電大本科《社會(huì)保障學(xué)》期末復(fù)習(xí)資料考試小抄.doc

電大社會(huì)保障學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)資料考試小抄一、單項(xiàng)選擇題1、（ B ）是一種特殊的社會(huì)保障。P5A、社會(huì)救助B、社會(huì)優(yōu)撫C、社會(huì)福利 D、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)2、通常被稱(chēng)為“最后的安全網(wǎng)”，也是最低的社會(huì)保障，是人類(lèi)社會(huì)最悠久的一種保障形式的是（A）。P5或218A、社會(huì)救助B、社會(huì)保障 C、社會(huì)福利 D、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)3、（C）是最高層次的社會(huì)保障制度。A、社會(huì)救助B、社會(huì)保障 C、社會(huì)福利 D、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)4、“從搖籃到墳?zāi)埂笔切稳荩˙）的社會(huì)保障模式。P8A、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)型模式B、福利國(guó)家型模式C、強(qiáng)制性?xún)?chǔ)蓄型模式D、國(guó)家保險(xiǎn)型模式5、我國(guó)實(shí)行的是（D）社會(huì)保障基金的籌集模式。P45A、社會(huì)統(tǒng)籌模式B、個(gè)人帳戶(hù)模式 C、現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付制 D、A和B6、（D）被譽(yù)為西方“福利國(guó)家櫥窗”。P76A、美國(guó)B、英國(guó)C、德國(guó)D、瑞典7、（B）是建立現(xiàn)代意義上的社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的第一個(gè)國(guó)家。P76A、美國(guó)B、德國(guó)C、新加坡D、智利8、中國(guó)享受基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)金的條件之一是參加保險(xiǎn)繳費(fèi)期限要滿(mǎn)（C）年。P80A、5年B、10年C、15年D、20年9、中國(guó)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度中的“老人”是指（A）。P89A、1997年前退休人員B、1997年后退休的人員C、1997年后參保的人員D、1997年前參加工作，1997年后才退休的人員10、企業(yè)年金計(jì)劃是企業(yè)舉辦的一項(xiàng)（B）P97A醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃 B養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃C工傷保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃 D失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃11、1883年（C）政府頒布的疾病保險(xiǎn)法標(biāo)志著醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)強(qiáng)制性社會(huì)保障制度的確立。P102A、美國(guó)B、英國(guó)C、德國(guó)D、中國(guó)12、我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)籌集中，個(gè)人繳費(fèi)費(fèi)率為本人工資收入的（B）。P124A、1% B、2% C、3% D、4%13、我國(guó)城鎮(zhèn)職工基本醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)水平的封頂線(xiàn)控制在當(dāng)?shù)芈毠つ昶骄べY的（C）倍左右。P126A、2 B、3 C、4 D、514、我國(guó)法定勞動(dòng)年齡范圍是（C）。P131A、16-50 B、18-50 C、16-60 D、16-6715、在我國(guó)完全由政府承辦，沒(méi)有商業(yè)保險(xiǎn)公司參加的保險(xiǎn)是（D）。P131A、養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn) B、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn) C、生育保險(xiǎn) D、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)16、世界上第一個(gè)強(qiáng)制性失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度是（B）政府建立的。P136A、美國(guó)B、英國(guó)C、德國(guó)D、中國(guó)17、在中國(guó)失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)雇員的繳費(fèi)率是（A）。P137A、1% B、2% C、3% D、4%18、我國(guó)經(jīng)歷了（C）次失業(yè)高峰。P140A、3 B、4 C、5 D、619、1884年（C）頒布了世界上第一部工傷保險(xiǎn)法。