php和mysql web開發(fā)畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯1

一、 英文原文 Laura Thomson .php and mysql web develop Luke Welling，Laura Thomson PHP is a scripting language originally designed for producing dynamic web pages. It has evolved to include a command line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications. While PHP was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995, the main implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group and serves as the de facto standard for PHP as there is no formal specification. PHP is free software released under the PHP License, however it is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL), due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP. PHP is a widely-used general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. It generally runs on a web server, taking PHP code as its input and creating web pages as output. It can be million websites and 1 million web servers. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page. It began in 1994 as a set of Common Gateway Interface binaries written in the C programming language by the Danish/Greenlandic programmer Rasmus Lerdorf. Lerdorf initially created these Personal Home Page Tools to replace a small set of Perl scripts he had been using to maintain his personal homepage. The tools were used to perform tasks such as displaying his résumé and recording how much traffic his page was receiving. He combined these binaries with his Form Interpreter to create PHP/FI, which had more functionality. PHP/FI included a larger implementation for the C programming language and could communicate with databases, enabling the building of simple, dynamic web applications. Lerdorf released PHP publicly on June 8, 1995 to accelerate bug location and improve the code.This release was named PHP version 2 and already had the basic functionality that PHP has today. This included Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to embed HTML. The syntax was similar to Perl but was more limited, simpler, and less consistent. Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans, two Israeli developers at the Technion IIT, rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3, changing the language's name to the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. The development team officially released PHP/FI 2 in November 1997 after months of beta testing. Afterwards, public testing of PHP 3 began, and the official launch came in June 1998. Suraski and Gutmans then started a new rewrite of PHP's core, producing the Zend Engine in 1999. They also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel.On May 22, 2000, PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released. On July 13, 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered by the new Zend Engine II. PHP 5 included new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming, the PHP Data Objects extension (which defines a lightweight and consistent interface for accessing databases), and numerous performance enhancements. The most recent update released by The PHP Group is for the older PHP version 4 code branch. As of August, 2008 this branch is up to version 4.4.9. PHP 4 is no longer under development nor will any security updates be released. In 2008, PHP 5 became the only stable version under development. Late static binding has been missing from PHP and will be added in version 5.3. PHP 6 is under development alongside PHP 5. Major changes include the removal of register_globals, magic quotes, and safe mode. The reason for the removals was because register_globals had given way to security holes, and magic quotes had an unpredictable nature, and was best avoided. Instead, to escape characters, magic quotes may be substituted with the addslashes() function, or more appropriately an escape mechanism specific to the database vendor itself like mysql_real_escape_string() for MySQL. PHP does not have complete native support for Unicode or multibyte strings; Unicode support will be included in PHP 6. Many high profile open source projects ceased to support PHP 4 in new code as of February 5, 2008, due to the GoPHP5 initiative, provided by a consortium of