生理學第一章緒論PPT課件

Section 1 Brief Account Human Physiology第1頁/共58頁 生理學醫(yī)學nPhysiology: a branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which the body functions.The normal functions of organs and organ systems of the body.The conditions under which these functions are carried out. The mechanisms by which they are achieved. 第2頁/共58頁植物生理學動物生理學 人體生理學第3頁/共58頁細胞生理學系統(tǒng)生理學 心臟生理學 神經(jīng)生理學 內分泌生理學 呼吸生理學 腎臟生理學第4頁/共58頁生理學(Physiology) 醫(yī) 學 (Medine)第5頁/共58頁 Physiology is the primary basic medical science.It is essential to pharmacology, the study of the effects of drugs on physiologic processes. Most of medicine itself is pathophysiology. We hope that each student will realize that the study of physiology should continue throughout his or her career. Besides physiology, the basic medical sciences include biology, embryology, genetics, anatomy, histology, biochemistry, pathophysiology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, etc. Although taught separately as different courses, these branches of basic medical sciences are closely inter-related inseparable, forming a solid scientific basis for practice of medicine. 第6頁/共58頁n William Harvey is famous for having accurately described how blood circulates around the body.n In 1615 Harvey began to work on the idea that blood circulated around the body. He experimented on live animals and dissected the bodies of executed criminals. He proved that the heart was a pump that forced blood around the body through arteries. Veins then returned the blood to the heart where it was recycled.n In 1628, Harvey published details of his work in his book An Anatomical Disquisition on the Movement of the Heart and Blood.William Harvey(1578-1657)n Physiology is the experimental science. 第7頁/共58頁Physiology is the science which is about living.Medicine is the science which is about disease. So from this point of view, the physiology is more common than the medicine. 第8頁/共58頁 生理學 Physiology 概念：研究生物機體的生命活動（功能 ）及其規(guī)律的科學。主要內容： 一切與生命有關的鄭成功能活動及其這些活動的調節(jié)問題。 功能 function 調節(jié) regulation 第9頁/共58頁人體生理學 Human Physiology第10頁/共58頁生命（living） 活第11頁/共58頁流感病毒Influenza Virus第12頁/共58頁 生命的基本特征 1. Metabolism: 同化 異化 能量轉換第13頁/共58頁2. excitability：興奮 抑制第14頁/共58頁n3. Reproduction：生殖活動第15頁/共58頁Section 2 Internal environment and homeostasisBody fluid (60%)Intracellular fluid (40%)Extracellular fluid (20%)Plasma (5%)Interstitial fluid (15%)InternalenvironmentClaude Bernard(1813-1878)第16頁/共58頁 Homeostasis: relatively stable condition of extracellular fluid that results from regulatory system actions. OxygenGlucoseSmall ionsCarbon dioxideMetabolic wastesSecretionsAmino acidsCellHomeostasis第17頁/共58頁A stable internal environment is essential for normal cell function Conditions in the internal environment must be maintained within narrow limits, including:Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensionsConcentrations of glucose and other metabolitesOsmotic pressureConcentrations of H+,K+,Ca2+,Mg2+Temperature第18頁/共58頁 Nervous regulation Humoral regulation AutoregulationSection 3 Regulation Physiological Function第19頁/共58頁 Reflex: biological control system linking stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc. Nervous regulation第20頁/共58頁Reflex arc第21頁/共58頁第22頁/共58頁Spinal reflex第23頁/共58頁Baroreceptor control of arterial pressure (baroreflex)第24頁/共58頁第25頁/共58頁Paracrine: chemical messenger that exerts its effects on tissues near its secretion site.Neurosecretion: chemical messenger released by a neuron and carried by the blood to its target cell.第26頁/共58頁NeurosecretionOxytocinVasopressin第27頁/共58頁神經(jīng)內分泌免疫調節(jié)網(wǎng)絡: neuroinmmunoendocrinology第28頁/共58頁 Autoregulation: ability of an individual organ to control its activity (vascular resistance) independent of neural and hormonal influence. Autoregulation第29頁/共58頁Renal autoregulation第30頁/共58頁神經(jīng)調節(jié)的特點 神經(jīng)元分泌的神經(jīng)元分泌的“遞質遞質”或或“調質調質”通過通過神經(jīng)纖維和突觸實現(xiàn)其調控作用。神經(jīng)纖維和突觸實現(xiàn)其調控作用。 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用廣泛、迅速、靈敏、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的作用廣泛、迅速、靈敏、定位準確。定位準確。 它控制了包括內分泌系統(tǒng)和免疫系統(tǒng)它控制了包括內分泌系統(tǒng)和免疫系統(tǒng)在內的機體各個系統(tǒng)的功能作用。具有節(jié)在內的機體各個系統(tǒng)的功能作用。具有節(jié)律性變化。律性變化。第31頁/共58頁體液調節(jié)的特點： 內分泌細胞分泌的“激素”通過體液運輸來完成其調控作用。其作用范圍廣泛、緩慢，影響持久，定位不及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)明確。內分泌系統(tǒng)從廣泛意義上講，可以視為神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳出神經(jīng)的“延長部分”。具有典型節(jié)律性變化。 內分泌系統(tǒng)對刺激的獲得、分析、貯存、記憶、整合，是通過和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)共同完成。第32頁/共58頁自身調節(jié)的特點 調節(jié)幅度小、不夠靈敏、作用有限，作用范圍也比較小。 在有些情況下有一定的意義。第33頁/共58頁 Control system: the mechanisms by which the body maintains homeostasis. Feedback control systemFeed-forward control systemSection 4 Control system in the body第34頁/共58頁 Feedback: characteristic of control systems in which output response influences input to system. Sensors to detect conditions in the body Effectors to change conditions in the bodyNegative feedbackPositive feedback Feedback control systemControllerEffectorsSensorsVariable第35頁/共58頁1 Negative feedback Negative feedback: aspect of control systems in which systems response opposes input to system.第36頁/共58頁Homeostatic control illustrating the concept of negative feedbackSet point: 100mmHg第37頁/共58頁Negative feedback control system for regulation of body temperatureSet point: 37C第38頁/共58頁 Positive feedback: aspect of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off train of events that increases the disturbance even further.2 Positive feedback 第39頁/共58頁 A positive feedback cycle involved in the upstroke of an action potential Positive feedback 第40頁/共58頁 Blood coagulationPositive feedback 第41頁/共58頁 Parturition Positive feedback 第42頁/共58頁 Feed-forward control system第43頁/共58頁Feed-forward: aspect of some control systems that allows system to anticipate changes in a regulated variable.第44頁/共58頁第45頁/共58頁SightSoundSmellEnd第46頁/共58頁生理學研究與發(fā)展展望Section 5 第47頁/共58頁 Cellular and molecular level Organ and system level Organismal level Function occurs at three levels第48頁/共58頁1 Cellular and molecular level 第49頁/共58頁 Cellular and molecular level 第50頁/共58頁2 Organ and system level 第51頁/共58頁3 Organismal level第52頁/共58頁 In vivo: (在體)acute experimentchronic experiment In vitro: (離體) isolated tissue Methodology第53頁/共58頁 In vivo MethodologyCannula implantationRotationRotational behaviorSeizureTonic seizure第54頁/共58頁 In vitro MethodologyPatch clampElectron microscopy第55頁/共58頁Steps in the Scientific Method ObservationInteresting phenomena Hypothesis Experiments Conclusion Retesting Publication第56頁/共58頁Autoregulation第57頁/共58頁感謝您的觀看！第58頁/共58頁