廣東省深圳市高中英語 3名師指津語法 謂語動(dòng)詞課件

第二部分第二部分 重要語法重要語法謂語動(dòng)詞在高考語法填空中是必考內(nèi)容，謂語動(dòng)詞在高考語法填空中是必考內(nèi)容，每年必考一個(gè)小題，其中每年必考一個(gè)小題，其中2009年有兩個(gè)小題。年有兩個(gè)小題。謂語動(dòng)詞需考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂一致謂語動(dòng)詞需考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂一致等幾個(gè)方面。等幾個(gè)方面。謂語動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞u請(qǐng)做下列高考真題。請(qǐng)做下列高考真題。 1. (2013) Suddenly, he_ (find) that he had run out of salt. So Nick called to his son思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：found 在人稱代詞主格在人稱代詞主格(he)后沒有后沒有別的謂語動(dòng)詞，別的謂語動(dòng)詞，find應(yīng)是謂語動(dòng)詞，又由賓語應(yīng)是謂語動(dòng)詞，又由賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)和下句的時(shí)態(tài)可知，用一般過去時(shí)。從句的時(shí)態(tài)和下句的時(shí)態(tài)可知，用一般過去時(shí)。真題再練真題再練 2. (2012) He walked in as if he _ (buy) the school. And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City.思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：had bought 在主格人稱代詞在主格人稱代詞he后，后，顯然是作謂語；又因他不可能是買下了這個(gè)學(xué)顯然是作謂語；又因他不可能是買下了這個(gè)學(xué)校，故應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，與過去事實(shí)相反，故填校，故應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，與過去事實(shí)相反，故填had bought。 3. (2011) I noticed a man sitting at the front. He_ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：was pretending 由前后語境可知，由前后語境可知，指作者看到他時(shí)，他指作者看到他時(shí)，他“在假裝在假裝”。 4. (2010) After a four-day journey, the young man_ (present) the water to the old man. His teacher took a deep drink思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：presented 謂語動(dòng)詞，由前后句謂謂語動(dòng)詞，由前后句謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)可知，用一般過去時(shí)。語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)可知，用一般過去時(shí)。 5. (2009) People stepped on your feet or_ (push) you with their elbows (肘部肘部), hurrying ahead to get to a bargain. 思路點(diǎn)撥思路點(diǎn)撥: pushed 由由or可知，與可知，與stepped并列，并列，一起作謂語；一起作謂語；stepped是一般過去時(shí)，所以是一般過去時(shí)，所以push也用一般過去時(shí)。也用一般過去時(shí)。 6. (2009) When Jane got home Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking,” Jane_ (inform).思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：was informed 句中句中Jane是主語，其是主語，其后的后的inform應(yīng)是謂語；又因應(yīng)是謂語；又因Jane與與inform是被是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且前面各句謂語動(dòng)詞均為一般過去時(shí)，動(dòng)關(guān)系，且前面各句謂語動(dòng)詞均為一般過去時(shí)，所以所以inform用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 7. (2008) Being too anxious to help an event develop often_ (result) in the contrary to our intention.思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：results 因因Being too anxious to help an event develop是動(dòng)名詞短語，在句中作主語，是動(dòng)名詞短語，在句中作主語，沒有別的謂語動(dòng)詞，括號(hào)中所給的沒有別的謂語動(dòng)詞，括號(hào)中所給的result就應(yīng)就應(yīng)是謂語動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)句意是謂語動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)句意“太著急促使一件事情太著急促使一件事情發(fā)展，其結(jié)果往往和我們的意圖相反發(fā)展，其結(jié)果往往和我們的意圖相反(欲速則欲速則不達(dá)不達(dá))?！边@是諺語，是客觀真理，應(yīng)當(dāng)用一這是諺語，是客觀真理，應(yīng)當(dāng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞短語作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用第般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞短語作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用第三人稱單數(shù)，故填三人稱單數(shù)，故填results。 8. (2007) I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains. The sun was setting when my car _ (break) down near a remote village. 