2013年高考英語 易錯點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛與高考突破 專題14 閱讀理解

2013年高考英語 易錯點(diǎn)點(diǎn)睛與高考突破 專題14 閱讀理解【2013高考預(yù)測】 閱讀理解是我們學(xué)習(xí)英語的主要目的之一，是我們獲取外來信息的重要途徑。閱讀理解是綜合讀者各方面知識的過程，通過閱讀能看出作者的主要意圖和文章的基調(diào)；從有關(guān)資料中汲取有用的東西；對不重要情節(jié)或信息一帶而過；根據(jù)閱讀目的和材料的難易程度調(diào)整閱讀速度和方法；根據(jù)作者的描述得出自己的結(jié)論；掌握并利用語境猜測詞的多種含義的；根據(jù)閱讀材料快速讀懂圖表；根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容填空等等。一、命題趨向1.閱讀材料更趨向于真實性、實用性和教育性 關(guān)注實際生活的選材特點(diǎn)在近年的NMET閱讀理解試題中已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)出明顯的增強(qiáng)趨勢。這種趨勢與當(dāng)前基礎(chǔ)教育的改革要求是一致的。中學(xué)生語言學(xué)習(xí)的根本目的應(yīng)當(dāng)與基礎(chǔ)教育的根本目標(biāo)一致，即:學(xué)會求知、學(xué)會做事、學(xué)會合作、學(xué)會做人。真實性和適用性選材是適應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)教育英語課程改革的目標(biāo)而出現(xiàn)的；選材的教育性是基于閱讀的第二層面而設(shè)立的，即考生不僅要懂得文章的意思，還要進(jìn)行思考。2.問題的創(chuàng)設(shè)將會更加靈活多樣，尤以整體理解和推理為主閱讀理解創(chuàng)設(shè)的問題大多不能按字面意思隨手拈來，需要?dú)w納、概括中心，推測作者意圖、挖掘深層含義。有些題目還要加以邏輯推理才能選擇出正確答案。3.由猜測詞義到對整個句子意義的理解將是一個新的命題熱點(diǎn) 詞義猜測題在近幾年的閱讀命題中屢見不鮮。一般是利用上下文，通過對應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)或平行結(jié)構(gòu)中同義詞或反義詞來進(jìn)行判斷。近年來考試突破了這個圈圈，命題者要求考生在對文章的整體理解上來理解某個熟悉的詞匯或短語在真實語境中新的含義。4.所選材料的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化，生疏但能讀懂的短語和表達(dá)方式將達(dá)到一定的數(shù)量英語新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中，閱讀理解的要求更高。在典型例題卷的閱讀理解中就出現(xiàn)了許多考生感到陌生的短語。如B篇中有to look the otherway；E篇中的in the great majority of等。這些短語的出現(xiàn)在一定的程度上加大了難度，但符合考試說明的要求，也體現(xiàn)了語言學(xué)習(xí)的適用性和靈活性。5.填空題填空題則重在要求考生從文中獲取信息，然后轉(zhuǎn)述文章的內(nèi)容，這不是抄襲照搬，它對運(yùn)用語言提出了較高的要求?？梢哉f，填空題的能力要求在閱讀題之上。填空題是考查學(xué)生的閱讀和書面表達(dá)的能力，復(fù)習(xí)的關(guān)鍵還是要加強(qiáng)基本功。二、提高閱讀理解能力的途徑1.平時多閱讀。如英文報紙、雜志、讀物，這樣可以培養(yǎng)良好的閱讀習(xí)慣，克服對生詞的恐懼心理，從而達(dá)到提高閱讀速度和閱讀能力的目的。根據(jù)不同情況調(diào)整閱讀速度，要知道在什么時候快讀，什么時候慢讀。一般說來，對我們有用或重要的信息我們就要放慢速度，對我們不重要的信息可以一帶而過，這樣才可以在整體上提高閱讀速度。2.擴(kuò)大知識面。要對社會、科學(xué)、文學(xué)、史地、藝術(shù)等多個領(lǐng)域特別是有關(guān)英美等國家的情況都要有所了解。3.積累適合自己的閱讀技巧和做題方法，在做題時做到有的放矢。4.擴(kuò)大詞匯量。有限的詞匯量必然影響你的閱讀能力的提高。生詞的含義只有在上下文中才能完全展現(xiàn)出來，并易于被記住、理解、掌握；同時還可以利用構(gòu)詞法記憶單詞，這對于閱讀是特別有用?！倦y點(diǎn)突破】難點(diǎn)一 人際關(guān)系例1、Most men have somewhat tumultuous relationships with their fathers.We love them，admire them，hate them，rebel against them，and ideally end up with a great friend where a parent used to be.Making that transition can be challenging，though.Here are some tips to help you approach your father on a man­to­man level.First of all，you don't have to get too emotional.If you're uncomfortable with the idea of baring your emotions，chances are pretty good that your dad feels the same way.You simply need to take the right approach，one that allows you to talk with your father and learn about him，but without making everything feel like a TV drama.Hobbies are a good place to start.If your dad taught you any of the pastimes that you currently enjoy，dive right back into them and show him what you've learned.Your hobby will serve as a good start point to help you develop a healthy friendship.Don't immediately jump into time intensive activities such as camping or fishing trips.Try to set up a regular time to just hang out.Let's say you don't have any hobbies in common with your father.Many_guys_are_in_this_position.This is where beer comes in.Just meet your dad at a bar to put one or two back，or if you don't drink，get a casual dinner somewhere.Don't act like a kid.Remember that if you want your dad to treat you like the adult you are，you've got to show him that you've grown up.Be willing to talk about things such as money，sex and other taboo subjects that you regularly discuss with your friends.Your dad can take it.He's been doing this whole “l(fā)ife” thing longer than you have.Just be frank and honest.To build a relationship with your father as an adult，you need to show him respect and invest some time.It's not the easiest thing in the world，but it's important.There are thousands of guys out there who'd love to be able to talk to their fathers; make them jealous.Take the first step.Note：長短句分析：You simply need to take the right approach，one that allows you to talk with your father and learn about him，but without making everything feel like a TV drama.