P160A、美國(guó)B、英國(guó)C、德國(guó)D、中國(guó)20、以下哪項(xiàng)屬于可認(rèn)定為工傷的？（B）P170A、醉酒死亡B、患職業(yè)病C、自殘或自殺D、因犯罪傷亡的21、我國(guó)2002年（C）首次將工傷康復(fù)納入到工傷保險(xiǎn)范圍。P189A、北京 B、上海 C、廣州 D、天津22、我國(guó)產(chǎn)假標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目前為（C）天。P198A、30 B、60 C、90 D、12023、1993年6月1日，（B）市正式實(shí)施最低生活保障制度，標(biāo)志我國(guó)最低生活保障制度正式建立。P237A、北京 B、上海 C、廣州 D、天津24、（C）是國(guó)家專(zhuān)門(mén)為傷亡的軍人、人民警察和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員提供撫恤的社會(huì)保障制度。P284A、社會(huì)福利 B、社會(huì)救助 C、社會(huì)優(yōu)撫 D、工傷保險(xiǎn)25、對(duì)于貧困的農(nóng)村居民而言，（A）是最后一條保障線(xiàn)。P329A、農(nóng)村最低生活保障制度 B、農(nóng)村“五保”制度 C、農(nóng)村救災(zāi)救濟(jì)制度 D、農(nóng)村臨時(shí)性救助制度26、目前中國(guó)中西部地區(qū)農(nóng)村的最低生活保障標(biāo)準(zhǔn)每年為（C）。P330A、300 B、600 C、600-80 D、1000-200027、農(nóng)村臨時(shí)性救助制度的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一般不超過(guò)2000元，每年每戶(hù)一般不超過(guò)（B）次。P336A、1 B、2 C、3 D、428、在中國(guó)新型農(nóng)村社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度中，地方政府對(duì)參保人繳費(fèi)給予補(bǔ)貼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不低于每人每年（A）元標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。P338A、30 B、60 C、80 D、10029、前蘇聯(lián)以及我國(guó)在“文革”之前的勞動(dòng)保險(xiǎn)是采取（D）管理模式。P366A、政府和公法機(jī)構(gòu)共同管理模式 B、政府與私人企業(yè)共同管理模式 C、政府直接管理模式 D、政府和工會(huì)共同管理模式30、在我國(guó)社會(huì)救助、社會(huì)福利和社會(huì)優(yōu)撫的業(yè)務(wù)管理由（C）部門(mén)承擔(dān)。P387A、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)辦機(jī)構(gòu) B、財(cái)政部 C、民政行政部門(mén) D、衛(wèi)生部二、多項(xiàng)選擇題1、社會(huì)保障相關(guān)主體主要包括：（ABCD）P3A、政府 B、保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)辦機(jī)構(gòu) C、用人單位 D、參保人2、社會(huì)保障的核心內(nèi)容有（ABCD）三大部分。P4A、社會(huì)救助 B、社會(huì)優(yōu)撫 C、社會(huì)福利 D、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)3、社會(huì)保障基金的全部?jī)?nèi)容包括（ABC）。P37A、籌集 B、支付 C、管理 D、模式4、社會(huì)保障基金籌集的原則包括（ABD）。P41A、適度原則B、公平原則C、最大化原則D、依法籌集原則5、我國(guó)目前企業(yè)職工社會(huì)保障基金的投資方式主要是（AD）。P61A、國(guó)債B、股票C、基金D、銀行存款7、中國(guó)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度中的“兩定點(diǎn)”是指（AD）。P107A、定點(diǎn)醫(yī)院 B、定點(diǎn)賠付 C、藥品目錄 D、定點(diǎn)藥店8、中國(guó)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度中的“三目錄”是指（ABC）。P107A、藥品目錄B、診療目錄C、醫(yī)療服務(wù)設(shè)施范圍和支付標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目錄D、醫(yī)院目錄9、我國(guó)現(xiàn)行的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)制度包括（BC）。P117A、國(guó)家醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)B、城鎮(zhèn)醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)C、農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)D、單位醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)10、以下哪些是“合格失業(yè)者”所必須具備的條件。