思路點(diǎn)撥：思路點(diǎn)撥：broke 在在when后的句子中，后的句子中，my car是主語，其后的是主語，其后的break應(yīng)是謂語；因全文是敘述應(yīng)是謂語；因全文是敘述過去的經(jīng)歷，用一般過去式；再說過去的經(jīng)歷，用一般過去式；再說was/were doingwhendid是一個(gè)固定句型，是一個(gè)固定句型，when后后面的句子的謂語用一般過去時(shí)，表示面的句子的謂語用一般過去時(shí)，表示“正在做正在做某事，就在這個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生了另一事某事，就在這個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生了另一事”.年份年份答案答案時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)(語態(tài)、語氣等語態(tài)、語氣等)備注備注2013 found一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)2012 had bought(與過去事實(shí)相反與過去事實(shí)相反)虛擬語氣虛擬語氣2011 was pretending 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)2010 presented一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)2009pushed一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)was informed(一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí))被動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)2008 results一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)2007 broke一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)考情分析考情分析由上表可知，除由上表可知，除2009年有兩小題外，年有兩小題外，其余每年一個(gè)小題；除其余每年一個(gè)小題；除2008年是現(xiàn)在時(shí)外，年是現(xiàn)在時(shí)外，其余為過去時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)其余為過去時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)4道，過去進(jìn)行道，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)1道，被動(dòng)語態(tài)道，被動(dòng)語態(tài)1道，虛擬語氣道，虛擬語氣1道。道。在語法填空中，一般有一空是考查謂語動(dòng)在語法填空中，一般有一空是考查謂語動(dòng)詞，同時(shí)有一空是考查非謂語動(dòng)詞，因此，首詞，同時(shí)有一空是考查非謂語動(dòng)詞，因此，首先要判斷括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞是謂語動(dòng)詞還是非謂先要判斷括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞是謂語動(dòng)詞還是非謂語動(dòng)詞；若是謂語動(dòng)詞，要考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語動(dòng)詞；若是謂語動(dòng)詞，要考慮時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣、主謂一致等四個(gè)方面。語氣、主謂一致等四個(gè)方面。其中時(shí)態(tài)的判斷其中時(shí)態(tài)的判斷主要有三條依據(jù)：主要有三條依據(jù)：(1)根據(jù)前后句的時(shí)態(tài)判斷；根據(jù)前后句的時(shí)態(tài)判斷；(2)根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語來判斷；根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語來判斷；解題技巧解題技巧(3)根據(jù)固定句式來判斷。如根據(jù)固定句式來判斷。如Hardly had sb. done whendid; was /were doing sth. whendid; its the first time when sb. has done等。等。一、時(shí)態(tài)一、時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)是英語謂語動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示動(dòng)時(shí)態(tài)是英語謂語動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài)。英語中的時(shí)態(tài)是通作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài)。英語中的時(shí)態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式本身的變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。英語中常用的過動(dòng)詞形式本身的變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。英語中常用的時(shí)態(tài)有時(shí)態(tài)有16種，但高考考試說明中規(guī)定要掌握的有種，但高考考試說明中規(guī)定要掌握的有十種：十種：考點(diǎn)歸納考點(diǎn)歸納10種時(shí)態(tài)種時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成構(gòu)成(以以do為例為例)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)do/does一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)did一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí)will/shall do過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)would do現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are doing過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were doing將來進(jìn)行時(shí)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shall be doing現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has done過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)had done現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/has been doing注：注：(1)表示將來還有多種形式：表示將來還有多種形式：be going to +動(dòng)詞原形。動(dòng)詞原形。be to+動(dòng)詞原形。動(dòng)詞原形。The book I edited is to appear soon. 我編的我編的那本書不久即將問世。那本書不久即將問世。be about to+動(dòng)詞原形。不能同表示時(shí)間動(dòng)詞原形。