句法點(diǎn)睛：one指代approach，關(guān)系詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作主語。句意：你只需要選擇正確的方法，一種讓你跟父親談話并向他學(xué)習(xí)的方法，但是不要做得像電視劇一樣(假)。本文是一篇說明文，主要教成年男子如何處理好和父親之間的關(guān)系，列舉了三點(diǎn)。1What should you do，if both you and your farther are not good at baring emotions?ATalk about your common hobbies.BMake everything felt like a TV drama.CWatch TV together with your father.DPut up a TV drama for your father.答案A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段及第三段第一句可知，如果你和你的父親都不善言辭，倆人的共同愛好是一個很好的起點(diǎn)。2What does the author mean by saying the underlined sentence?AMany guys are sitting in the wrong position.BMany guys don't share any common hobbies with their fathers.CMany guys have the right thoughtDMany guys have no hobby.3What does this passage mainly talk about?AThe problems between father and son.BHow to approach your father freely as an adult man.CHow to act as an adult before your father.DTips for men about how to cheer their father up.4For whom is this passage written?AFathers. BAdult sons.CMothers. DPhysiologists.難點(diǎn)二 健康飲食例2、 (2012·廣東卷)I have been consistently opposed to feeding a baby regularly.As a doctor，mother and scientist in child development I believe there is nothing to recommend it，from the baby's point of view.Mothers，doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a baby's blood sugar level lies.All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makes a baby easily annoyed.In this state，the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible.The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth.It is not just unkind but also dangerous to say a fourhourly feeding schedule will make a baby satisfied.The first of the experts to advocate a strict clock­watching schedule was Dr Frederic Truby King who was against feeding in the night.I've never heard anything so ridiculous.Baby feeding shouldn't follow a timetable set by the mum.What is important is feeding a baby in the best way，though it may cause some inconvenience in the first few weeks.Well，at last we have copper­bottomed research that supports demand feeding and points out the weaknesses of strictly timed feeding.The research finds out that babies who are fed on demand do better at school at age 5,7,11 and 14，than babies fed according to the clock.By the age of 8，their IQ (智商) scores are four to five percent higher than babies fed by a rigid timetable.This research comes from Oxford and Essex University using a sample (樣本) of 10,419 children born in the early 1990s，taking account of parental education，family income，a child's sex and age，the mother's health and feeding style.These results don't surprise me.Feeding according to schedule runs the risk of harming the rapidly growing brain by taking no account of sinking blood sugar levels.I hope this research will put an end to advocating strictly timed baby feeding practices.【語篇解讀】 本文關(guān)于嬰兒喂養(yǎng)的時間提出了不同的看法，作者認(rèn)為嚴(yán)格按照時間表喂嬰兒是錯的。1What does the author think about Dr King?AHe is strict.BHe is unkind.CHe has the wrong idea.DHe sets a timetable for mothers.3What does the research tell us about feeding a baby on demand?AThe baby will sleep well.BThe baby will have its brain harmed.CThe baby will have a low blood sugar level.DThe baby will grow to be wiser by the age of 8.4The author supports feeding the baby _.Ain the nightBevery four hoursCwhenever it wants foodDaccording to its blood sugar level例3、Do you love the holidays，but hate the pounds that follow? You are not alone.Holidays are times for feasting and celebrating.Many people are worried about their weight.With proper planning，though，it is possible to keep normal weight during the holidays.Whether it is celebrating at the office party or sitting down for the traditional family dinner，regard eating as a time for tasting a variety of the foods.The idea is to enjoy the holidays but not to eat too much.You don't have to turn away from the foods that you enjoy.Here are some tips for preventing weight gain and maintaining physical fitness：Don't skip