PHP developers promoting the transition from PHP 4 to PHP 1397 It runs in both 32-bit and 64-bit environments, but on Windows the only official distribution is 32-bit, requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode to be enabled while using IIS in a 64-bit Windows environment. There is a third-party distribution available for 64-bit Windows. PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development. PHP generally runs on a web server, taking PHP code as its input and creating web pages as output. It can also be used for command-line scripting and client-side GUI applications. PHP can be deployed on most web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with many relational database management systems. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group provides the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.PHP primarily acts as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP instructions and outputs another stream of data; most commonly the output will be HTML. It can automatically detect the language of the user. From PHP 4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce bytecode for processing by the Zend Engine, giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor. Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP's principal focus is server-side scripting, and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic content from a web server to a client, such as Microsoft's Active Server Pages, Sun Microsystems' JavaServer Pages, and mod_perl. PHP has also attracted the development of many frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to promote rapid application development (RAD). Some of these include CakePHP, Symfony, CodeIgniter, and Zend Framework, offering features similar to other web application frameworks. The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web applications. PHP is commonly used as the P in this bundle alongside Linux, Apache and MySQL, although the P may also refer to Python or Perl. As of April 2007, over 20 million Internet domains were hosted on servers with PHP installed, and PHP was recorded as the most popular Apache module. Significant websites are written in PHP including the user-facing portion of Facebook, Wikipedia , PHP can be used to create stand-alone, compiled applications and libraries, it can be used for shell scripting, and the PHP binaries can be called from the command line. As with many scripting languages, PHP scripts are normally kept as human-readable source code, even on production web servers. In this case, PHP scripts will be compiled at runtime by the PHP engine, which increases their execution time. PHP scripts are able to be compiled before runtime using PHP compilers as with other programming languages such as C (the language PHP and its extensions are written in). Code optimizers aim to reduce the computational complexity of the compiled code by reducing its size and making other changes that can reduce the execution time with the overall goal of improving performance. The nature of the PHP compiler is such that there are often opportunities for code optimization, and an example of a code optimizer is the Zend Optimizer PHP extension. Another approach for reducing overhead for high load PHP servers is using PHP accelerators. These can offer significant performance gains by caching the compiled form of a PHP script in shared memory to avoid the overhead of parsing and compiling the code every time the script runs.  The National Vulnerability Database stores all vulnerabilities found in computer software. The overall proportion of PHP-related vulnerabilities on the database amounted to: 12% in 2003, 20% in 2004, 28% in 2005, 43% in 2006, 36% in 2007, and 35% in 2008. Most of these PHP-related vulnerabilities can be exploited remotely: they allow hackers to steal or destroy data from data sources linked to the webserver (such as an SQL database), send spam or contribute to DOS attacks using malware, which itself can be installed on the vulnerable servers. These vulnerabilities are caused mostly by not following best practice programming rules: technical security flaws of the language itself or of its core libraries are not