不能同表示時(shí)間的詞語連用，表示的詞語連用，表示“即將，就要即將，就要”。在飛機(jī)、火車等時(shí)刻表中規(guī)定的事情，在飛機(jī)、火車等時(shí)刻表中規(guī)定的事情，或在時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，要用一或在時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前關(guān)走前關(guān)燈。燈。The plane takes off at 9:30 and arrives in Shanghai at 10:20. 飛機(jī)九點(diǎn)半起飛，十點(diǎn)二十飛機(jī)九點(diǎn)半起飛，十點(diǎn)二十分抵達(dá)上海。分抵達(dá)上海。表示計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)，還常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將表示計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)，還常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來來, 此時(shí)一定要與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。此時(shí)一定要與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。They are having a party next week.下星期他們下星期他們將開一個(gè)晚會(huì)。將開一個(gè)晚會(huì)。(2)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與always，continually，constantly等連用，表示說話人的某種情感，如等連用，表示說話人的某種情感，如贊揚(yáng)，遺憾，討厭或不滿等。贊揚(yáng)，遺憾，討厭或不滿等。如：如：He is always helping others.他總是幫助別人。他總是幫助別人。(贊揚(yáng)贊揚(yáng))二、語態(tài)二、語態(tài)語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主語語態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語態(tài)；主語是動(dòng)作的接受是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者為主動(dòng)語態(tài)；主語是動(dòng)作的接受者為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由者為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞過去分詞”構(gòu)構(gòu)成，不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式由成，不同時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的形式由be來體現(xiàn)，請(qǐng)來體現(xiàn)，請(qǐng)看下表看下表(以以do為例為例)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are done一般過去時(shí)：一般過去時(shí)： was/were done一般將來時(shí)：一般將來時(shí)： shall/will be done過去將來時(shí)：過去將來時(shí)： should/would be done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： am/is/are being done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)： was/were being done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： has/ have been done過去完成時(shí)：過去完成時(shí)： had been done將來完成時(shí)：將來完成時(shí)： shall/ will have been done過去將來完成時(shí)：過去將來完成時(shí)： should/would have been done重點(diǎn)掌握一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般重點(diǎn)掌握一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，以及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，以及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：Something is learned every time a book is opened.開卷有益。開卷有益。Roman was not built in a day.偉業(yè)非一日偉業(yè)非一日之功。之功。三、語氣三、語氣語氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對(duì)語氣是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示說話人對(duì)某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。虛擬語氣表示某一行為或事情的看法和態(tài)度。虛擬語氣表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說話人動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，而是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等。(一一)用過去式表示的虛擬語氣用過去式表示的虛擬語氣1. if 引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句。引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句。虛擬條件句從句和主句的動(dòng)詞形式列表如虛擬條件句從句和主句的動(dòng)詞形式列表如下下:時(shí)間時(shí)間if從句從句主句主句對(duì)將來對(duì)將來did(were) /should do/were to dowould / could / might / should + do對(duì)現(xiàn)在對(duì)現(xiàn)在 did(were)對(duì)過去對(duì)過去 had done would / could / might/should + have done熟讀背誦以下例句，你就掌握了上表的構(gòu)熟讀背誦以下例句，你就掌握了上表的構(gòu)成形式：成形式：(1)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：If I were you, I would take his advice.如果我是你，我就采納如果我是你，我就采納他的建議。他的建議。(當(dāng)然，我不可能是你當(dāng)然，我不可能是你)(2)與過去事實(shí)相反：與過去事實(shí)相反：If I had taken his advice，I wouldnt have made so many mistakes. 