meals.Before you leave home，have a small，low­fat meal or snack.This may help to avoid getting too excited before delicious foods.Control portions.Use a small plate (about 10 inches) and put aside the large ones that may encourage you to “l(fā)oad up.” You should be most comfortable eating an amount of food about the size of your fist.Once you have your “tasting” serving，move away from the buffet.Doing so will make it less tempting to be eating constantly as your appetite is inspired by the sight of food.Begin with soup and fruit or vegetables.Fill up beforehand on water­based soup and raw fruit or vegetables.Or drink a large glass of water before you eat to help you feel full.Stick to physical activity.Don't let exercise take a break during the holidays.A 20­minute walk after a meal can help burn off excess calories.Avoid high­fat foods.Dishes that look oily or creamy may have a large amount of fat.Choose lean meats.Fill your plate with salad and green vegetables.Use lemon juice instead of dressing or butter.Notes：buffet n自助餐tempting adj.誘惑的【語篇解讀】 本文是實用文體閱讀。全文介紹了在假期合理安排飲食以保持標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重的辦法。1Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?AYou had better turn your attention away from delicious foods.BDrinking some water of soup before eating helps you eat less.CHolidays are happy days with pleasure but they may bring weight problems.DPhysical exercise can reduce the chance of putting on weight.2Which of the following CANNOT help lose weight according to the passage?ALean meats.BDressing or butter.CRaw fruit or vegetables.DPhysical exercise.文中有明確表述。3Many people can't control their weight after the holidays mainly because they _.Acan't help being tempted to eat constantlyBtake part in too many partiesCenjoy delicious foodsDcan't help turning away from the foods三 創(chuàng)造發(fā)明例4、Early in the autumn of 1674，Henry Oldenburg，secretary of the Royal Society in London，received an extraordinary letter.Sent by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek，a draper from Delft in the Netherlands，it contained an unlikely­sounding claim.Using a microscope of his own invention，van Leeuwenhoek had seen tiny creatures，invisible to the naked eye，living in lake water.Some of these “animalcules (微生物) ” were so small，he later estimated that 30 million of them would still be smaller than a grain of sand.Royal Society fellows couldn't believe it.Even with his most powerful instruments，the celebrated English microscopist Robert Hooke had never observed anything like the little creatures.In fact，the Dutchman had developed far superior lenses to Hooke's，and had discovered bacteria and protozoans (原生動物)By producing even smaller and more curved lensesusing a technique that he kept secretvan Leeuwenhoek was able to magnify objects up to 500 times.As well as discovering micro­organisms，he was the first to see red blood cells.In 1677，van Leeuwenhoek sent the Society further animalcule observations.Hooke eventually improved his own microscopes to the point where he，too，could see the tiny creatures.Three years later van Leeuwenhoek was made a fellow.It was not until 1890，more than 160 years after van Leeuwenhoek's death，that bacteria were linked with diseases.“Reading van Leeuwenhoek's letters，you very much get the impression of somebody dazzled by what he was finding，”says Lesley Robertson，leader of the archives at Delft University's school of microbiology.“He thought he'd found a whole new worldbut he certainly never picked up on the connection with illness.”Notes：draper n布料商curved adj.彎曲的archive n檔案室長短句分析：It was not until 1890，more than 160 years after van Leeuwenhoek's death，that bacteria were linked with diseases.句法點(diǎn)睛：這是it was.that強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中，more than 160 years after van Leeuwenhoek's death是1890的同位語。句意：直到1890年，凡·列文虎克死后的160余年，細(xì)菌才被和疾病聯(lián)系到一起。【語篇解讀】 本文是記敘文。全文講述了布料商出身的Antoni van Leeuwenhoek發(fā)明了自己的顯微鏡。他的發(fā)明使得發(fā)現(xiàn)更小、更清晰的事物成為可能，這為把細(xì)菌與疾病聯(lián)系起來奠定了基礎(chǔ)。