（ABCD）P137A、非自愿失業(yè)B、有就業(yè)愿意C、及時(shí)辦理了失業(yè)登記手續(xù)D、工作后失業(yè)11、失業(yè)補(bǔ)救的辦法有（ABCD）。A、實(shí)施職業(yè)輪換B、轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)培訓(xùn)C、開(kāi)辟家政服務(wù)就業(yè)領(lǐng)域D、建立和完善就業(yè)信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)12、下列屬于工傷的是（AB）。P157A、因工傷亡B、職業(yè)病C、自然生病D、非機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)交通事故受傷13、工傷待遇包括（ABCD）。P171A、工傷醫(yī)療待遇B、工傷停工期內(nèi)工資福利待遇C、因工致殘待遇D、因工死亡待遇14、生育保險(xiǎn)待遇內(nèi)容包括（ABCD）。P202A、產(chǎn)假津貼B、醫(yī)療費(fèi)用C、生育補(bǔ)助D、生育休假15、社會(huì)救助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的計(jì)算方法包括（ABCD）。P230A、市場(chǎng)菜籃子法B、恩格爾系數(shù)法C、馬丁法D、收入比例法16、家計(jì)調(diào)查的內(nèi)容包括（BCD）。P234A、人口B、收入C、財(cái)產(chǎn)D、工作17、中國(guó)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)的社會(huì)救助制度包括（ABC）。P243-248A、醫(yī)療救助B、住房救助C、教育救助D、工傷救助18、按社會(huì)福利的對(duì)象，社會(huì)福利類(lèi)型可劃分為（ABD）。P256A、老年人福利B、殘疾人福利C、全民性社會(huì)福利D、婦女兒童福利19、社會(huì)優(yōu)撫是一項(xiàng)綜合性的社會(huì)保障制度，具體包括（ABD）。P285A、優(yōu)待 B、撫恤 C、全民性社會(huì)福利 D、安置20、中國(guó)農(nóng)村的扶貧開(kāi)發(fā)是指對(duì)農(nóng)村有一定生產(chǎn)能力的貧困人口，給予（ABCD）等方面的扶持。P342A、思想 B、政策 C、資金 D、信息21、農(nóng)村社會(huì)救助制度主要包括：（ABC）。P352A、農(nóng)村最低生活保障制度 B、農(nóng)村五保供養(yǎng)制度 C、農(nóng)村臨時(shí)救助制度 D、農(nóng)村社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度三、判斷題1、社會(huì)保障基金的內(nèi)容無(wú)非是“收、支、管”，即社會(huì)保障基金的籌集、支付和管理。（）P42、新中國(guó)成立后建立了“社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)型”的社會(huì)保障體制。（）P93、在社會(huì)保障概念中，平等的一定是公平的，公平也一定是平等的。（）P224、平等與效率是處在一個(gè)連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體的兩端，公平是權(quán)衡的取舍點(diǎn)。（）P265、部分積累制是指當(dāng)年提取當(dāng)年支付，一般不留結(jié)余，以支定收。（）P456、完全積累制是以遠(yuǎn)期縱向平衡為原則，實(shí)質(zhì)是個(gè)體一生中的代內(nèi)收入再分配制度。（）P467、養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度模式往往是國(guó)家社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度模式的代表。（）P748、企業(yè)年金是養(yǎng)老金的第二支柱，被稱(chēng)為“企業(yè)補(bǔ)充養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)”。（）P979、第三方付費(fèi)制度是工傷保險(xiǎn)所獨(dú)有的特點(diǎn)。（）P9910、醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)中的待遇水平由三方面體現(xiàn)，即起付線(xiàn)、封頂線(xiàn)和報(bào)銷(xiāo)比例。（）P11511、1986年頒布的國(guó)營(yíng)企業(yè)職工待業(yè)保險(xiǎn)暫行規(guī)定，是新中國(guó)成立后建立的第一個(gè)正式的失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度。（）P14712、中國(guó)治理第四次失業(yè)高峰采取的辦法是啟動(dòng)了“中國(guó)下崗職工再就業(yè)工程”。（）P14213、失業(yè)預(yù)防、失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)和失業(yè)補(bǔ)救構(gòu)成了就業(yè)保險(xiǎn)制度。（）P15514、在我國(guó)工傷保險(xiǎn)基金籌集中，用人單位繳費(fèi)是最主要的基金來(lái)源。（）P16515、在上下班途中受到非機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)事故傷害的應(yīng)認(rèn)定為工傷。