如果我當(dāng)初采納了他的忠告，我就如果我當(dāng)初采納了他的忠告，我就不會(huì)犯這么多錯(cuò)誤。不會(huì)犯這么多錯(cuò)誤。(但我沒聽但我沒聽)(3)與將來事實(shí)相反與將來事實(shí)相反：If it rained / should rain / were to rain tomorrow, we wouldnt go there. 如果如果/萬一明天下雨，我們就不去那里。萬一明天下雨，我們就不去那里。(估計(jì)下雨的可能性不大估計(jì)下雨的可能性不大)注意注意:(1) 虛擬中的倒裝：虛擬中的倒裝：如果如果if從句中含從句中含were，had, should等，可將其置于句首，省略等，可將其置于句首，省略if。Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I would not have believed it. 要不是我親眼所見，我都不要不是我親眼所見，我都不會(huì)相信了。會(huì)相信了。(= If I had not seen it)(2)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句的虛擬語氣，錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句的虛擬語氣，即主句與即主句與從句的時(shí)態(tài)不一致。從句的時(shí)態(tài)不一致。If I had studied harder at school, I would have a better job now. 如果我上學(xué)時(shí)更努力，我如果我上學(xué)時(shí)更努力，我現(xiàn)在就會(huì)有份更好的工作了?，F(xiàn)在就會(huì)有份更好的工作了。(事實(shí)是現(xiàn)在的工事實(shí)是現(xiàn)在的工作不太好作不太好)(3) 含蓄虛擬：含蓄虛擬：如如without, but for, in the absence of (如果沒有如果沒有), or, otherwise代替代替if從句。從句。Without air, we couldnt live.沒有空氣，我沒有空氣，我們就不能生存。們就不能生存。Without your help, I couldnt have made such great progress.沒有你的幫助，我就不可能沒有你的幫助，我就不可能取得這么大的成績(jī)。取得這么大的成績(jī)。(4)兩個(gè)固定句型：兩個(gè)固定句型：if it were not for ; if it had not been for 若不是若不是If it hadnt been for your care，my grandma wouldnt have recovered so soon. 要不要不是有你的照顧，我奶奶就不會(huì)痊愈得這么快。是有你的照顧，我奶奶就不會(huì)痊愈得這么快。2. as if /或或as though后面的從句內(nèi)容與事實(shí)后面的從句內(nèi)容與事實(shí)不相符時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)往后退一步，即：表示現(xiàn)不相符時(shí)，從句時(shí)態(tài)往后退一步，即：表示現(xiàn)在在/將來用將來用were / did; 表示過去用表示過去用had done。He talks as if he knew everything in the world.他談起話來就好像世上的事全曉得。他談起話來就好像世上的事全曉得。3. would rather后面的句子，其謂語動(dòng)詞的后面的句子，其謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)往后退一步，即：表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)往后退一步，即：表示現(xiàn)在/將來用將來用were / did; 表示過去用表示過去用had done。I would rather you told me the truth. 我愿我愿意你跟我講真話。意你跟我講真話。I would rather he hadnt told me about it. 我寧愿他沒告訴我這事。我寧愿他沒告訴我這事。(but he had told me)4. wish / If only / What if從句中，對(duì)將來的從句中，對(duì)將來的虛擬用虛擬用“could / would + 動(dòng)詞原形動(dòng)詞原形”。對(duì)現(xiàn)在或。對(duì)現(xiàn)在或過去的虛擬時(shí)態(tài)往后各退一步。過去的虛擬時(shí)態(tài)往后各退一步。I wish she were not married. 我真希望她沒我真希望她沒結(jié)婚。結(jié)婚。I wish I hadnt wasted so much time. 但愿但愿我沒浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。我沒浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。If only I had listened to my parents! 我要我要是當(dāng)初聽了我父母的話就好了。是當(dāng)初聽了我父母的話就好了。(二二)用用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形表示的虛擬語氣動(dòng)詞原形表示的虛擬語氣1. 句型句型It is important / necessary / natural / strange / surprising /+ that It is important that he should develop good habits.養(yǎng)成良好習(xí)慣對(duì)他很重要。養(yǎng)成良好習(xí)慣對(duì)他很重要。2.表示表示“建議建議/要求要求/勸告勸告/命令命令”類詞，如類詞，如advise/ demand / desire / insist / order / propose / recommend / request / require / suggest / urge 等，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后的賓語從等，作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，其后的賓語從句中，或其名詞、形容詞、過去分詞等后的名句中，或其名詞、形容詞、過去分詞等后的名詞性從句中，從句動(dòng)詞用詞性從句中，從句動(dòng)詞用(should+)動(dòng)詞原形。動(dòng)詞原形。He insisted that he was not ill, but the doctor insisted that he should take the medicine.他堅(jiān)持說他沒有生病，但醫(yī)生卻堅(jiān)他堅(jiān)持說他沒有生病，但醫(yī)生卻堅(jiān)決要求他吃藥。決要求他吃藥。His face suggested that he was very tired, so I suggested that he should have a good rest. 他的臉色表明他很累了，因此我建議他好好休他的臉色表明他很累了，因此我建議他好好休息。息。注意：注意：當(dāng)當(dāng)suggest意為意為“表明，暗示表明，暗示”, insist為為“堅(jiān)持已發(fā)生或存在的事實(shí)堅(jiān)持已發(fā)生或存在的事實(shí)”時(shí)，要用時(shí)，要用陳述語氣，即實(shí)際時(shí)態(tài)。陳述語氣，即實(shí)際時(shí)態(tài)。