1What did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek see with his own microscope?AA letter. BBacteria and protozoans.CSmall animals in the water. DThe element of water.2From the passage we can see _.Avan Leeuwenhoek knew the tiny creatures in the water had something to do with natureBvan Leeuwenhoek was the first to discover bacteriaCvan Leeuwenhoek was the first to use the microscopeDvan Leeuwenhoek was the first one to know how to observe bacteria and protozoans4From the last paragraph we can see，when Antoni van Leeuwenhoek saw the tiny creatures，invisible to the naked eye，living in lake water，_.Ahe was overexcitedBhe knew he followed someone else's discoveryChe was a bit disappointedDhis discovery was to lead a connection between bacteria and illnesses例5、Robots at the World Expo 2010 Shanghai play football，practise tai chi，play the violin，prepare Chinese dishes and care for the elderly.Robots created by a Chinese farmer can pour tea and paint pictures.Global designers of robots are making them more capable，powerful and affordable，so they will play more roles in more sectors，from manufacturing to health care，and they can help around the house.Now Toyota，the world's biggest car maker，and Canon，the biggest camera maker，have joined research and development to make robots a practical reality，like a PC.The Expo Shanghai is a place where China can learn about advanced robotics，and a stage for made­in­China robots.Developers are taking robots from Star Wars and top laboratories and putting them into the industrial sector，even in consumer markets.They are used in health care，computer programming，manufacturing and culture.The goals are to add more practical functions and to cut price，and lower cost comes with higher volume.“The World Expo is a unique opportunity to demonstrate French technology，” says Bruno Maisonnier，chief executive of Aldebaran Robotics，which shows Nao robots in the France Pavilion.More than 700 Nao robots，which cost 1,000 to 12,000 euros (US $14,640 ) each，are sold mainly to research organizations，including 60 to 70 in China.The French­based company aims to promote robots in the general public market starting from late 2011，with entertainment or learning functions at a “reasonable price，” according to Maisonnier.Visitors to the Japan Pavilion are struck by Toyota's dextrous Partner Robot playing the Chinese folk song “Jasmine Flower” on the violin.Other robots play other instruments，but the violin is the most complicated.Many people were so enchanted by the robotic musician that they overlooked other Partner Robots，designed to be personal assistants especially for Japan's aging population.One can even carry passengers.Note：enchanted adj.著迷的；著魔的【語篇解讀】 本篇是時文閱讀。2010上海世博會展出了世界各地的機(jī)器人，這些機(jī)器人可以踢球、打太極、彈鋼琴、做中國菜和照料老人。本次展出的機(jī)器人更加實用，價格上也逐漸靠近人們能承受的水平。1Robots at the World Expo 2010 Shanghai are designed _.Aenjoyable and interestingBpractical and affordableCgood­looking and considerateDfunny and relaxing2Toyota and Canon have joined research and development to make robots，which shows _.Arobots are not too difficult to designBthey want to abandon their present careerCthey are more fit to make robotsDrobot manufacture will become a big market3From the designs of the robots，we can see robots _.Awill be more fashionable and advancedBhave been made with less expensive materialsCare made to meet the need of top laboratoriesDare made without the consideration of prices4From the passage we can see，Nao robots are designed _.Ato show robots can be made cheaplyBto meet the need of research into the robotic areaCto fit into our daily suppliesDto show robots can be intelligent難點(diǎn)四 前沿科學(xué) 例6、It is 7 o'clock in the morning.You check yourself in the mirror，adjust your collar，and consider the busy day ahead.But at least you know that the stress won't damage your health，for this is no ordinary set of clothes you are wearing.Set within the fabric are numerous sensors，constantly monitoring your vital signs.If danger signs are detected，the garment is programmed to contact your doctorand send a text message telling you to take it easy.measure a wearer's body temperature or trace his or her heart activity are just entering the market，but the European project BIOTEX weaves new functions into smart textiles.Miniaturized biosensors in a textile patch can now analyze body fluids，even a tiny drop of sweat，and provide a much better assessment of someone's health.Jean Luprano is a researcher at the Swiss Centre for Electronics and Micro­technology ( CSEM )“One of the most obvious applications for smart fabrics is in the medical field，” he says.