（）P16816、工傷預(yù)防、工傷補(bǔ)償和工傷康復(fù)是工傷保險(xiǎn)的三大支柱。（）P18017、2003年頒布的工傷保險(xiǎn)條例是中國(guó)第一部專(zhuān)門(mén)的工傷保險(xiǎn)行政法規(guī)。（）P18318、生育責(zé)任的承擔(dān)者只是女性，不包括男性。（）P19419、我國(guó)生育保險(xiǎn)工資替代率為100%，高于國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（）P19820、恩格爾系數(shù)的值越低，說(shuō)明民眾的生活水平越低，反之則說(shuō)明越高。（）P23121、家計(jì)調(diào)查等同于貧困調(diào)查。（）P23322、中國(guó)現(xiàn)行的社會(huì)救助制度包括最低生活保障制度和專(zhuān)項(xiàng)社會(huì)救助。（）P237-243或25123、通常貧困被劃分為絕對(duì)貧困和相對(duì)貧困。（）P21924、廣義的社會(huì)福利概念只是面向貧困者或者特殊社會(huì)群體的福利安排。（）P25525、中國(guó)自20世紀(jì)90年代以后從原有的福利教育制度進(jìn)入到了一個(gè)混合型多元教育體系階段。（）P28026、中國(guó)農(nóng)村的“五?！敝贫仁侵浮氨３?、保住、保燒、保教、保葬”。（）P32027、新型農(nóng)村社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度的保障對(duì)象為：年滿(mǎn)16歲（不含在校學(xué)生）、未參加城鎮(zhèn)職工基本養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的農(nóng)村居民。（）P33728、新型農(nóng)村合作醫(yī)療制度的保障對(duì)象是部分農(nóng)村居民。（）P34029、在我國(guó)社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)管理是由社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)的經(jīng)辦機(jī)構(gòu)承擔(dān)的，屬營(yíng)利性質(zhì)的事業(yè)單位。（）P37430、我國(guó)當(dāng)前的社會(huì)保障管理體制，是在國(guó)務(wù)院集中統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，采取條塊結(jié)合、以塊為主的分級(jí)管理體制。（）P387四、簡(jiǎn)答題1、社會(huì)保障的定義及核心內(nèi)容？答：社會(huì)保障是國(guó)家通過(guò)征稅、收費(fèi)、接受捐贈(zèng)等手段籌集資金，以社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、社會(huì)救助、社會(huì)福利和社會(huì)優(yōu)撫等方式，防范風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并為喪失勞動(dòng)能力和暫時(shí)無(wú)收入者提供基本生活、為貧困者提供最低生活、為軍人提供特殊關(guān)照、為全體國(guó)民增進(jìn)生活福利的一種社會(huì)制度。其核心內(nèi)容包括：（1）社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)；（2）社會(huì)救助；（3）社會(huì)福利；（4）社會(huì)優(yōu)撫。2、社會(huì)保障的三種體制和四種模式是什么？答；三種體制是：（1）社會(huì)民主主義福利體制；（2）自由主義福利體制；（3）合作主義福利體制。四種模式是：（1）福利國(guó)家型；（2）社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)型；（3）國(guó)家保險(xiǎn)型；（4）個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄型；3、養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)的定義和特點(diǎn)？答：養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)是政府主辦，通過(guò)國(guó)家立法保障退休老人基本生活的一種社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度。其特點(diǎn)有：（1）養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)承諾與兌現(xiàn)之間的時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)。（2）養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)是實(shí)際享受人數(shù)最多的險(xiǎn)種之一。（3）養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用的收和支出龐大。（4）養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)制度模式往往是國(guó)家社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)制度模式的代表。4、失業(yè)的類(lèi)型有哪些？（1）摩擦性失業(yè)（2）結(jié)構(gòu)性失業(yè)（3）周期性失業(yè)（4）季節(jié)性失業(yè)（5）技術(shù)性失業(yè)5、工傷保險(xiǎn)的一般原則？