(三三)用過去式或用過去式或should do表示的虛擬語氣表示的虛擬語氣句型句型It is (high) time (that)從句中，從句的從句中，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)(be用用were)或或should + 動(dòng)動(dòng)詞原形，詞原形，should不可以省略，意思是不可以省略，意思是“到了該到了該做做的時(shí)間了的時(shí)間了(言外之意是還未做言外之意是還未做)”。It is high time that we should take some measures to protect the environment.是該采取是該采取措施保護(hù)環(huán)境的時(shí)候了。措施保護(hù)環(huán)境的時(shí)候了。(四四)“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have done”表責(zé)備或后表責(zé)備或后悔的句型：悔的句型：1. ought to/ should have done 本應(yīng)該做本應(yīng)該做(實(shí)實(shí)際沒做際沒做)2. oughtnt to /shouldnt have done本不該做本不該做(實(shí)際做了實(shí)際做了)3. could / might have done 本可以做本可以做(實(shí)際未實(shí)際未做做)4. neednt have done 本沒必要做本沒必要做 (實(shí)際做了實(shí)際做了)You should have passed the exam, but you were not careful enough.你本該通過考試的，但你本該通過考試的，但你不夠細(xì)心。你不夠細(xì)心。You could have done better, but you didnt try your best.你本可以做得更好，但是你沒有盡你本可以做得更好，但是你沒有盡力。力。We need not have worried about the math exam. It was a piece of cake.我們本不必?fù)?dān)心這我們本不必?fù)?dān)心這次數(shù)學(xué)考試的，實(shí)際上很容易。次數(shù)學(xué)考試的，實(shí)際上很容易。(事實(shí)上考前非事實(shí)上考前非常擔(dān)心常擔(dān)心)四、主謂一致四、主謂一致在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動(dòng)詞在英語句子里，謂語受主語支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主必須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。大致可歸納以下三個(gè)原則。謂一致。大致可歸納以下三個(gè)原則。(一一)語法一致原則語法一致原則語法上一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在單、復(fù)語法上一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。數(shù)形式上保持一致。1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語、動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用動(dòng)名詞短語或從句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形單數(shù)形式；主語為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：式。如：(1)To study English well is not easy. (2)Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.(3)What he said is very important for us all. 2. 主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as， rather than， more than， no less than， besides， including等引起的短語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍等引起的短語，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。用單數(shù)形式；若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：如：Mr. Green， together with his wife and children，has come to China. 3. either， neither， each， every，none 或或no +單數(shù)名詞和由單數(shù)名詞和由some， any， no， every構(gòu)構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：None of them has been to America.4. 在定語從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞在定語從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that， who， which等作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先等作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：行詞的數(shù)一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard.5. 如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有謂語動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class，crowd， committee， population， audience等。如：等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.6. 由由“a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of， the majority of + 名詞名詞”構(gòu)成的短構(gòu)成的短語以及由語以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞名詞”構(gòu)成的短構(gòu)成的短語作主語，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中語作主語，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / The rest of the students like playing basketball. a number of“許多許多”，作定語修飾，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；the number of“的數(shù)量的數(shù)量”，主語是，主語是number，謂語，謂語用單數(shù)。用單數(shù)。7. 在倒裝句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的在倒裝句中，謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如：主語一致。