“There has been a good deal of progress with physiological measurements，body temperature or electro­cardiograms.But no one has yet developed biochemical sensing techniques that can take measurements from fluids like sweat and blood.We are developing a suite of sensors that can be integrated into a textile patch.The patch is a sensing and processing unit，adaptable to target different body fluids and biochemical species.At the very least，some basic biochemical analyses could complement the physiological measurements that can already be monitored.In some circumstances，fluidic analysis may be the only way to get information on a patient's health status.”Notes： vital adj.生命的textile n紡織品fluid n體液 electro­cardiogram心電圖integrate vt.綜合biochemical adj.生物化學(xué)的complement vt.補(bǔ)助長短句分析：Garments that can measure a wearer's body temperature or trace his or her heart activity are just entering the market，but the European project BIOTEX weaves new functions into smart textiles.句法點(diǎn)睛：本句中，that引導(dǎo)定語從句。句意：能測量穿戴者的體溫或者追蹤其心臟活動的服裝正進(jìn)入市場，而歐洲設(shè)計BIOTEX把新的功能織進(jìn)智能紡織品中。【語篇解讀】 本文是科技閱讀。高科技智能服裝可通過一滴汗水檢測出人們的身體的健康狀況，這種服裝剛剛進(jìn)入市場。1What is the text mainly about?ASmart clothes that can track your health.BHow to make your daily stress free.CNew advancement in the medical field.DBiochemical sensing techniques.答案A主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了能夠檢測健康狀況的智能服裝。B項是對文章第一段的片面理解；C項意思范圍過大，超出了本文的內(nèi)容；D項沒有涉及服裝這一概念。2The first paragraph is written to _.Adescribe a common scene in people's lifeBintroduce the topic of the passageCtell us to have a smooth start of our dayDpredict the new garments to appear3The garments are special because they can _.Amake physiological measurements of a patientBtake one's body temperatureCtake electro­cardiograms of a patientDtake measurements from fluids例7、Ever since the world was introduced to Dolly，the cloned sheep，in 1997，various fears have been expressed that researchers would be tempted to apply to humans the techniques that were used to produce her.Some objections have been practical; many scientists have warned that these techniques remain too dangerous.Others have focused on the unpredictable psychosocial consequences of producing humans that are genetically identical to other individuals.But the strongest opposition has been based on a moral certainty that，whatever the practical risks involved，producing carbon copies of human beings is ethically unacceptable.The United Nations faces an opportunity to turn this moral certainty into international law when a committee takes up discussion of a possible treaty that would make what is known as “reproductive cloning” a criminal offence.Building on a long line of international treaties targeting unethical practices，from human slavery to the use of biological weapons，the United Nations is likely to be asked to approve a new agreement that would place human cloning in the same category.In this case，however，the United Nations is in danger of shooting itself in the foot.For the debate over the outlawing of reproductive cloning has been hijacked by those whose principal goal is different.To achieve this，they are seeking to have the proposed ban extended to cover not only the reproductive cloning of human beings，but so­called “therapeutic cloning” as well.This involves growing ertilized embryos for several days，and then extracting from them cells that might later be used as replacement tissue or organs for other individuals.Notes：A ethically adv.倫理上unethical adj.不道德的therapeutic adj.治療的hijack vt.劫持長短句分析：Ever since the world was introduced to Dolly，the cloned sheep，in 1997，various fears have been expr