答：（1）補(bǔ)償不究過(guò)失原則，又稱(chēng)無(wú)過(guò)失補(bǔ)償原則，指在勞動(dòng)者負(fù)傷后，不管過(guò)失在雇主還是勞動(dòng)者一方，工傷職工均可獲得收入補(bǔ)償以保障其基本生活。（2）勞動(dòng)者個(gè)人不繳費(fèi)原則，這是工傷保險(xiǎn)區(qū)別于其他社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)項(xiàng)目的顯著特點(diǎn)。（3）待遇優(yōu)厚原則，工傷保險(xiǎn)雖然不要求個(gè)人繳費(fèi)，但在待遇上卻要其他社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)項(xiàng)目都要優(yōu)厚一些。（4）救治、補(bǔ)償、預(yù)防與康復(fù)相結(jié)合原則，工傷事故或者直接造成勞動(dòng)者身體傷害，或者造成職業(yè)病，二者都離不開(kāi)醫(yī)療救治。6、社會(huì)救助的作用和特征？答：社會(huì)求助的作用：（1）緩解貧困（2）促進(jìn)分配，穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟(jì)。（3）促進(jìn)社會(huì)融合。社會(huì)救助的特征：（1）國(guó)家是責(zé)任主體。（2）享受社會(huì)救助是公民的權(quán)利。（3）受助者需要接受家計(jì)調(diào)查。（每條要做簡(jiǎn)短解釋?zhuān)?、什么是恩格爾系數(shù)法？它的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)是什么？答：恩格爾系數(shù)是目前較為普遍地用于分析特定國(guó)家或地區(qū)民眾生活水平和貧困程度的指標(biāo)之一。恩格爾系數(shù)值越大，說(shuō)明該地區(qū)民眾總支出中，用于食品消費(fèi)等基本生活支出的比重越高。恩格爾系數(shù)根據(jù)滿(mǎn)足生活需求最低營(yíng)養(yǎng)攝取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定食品消費(fèi)項(xiàng)目和數(shù)量，計(jì)算出飲食費(fèi)用，用它除以計(jì)算期最低收入水平組的恩格爾系數(shù)，即可得到貧困線(xiàn)。（1）優(yōu)點(diǎn)：方法簡(jiǎn)便易行，可以用代表一般市民生活水平的恩格爾系統(tǒng)來(lái)求得社會(huì)救助受助者的消費(fèi)水平。（2）缺點(diǎn)：要求恩格爾系數(shù)比較穩(wěn)定。由于受價(jià)格、地域等因素影響，我國(guó)恩格爾系統(tǒng)變化較大，易受主觀判斷影響，且反映的貧困過(guò)于絕對(duì)，另外對(duì)基本生活費(fèi)的規(guī)定有局限性，過(guò)于偏頗。8、中國(guó)現(xiàn)行的社會(huì)福利制度包括哪些內(nèi)容？答：（1）老年人福利（2）殘疾人福利（3）兒童福利（4）住房福利（5）教育福利9、什么是社會(huì)優(yōu)撫？包括哪些項(xiàng)目？答：社會(huì)優(yōu)撫是國(guó)家專(zhuān)門(mén)為傷亡軍人、人民警察和國(guó)家機(jī)關(guān)工作人員提供撫恤，為軍人和人民警察及其家庭提供擾待，為退出現(xiàn)役的軍人予以生活安置和就業(yè)安排而建立的社會(huì)保障制度。社會(huì)優(yōu)撫是一項(xiàng)綜合性的社會(huì)保障制度，具體包括優(yōu)待、撫恤和安置三類(lèi)項(xiàng)目。10、社會(huì)保障管理的含義和一般原則？答：社會(huì)保障管理是指社會(huì)保障責(zé)任機(jī)構(gòu)和人員通過(guò)規(guī)劃、組織、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人事和控制等活動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)有效地完成社會(huì)保障任務(wù)的過(guò)程。社會(huì)保障管理的一般原則：（1）服務(wù)至上原則。（2）公開(kāi)、公正和效率原則。（3）屬地管理原則。（4）與相關(guān)系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)一致原則。五、論述題1、試述當(dāng)前我國(guó)社會(huì)保障管理存在的問(wèn)題有哪些？（1）中央和地方社會(huì)保障財(cái)政責(zé)任不明確（2）統(tǒng)籌層次低，政策不統(tǒng)一，阻礙了勞動(dòng)力跨地區(qū)流動(dòng)，導(dǎo)致參保人社會(huì)保障權(quán)益受損。（3）社會(huì)保障管理體制不統(tǒng)一，部門(mén)利益明顯。（4）社會(huì)保障法律強(qiáng)制性不夠，政策透明度差。（5）社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)辦機(jī)構(gòu)權(quán)責(zé)不到位，監(jiān)督不力。（6）社會(huì)保障管理行政色彩濃，社會(huì)化服務(wù)不夠。2、試論述絕對(duì)貧困和相對(duì)貧困的內(nèi)涵是什么？它們各有什么特點(diǎn)？（一）絕對(duì)貧困是只停留在物質(zhì)層面上的貧困，可以被理解為物質(zhì)上的匱乏，是指缺乏為維持身體健康而絕對(duì)必需的物品的狀態(tài)。