如：There comes the bus.汽車汽車來了。來了。(二二)意義一致原則意義一致原則邏輯意義一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主邏輯意義一致就是謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語的意義一致語的意義一致(因有時(shí)主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義因有時(shí)主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù)為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù))。1. 若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如：數(shù)形式。如：“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.2. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞等詞作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：?jiǎn)螖?shù)。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.3. “定冠詞定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞形容詞或分詞”，表示，表示某一類人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：某一類人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The old are taken good care of.(三三)就近一致原則就近一致原則在英語句子中，有時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)在英語句子中，有時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。與最近的主語保持一致。 1 . 當(dāng) 兩 個(gè) 主 語 由當(dāng) 兩 個(gè) 主 語 由 e i t h e r o r ， neithernor， whetheror， not onlybut also連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語連接時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. Neither they nor he is right.2. there be句型句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語，則應(yīng)連接的兩個(gè)主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語保持一致。如：與靠近的那個(gè)主語保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room./ There is a teacher and more than 50 students in the classroom. 五、解法指導(dǎo)五、解法指導(dǎo)一般地，在語法填空中，如果括號(hào)給一般地，在語法填空中，如果括號(hào)給出的是動(dòng)詞，又在句中作謂語，我們就應(yīng)出的是動(dòng)詞，又在句中作謂語，我們就應(yīng)該從該從“時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)(主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)主動(dòng)和被動(dòng))、語氣、語氣、人稱與數(shù)人稱與數(shù)(重點(diǎn)注意第三人稱單數(shù)重點(diǎn)注意第三人稱單數(shù))”等方等方面來考慮。只有這樣才會(huì)考慮周到，才能面來考慮。只有這樣才會(huì)考慮周到，才能提高我們的做題正確率。同理，在寫作中提高我們的做題正確率。同理，在寫作中我們也應(yīng)該多加注意主謂一致性原則，力我們也應(yīng)該多加注意主謂一致性原則，力求寫出規(guī)范的文章來。求寫出規(guī)范的文章來。u一、單句填空一、單句填空 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1.(2014茂名二模茂名二模)The local elementary school had just let out and I found myself behind a school bus as I was driving home. The bus _ (stop) by a house sitting on top of a hill.stopped 本題講述的是一個(gè)過去事件，故用一本題講述的是一個(gè)過去事件，故用一般過去式，注意句中的般過去式，注意句中的by應(yīng)作應(yīng)作“在在旁邊旁邊”解，而不是引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。解，而不是引出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練 2.(2014廣州一模廣州一模)Together, those volunteers and the NECC students_ (work) to clear rubbish out of a three-story building.worked 根據(jù)語境，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)語境，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)態(tài)。 3.(2014佛山一模佛山一模)Finally, in 1903, the first engine-powered Wright Flyer_ (invent). was invented 第一架飛機(jī)被發(fā)明。第一架飛機(jī)被發(fā)明。 4.(2014茂名一模茂名一模)In the early years of 1980s, as the reform and opening-up policy_ (carry) out, my childhood dream came true. was carried 在在as引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中作謂語，因引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中作謂語，因“政策政策”與與“實(shí)行實(shí)行”是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，20世紀(jì)世紀(jì)80年年代顯然是過去，故用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。代顯然是過去，故用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 5.(2014深圳一模深圳一模)The boss asked how much per kg. Tom_ (shake) his head and went back to the market.shook 在主語在主語Tom后作謂語，由上下文的謂語后作謂語，由上下文的謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)可知，用一般過去時(shí)。