frequent. Recognizing that programmers cannot be trusted, some languages include taint checking to detect automatically the lack of input validation which induces many issues. Such a feature is being developed for PHP. Although it may be included in mainstream PHP in a future release, its inclusion has been rejected several times in the past. Hosting PHP applications on a server requires a careful and constant attention to deal with these security risks. There are advanced protection patches such as Suhosin and Hardening-Patch, especially designed for web hosting environments. Installing PHP as a CGI binary rather than as an Apache module is the preferred method for added security.With respect to securing the code itself, PHP code can be obfuscated to make it difficult to read while remaining functional. Syntax-highlighted PHP code embedded within HTMLPHP only parses code within its delimiters. Anything outside its delimiters is sent directly to the output and is not parsed by PHP. The most common delimiters are <?php and ?>, which are open and close delimiters respectively. <script language="php"> and </script> delimiters are also available. Short tags can be used to start PHP code, <? or <?= (which is used to echo back a string or variable) and the tag to end PHP code, ?>. These tags are commonly used, but like ASP-style tags (<% or <%= and %>), they are less portable as they can be disabled in the PHP configuration. For this reason, the use of short tags and ASP-style tags is discouraged. The purpose of these delimiters is to separate PHP code from non-PHP code, including HTML. Variables are prefixed with a dollar symbol and a type does not need to be specified in advance. Unlike function and class names, variable names are case sensitive. Both double-quoted ("") and heredoc strings allow the ability to embed a variable's value into the string. PHP treats newlines as whitespace in the manner of a free-form language (except when inside string quotes), and statements are terminated by a semicolon. PHP has three types of comment syntax: /* */ serves as block comments, and / as well as # are used for inline comments. The echo statement is one of several facilities PHP provides to output text (e.g. to a web browser). In terms of keywords and language syntax, PHP is similar to most high level languages that follow the C style syntax. If conditions, for and while loops, and function returns are similar in syntax to languages such as C, C+, Java and Perl. PHP stores whole numbers in a platform-dependent range. This range is typically that of 32-bit signed integers. Unsigned integers are converted values in certain situations; this behavior is different from other programming languages.Integer variables can be assigned using decimal (positive and negative), octal, and hexadecimal notations. Floating point numbers are also stored in a platform-specific range. They can be specified using floating point notation, or two forms of scientific notation. PHP has a native Boolean type that is similar to the native Boolean types in Java and C+. Using the Boolean type conversion rules, non-zero values are interpreted as true and zero as false, as in Perl and C+.The null data type represents a variable that has no value. The only value in the null data type is NULL. Variables of the "resource" type represent references to resources from external sources. These are typically created by functions from a particular extension, and can only be processed by functions from the same extension; examples include file, image, and database resources. Arrays can contain elements of any type that PHP can handle, including resources, objects, and even other arrays. Order is preserved in lists of values and in hashes with both keys and values, and the two can be intermingled. PHP also supports strings, which can be used with single quotes, double quotes, or heredoc syntax. The Standard PHP Library (SPL) attempts to solve standard problems and implements efficient data access interfaces and classes. PHP has hundreds of base functions and thousands more via extensions. These functions are well documented on the PHP site, but unfortunately, the built-in library has a wide variety of naming