我說的是很有可能。)類似的時(shí)間表達(dá)方式還有Until、Before等。只要大家把握了過去完成時(shí)的基本含義，不管句子怎么變化，應(yīng)該沒有多大的問題。例如：例2Until then, his family hadnt heard from him for six month.此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有個(gè)明確的過去時(shí)間點(diǎn)"then"(那時(shí))，而"hadnt heard"發(fā)生在then之前(包括then)。所以此句用的是過去完成時(shí)。再舉兩個(gè)例子，請大家自己分析：例3We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.例4I waited until he had finished his homework.例5We had got to the station before 10:00.過去完成時(shí)練習(xí)和分析提示請先閱讀本站的文章“過去完成時(shí)重難點(diǎn)實(shí)例講解”，然后完成下列練習(xí)。 漢譯英 1.到上學(xué)期你們學(xué)會(huì)了多少首歌？ 2.到昨天晚上，他把這篇課文讀了三遍。 3.十點(diǎn)鐘前，我們到達(dá)了車站。 4.在他上中學(xué)之前，已學(xué)會(huì)了兩百多個(gè)英語單詞。 5.當(dāng)我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開始五分鐘了。 6.昨天找看見李平了。自從我們離開北京，就一直沒有見面。 7.我昨天沒有給魏華那本書，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)為自己買了一本。 8.他問李先生是否已經(jīng)回來了 9.我聽說他住那五年了。 參考答案 1. How many songs had you learned by the end of last term? 注兩個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的比較。 2. By yesterday evening, he had read the text three times. 注兩個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的比較。 3. We had got to the station before 10:00. 注兩個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的比較。 4. He had learned two hundred English words before he went to middle school. 注兩個(gè)事件的比較。 5.When we got to the cinema, the film had been on for five minutes. 注兩個(gè)事件的比較。 6. I saw Li Ping yesterday. We had not seen each other since we left Beijing. 注兩個(gè)事件的比較。 7. I did not give the book to Wei Hua yesterday, because she had already bought a copy for herself. 注兩個(gè)事件的比較。 8. He asked if Mr Li had already come back. 注兩個(gè)事件的比較。 9. I heard he had lived there for five years. 注兩個(gè)事件的比較。