動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)可知，用一般過去時(shí)。 6.(2014梅州一模梅州一模)Actually, “Chinglish” _(contribute) 5% to 20% of newly added English words since 1994. has contributed 根據(jù)上下文語境及此句中的時(shí)根據(jù)上下文語境及此句中的時(shí)間狀語間狀語since 1994可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?？芍矛F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 7.(2014惠州三?；葜萑?But just as they began to eat, they heard a great noise. The city mouse cried, “Run! Run! The cat_ (come)!” They ran away quickly and hid.is coming 這里用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來。這里用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來。 8.(2014江門一模江門一模)Martha Berry in her later years received many medals and honors for what she had done for the poor mountain children of Georgia, and in 1931 she_ (name) one of the most important women in the United States. was named 此處表示，在此處表示，在1931年他被認(rèn)為是美年他被認(rèn)為是美國最重要的女性之一，所以此空要用一般過去國最重要的女性之一，所以此空要用一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 9.(2014揭陽一模揭陽一模)When I saw a man sitting by himself waiting for the library to open, so I sat down next to him and_ (begin) a conversation. began 敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，用一般過去時(shí)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情，用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。態(tài)。 10.(2014韶關(guān)一模韶關(guān)一模)Most of these singers so far_ (see) music as a “job” because it is a good source of making money. have seen 根據(jù)根據(jù)so far可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可知用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。態(tài)。 11.(2013廣州一模廣州一模)On International Childrens Day, some orphans(IRJL) from the Wuhan Welfare Institute for Children _ (take) to the park.were taken 此句缺謂語此句缺謂語, 故要考慮時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)故要考慮時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài),根據(jù)前后的時(shí)態(tài)，此空要用過去式，又因根據(jù)前后的時(shí)態(tài)，此空要用過去式，又因some orphans與與take是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要填過去時(shí)態(tài)的是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要填過去時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 12.(2013廣州二模廣州二模)It was my first trip to India alone. One day, as I _ (walk) through a local market, a ten-year-old boy came over and begged me to buy a book.was walking 根據(jù)時(shí)間根據(jù)時(shí)間One day 和后面的時(shí)態(tài)提和后面的時(shí)態(tài)提示，這里應(yīng)填與過去相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)，再根據(jù)示，這里應(yīng)填與過去相關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)，再根據(jù)as引引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，這里應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，這里應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示在過去某一時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的事。示在過去某一時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的事。 13.(2013佛山一模佛山一模)Ma knows all the dogs names, and when she calls ones name, the dog instantly knows she _ (refer) to it.is referring 根據(jù)根據(jù)when she calls ones name，此處要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正發(fā)生在她叫此處要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作正發(fā)生在她叫一條狗名字的時(shí)候。一條狗名字的時(shí)候。 14.(2013湖南湖南)Around two oclock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat _ (bother) us.bothers 由由every night可知，用一般現(xiàn)在可知，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。其中時(shí)。其中will start也是表示一種習(xí)慣。也是表示一種習(xí)慣。 15.(2013重慶重慶)I felt very tired when I got home, and I_ (go) straight to bed.went 由由and可知，可知，go應(yīng)與應(yīng)與felt的時(shí)態(tài)一的時(shí)態(tài)一致，故也用一般過去時(shí)。