conventions and inconsistencies. PHP currently has no functions for thread programming.Functions are not first-class functions and can only be referenced by their name-directly or dynamically by a variable containing the name of the function. User-defined functions can be created at any time without being prototyped. Functions can be defined inside code blocks, permitting a run-time decision as to whether or not a function should be defined. Function calls must use parentheses, with the exception of zero argument class constructor functions called with the PHP new operator, where parentheses are optional. PHP supports quasi-anonymous functions through the create_function() function, although they are not true anonymous functions because anonymous functions are nameless, but functions can only be referenced by name, or indirectly through a variable $function_name();, in PHP. PHP gained support for first-class functions and closures. True anonymous functions are supported using the following syntax:function getAdder($x)    return function ($y) use ($x)         return $x + $y;    ; $adder = getAdder(8);echo $adder(2); / prints "10"Here, getAdder() function creates a closure using parameter $x (keyword "use" forces getting variable from context), which, etc. For more details see Lambda functions and closures RFC. Basic object-oriented programming functionality was added in PHP 3 and improved in PHP 4.3 Object handling was completely rewritten for PHP 5, expanding the feature set and enhancing performance. In previous versions of PHP, objects were handled like primitive types. The drawback of this method was that the whole object was copied when a variable was assigned or passed as a parameter to a method. In the new approach, objects are referenced by handle, and not by value. PHP 5 introduced private and protected member variables and methods, along with abstract classes and final classes as well as abstract methods and final methods. It also introduced a standard way of declaring constructors and destructors, similar to that of other object-oriented languages such as C+, and a standard exception handling model. Furthermore, PHP 5 added interfaces and allowed for multiple interfaces to be implemented. There are special interfaces that allow objects to interact with the runtime system. Objects implementing ArrayAccess can be used with array syntax and objects implementing Iterator or IteratorAggregate can be used with the foreach language construct. There is no virtual table feature in the engine, so static variables are bound with a name instead of a reference at compile time. If the developer creates a copy of an object using the reserved word clone, the Zend engine will check if a _clone() method has been defined or not. If not, it will call a default _clone() which will copy the object's properties. If a _clone() method is defined, then it will be responsible for setting the necessary properties in the created object. For convenience, the engine will supply a function that imports the properties of the source object, so that the programmer can start witha by-value replica of the source object and only override properties that need to be changed. PHP includes free and open source libraries with the core build. PHP is a fundamentally Internet-aware system with modules built in for accessing FTP servers, many database servers, embedded SQL libraries such as embedded PostgreSQL, MySQL and SQLite, LDAP servers, and others. Many functions familiar to C programmers such as those in the stdio family are available in the standard PHP build. PHP has traditionally used features such as "magic_quotes_gpc" and "magic_quotes_runtime" which attempt to escape apostrophes (') and quotes (") in strings in the assumption that they will be used in databases, to prevent SQL injection attacks. This leads to confusion over which data is escaped and which is not, and to problems when data is not in fact used as input to a database and when the escaping used is not completely correct.68 To make code portable between servers which do and do not use magic quotes, developers can preface their code with a script to reverse the effect of magic quotes when it is applied.PHP allows developers to