絕對(duì)貧困的特征主要有：（1）絕對(duì)貧困是指必需品的缺乏而導(dǎo)致生存受到威脅，這些必需品通常是指維持生存的物質(zhì)，如，食品、住房、衣服等。（2）絕對(duì)貧困在消費(fèi)方面表現(xiàn)為，由于收入極低，難以滿(mǎn)足人類(lèi)在衣依住行等方面的基本消費(fèi)。（3）絕對(duì)貧困在發(fā)展方面表現(xiàn)為，由于生產(chǎn)資料的缺乏，難以維持簡(jiǎn)單再生產(chǎn)，更難以擴(kuò)大再生產(chǎn)，從而陷入“貧困循環(huán)”之中。（二）相對(duì)貧困是相比較而言的貧困。是建立在將窮人的生活水平與其他較為不貧困的社會(huì)成員的生活水平相比較的基礎(chǔ)上的，通常這包括對(duì)作為研究對(duì)象的社會(huì)的總體平均水平的測(cè)度。相對(duì)貧困的特征有：（1）相對(duì)貧困是一種主觀判斷，是由社會(huì)作出的，它實(shí)際上是社會(huì)上多數(shù)人對(duì)于較低生活水平的一定確認(rèn)，如有的國(guó)家以全國(guó)人均收入的一定比例作為貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而有的國(guó)家則以中位收入水平的一定比例作為貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。（2）相對(duì)貧困具有歷史動(dòng)態(tài)性。隨著不同時(shí)期的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和生活方式的變化，貧困標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也有很大差別。（3）相對(duì)貧困具有長(zhǎng)期性。相對(duì)貧困實(shí)質(zhì)是不平等，只要社會(huì)存在不平等，就存在相對(duì)貧困，在現(xiàn)實(shí)上，不平等是常態(tài)，因而相對(duì)貧困也將普遍存在。3、試論述社會(huì)保障制度的意義？一、在思想文化方面（1）社會(huì)保障是各類(lèi)公正公平思想的具體體現(xiàn)，不同的社會(huì)保障制度模式反應(yīng)的是不同的社會(huì)保障公正分配的思想，社會(huì)保障制度建設(shè)也豐富了各派社會(huì)公正理論。（2）社會(huì)保障的實(shí)踐加深人們對(duì)人權(quán)意識(shí)和同舟共濟(jì)思想的認(rèn)識(shí)。社會(huì)保障的最初目的就是為了避免人道主義災(zāi)難，是對(duì)人權(quán)的保障。同時(shí)，社會(huì)保障通過(guò)稅收和集資再分配，救助貧困、普惠福利、縮小貧富差距，是“我為人人、人人為我”的理想發(fā)揚(yáng)光大。二、在政治方面（1）社會(huì)保障提升了政府的權(quán)力和責(zé)任.社會(huì)保障一般由政府主辦，事關(guān)民生，這就意味著政府的社會(huì)權(quán)利增大，同時(shí)人民對(duì)政府改善民生的期望也相應(yīng)增大，政府的社會(huì)責(zé)任也相應(yīng)增大，社會(huì)保障制度設(shè)計(jì)和執(zhí)行的水平成為政府執(zhí)政能力的重要體現(xiàn)。（2）社會(huì)保障政策成為各政黨爭(zhēng)取民意的手段。既然社會(huì)保障關(guān)系到人們的福利，社會(huì)保障政策就成為普通百姓最關(guān)心的國(guó)家政策之一，其任何變化都會(huì)引起民眾反響。三、在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，社會(huì)保障既能成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力，也能成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的阻礙，關(guān)鍵是適度，符合國(guó)情，與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平相適應(yīng)。四、在社會(huì)方面，社會(huì)保障總體上社會(huì)更加穩(wěn)定，另外，社會(huì)保障制度降低了家庭的保障功能，養(yǎng)兒防老的必要性下降，對(duì)出生率和家庭解體起了推波助瀾的作用。Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin "Magic" Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as "large, light, and handled with the hands." Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would "barnstorm" into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word "cagers," others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter "Doc" Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest "Phog" Allen at Kansas, Ward "Piggy" Lambert at Purdue, and Henry "Doc" Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward "Ned" Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the ce