write extensions in C to add functionality to the PHP language. These can then be compiled into PHP or loaded dynamically at runtime. Extensions have been written to add support for the Windows API, process management on Unix-like operating systems, multibyte strings (Unicode), cURL, and several popular compression formats. Some more unusual features include integration with Internet Relay Chat, dynamic generation of images and Adobe Flash content, and even speech synthesis. The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL) project is a repository for extensions to the PHP language.Zend provides a certification exam for programmers to become certified PHP developers. 二、 英文翻譯 php和mysql web開發(fā) PHP是一種腳本語(yǔ)言，最初用于生產(chǎn)動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)頁(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。它已發(fā)展到包括一個(gè)命令行界面的能力，可以在獨(dú)立的圖形應(yīng)用程序中使用。 雖然PHP最初由Rasmus Lerdorf創(chuàng)建于1995年，PHP的主要執(zhí)行現(xiàn)所產(chǎn)生的PHP集團(tuán)和PHP的事實(shí)上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)服務(wù)，因?yàn)闆]有正式的規(guī)范。 PHP是PHP的免費(fèi)軟件許可證下發(fā)布的，但它是用GNU通用公共許可證（GPL），由于對(duì)長(zhǎng)期PHP的使用限制不相容的。 PHP是一種廣泛使用的通用目的腳本語(yǔ)言，特別適合于Web開發(fā)，可嵌入到HTML中。它通常運(yùn)行在Web服務(wù)器上，以它的輸入PHP代碼和創(chuàng)建作為輸出的網(wǎng)頁(yè)。它可以部署在大多數(shù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器和幾乎所有的操作系統(tǒng)和平臺(tái)免費(fèi)的。 PHP的最初主張個(gè)人主頁(yè)。它于1994年開始作為一個(gè)通用網(wǎng)關(guān)接口在C編程語(yǔ)言編寫的，由丹麥/格陵蘭程序員拉斯穆斯Lerdorf二進(jìn)制文件集。 Lerdorf最初創(chuàng)建這些個(gè)人主頁(yè)工具，以取代一小部分的Perl腳本，他一直在使用，以維持他的個(gè)人主頁(yè)。這些工具用于執(zhí)行任務(wù)，如他的履歷和記錄顯示多少流量接受他的頁(yè)面。他結(jié)合自己解釋這些二進(jìn)制文件形式創(chuàng)建的PHP / FI的，其中有更多的功能。 PHP / FI的包括一個(gè)較大的C編程語(yǔ)言可以溝通，執(zhí)行和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，使簡(jiǎn)單的，動(dòng)態(tài)Web應(yīng)用程序的建設(shè)。 Lerdorf公開發(fā)表的PHP 6月8日，1995年加快錯(cuò)誤的位置，提高code.This釋放被命名為PHP版本2，已經(jīng)基本功能，PHP有今天。這包括類似Perl的變量，表格處理，以及對(duì)嵌入網(wǎng)頁(yè)的能力。其語(yǔ)法類似Perl的，但比較有限，簡(jiǎn)單，不太一致。 Zeev Suraski和Andi Gutmans提及，兩個(gè)從Technion以色列個(gè)人所得稅開發(fā)商，改寫了1997年的分析器，形成了PHP 3的基礎(chǔ)，改變了語(yǔ)言的名稱遞歸縮寫的PHP：Hypertext Preprocessor的。開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)在1997年11月正式發(fā)布的beta測(cè)試后幾個(gè)月的PHP / FI 2移植。后來，PHP 3的公開測(cè)試開始，而在1998年6月正式推出來。 Suraski和古特曼斯然后開始了PHP的核心新的重寫，在1999年生產(chǎn)了Zend引擎。他們還創(chuàng)辦于拉馬特甘，以色列Zend技術(shù)。 5月22日，2000年，PHP 4的Zend引擎1.0的動(dòng)力，被釋放。 7月13日，2004年，PHP 5的發(fā)布，由新的Zend引擎第二供電。 PHP 5中包括諸如面向?qū)ο缶幊谈倪M(jìn)支持新的功能，PHP數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)象擴(kuò)展（定義用于訪問數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的輕量級(jí)和一致的接口），和許多性能增強(qiáng)。最近更新的PHP集團(tuán)發(fā)布的是舊版本的PHP 4中的代碼分支。截至2008年8月，這個(gè)分公司是最多的版本4.4.9。 PHP 4是沒有根據(jù)的發(fā)展也不會(huì)再釋放任何安全更新2008年，PHP 5中成為唯一穩(wěn)定的版本正在開發(fā)。晚靜態(tài)綁定已經(jīng)失蹤，并會(huì)從PHP 5.3版本中加入。正在旁邊的PHP 6的PHP 5的發(fā)展。主要變化包括register_globals的搬遷，魔術(shù)引號(hào)，和安全模式。為清除的原因是因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)讓register_globals的安全漏洞，和魔術(shù)引號(hào)有一個(gè)不可預(yù)測(cè)性，并最好能避免。相反，為了躲避字符，可能會(huì)取代魔術(shù)引號(hào)與addslashes（）函數(shù)，或者更恰當(dāng)?shù)奶右輽C(jī)制的特定于數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)廠商MySQL的本身像 mysql_real_escape_string（）。 PHP不具備完整的多字節(jié)字符串的Unicode或本地支持; Unicode支持在PHP 6將包括在內(nèi)。許多備受矚目的開放源碼項(xiàng)目停止支持在新代碼為2008年2月5日，由于GoPHP5倡議，由一個(gè)PHP開發(fā)人員提供促進(jìn)財(cái)團(tuán)從PHP 4到PHP 5過渡PHP 4中。 它運(yùn)行在32位和64位環(huán)境，但在Windows的唯一官方分布是32位，需要Windows 32位兼容模式下才能啟用，而使用64位Windows環(huán)境IIS的。有一個(gè)第三方的分布為64位Windows操作系統(tǒng)。 PHP是一種通用的腳本語(yǔ)言，特別適合于Web開發(fā)。一般的PHP運(yùn)行在Web服務(wù)器上，以它的輸入PHP代碼和創(chuàng)建作為輸出的網(wǎng)頁(yè)。系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)中使用。它是免費(fèi)提供的，和PHP集團(tuán)提供完整的源代碼，以供用戶建立，定制和擴(kuò)展自己使用。 PHP的主要是作為一個(gè)過濾器，以從文件或流包含文本和/或PHP的說明和產(chǎn)出的另一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)流;最常見的是將HTML輸入輸出。它可以自動(dòng)檢測(cè)用戶的語(yǔ)言。從PHP 4，PHP解析器編譯投入，生產(chǎn)加工由Zend引擎的字節(jié)碼，從而在其翻譯的前任更好的性能。 最初旨在創(chuàng)建動(dòng)態(tài)網(wǎng)頁(yè)，PHP的主要重點(diǎn)是服務(wù)器端腳本，它是類似于其他服務(wù)器端腳本語(yǔ)言，提供了如微軟的Active Server Pages中，Sun微系統(tǒng)由網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器動(dòng)態(tài)內(nèi)容到客戶端，' JavaServer Pages和的mod_perl。 PHP中也引起了提供大廈和設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)，以促進(jìn)快速應(yīng)用開發(fā)（RAD）許多框架