致，故也用一般過去時(shí)。 16.(2013湖南，湖南，22)“What do you want to be?” asked Mrs. Crawford. “Oh, I _(be) president,” said the boy, with a smile.will be 由前面的問句由前面的問句“你想當(dāng)什么？你想當(dāng)什么？”可知，可知，是指將來，故用一般將來時(shí)。是指將來，故用一般將來時(shí)。 17.(2013課標(biāo)課標(biāo))When I first met Bryan I didnt like him, but I_ (change) my mind. have changed 表示我表示我“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)改變現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)改變了了”，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 18.(2013浙江浙江)During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs_ (increase) sharply.has increased 因因the number of people與與increase是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用主動(dòng)語態(tài)；由是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用主動(dòng)語態(tài)；由During the last three decades可知，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)?？芍?，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 19.(2013遼寧遼寧)He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he_ (have) it for a very long time. had had 從頭句可知，吉他已賣了，這里是指從頭句可知，吉他已賣了，這里是指他從買來那天起一直到賣掉為止有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)他從買來那天起一直到賣掉為止有很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間了，即從過去某時(shí)開始一直延續(xù)到另一過去間了，即從過去某時(shí)開始一直延續(xù)到另一過去時(shí)間，要用過去完成時(shí)。時(shí)間，要用過去完成時(shí)。 20.(2013四川四川)Hurry up, kids! The school bus _ (wait) for us!is waiting 由由Hurry up, kids!可知，校車可知，校車“正在等正在等”我們，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。我們，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 21.(2013陜西陜西)Jim _ (watch) a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.was watching 這是固定句型這是固定句型was /were doing whendid表示表示“正在做某事突然又發(fā)生另一正在做某事突然又發(fā)生另一事事”，故用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。句意為：吉姆正在家，故用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。句意為：吉姆正在家看一部午夜電影，正到驚險(xiǎn)一幕時(shí)，影像突然看一部午夜電影，正到驚險(xiǎn)一幕時(shí)，影像突然一片空白。一片空白。 22.(20123安徽，安徽，24)Im calling about the apartment you_ (advertise) the other day. Could you tell me more about it?advertised 由由the other say (前幾天前幾天)可知，用一可知，用一般過去時(shí)。意為般過去時(shí)。意為“我打電話來是想詢問有關(guān)你我打電話來是想詢問有關(guān)你早幾天登了廣告的公寓的情況早幾天登了廣告的公寓的情況”。 23.(2013陜西陜西)On Monday mornings it usually _ (take) me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles .takes 由由On Monday mornings和和usually可知，可知，是每逢星期一早上經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事，要用一般是每逢星期一早上經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)?，F(xiàn)在時(shí)。 24.(2013湖南，湖南，26)If nothing _ (do), the oceans will turn into fish deserts.is done 因主句用一般將來時(shí)，條件句應(yīng)用一般因主句用一般將來時(shí)，條件句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又由現(xiàn)在時(shí)，又由nothing與與do是被動(dòng)關(guān)系可知要用是被動(dòng)關(guān)系可知要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。被動(dòng)語態(tài)，故用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 25.(2013北京北京,23)Shakespeares play Hamlet _ (make) into at least ten different films over the past years.has been made 因因Hamlet與與make是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；由時(shí)間狀語要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)；由時(shí)間狀語over the past years可知，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被可知，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。動(dòng)語態(tài)。 26.(2013北京北京)If we_ (book) a table earlier, we wouldnt be standing here in a queue.had booked 條件句是表示與過去事實(shí)相反的條件句是表示與過去事實(shí)相反的情況，主句是與現(xiàn)在情況相反。意為：如果我情況，主句是與現(xiàn)在情況相反。意為：如果我們?cè)琰c(diǎn)預(yù)訂的話，現(xiàn)在就不用在這排隊(duì)了。們?cè)琰c(diǎn)預(yù)訂的話，現(xiàn)在就不用在這排隊(duì)了。 27.(2013天津天津)If he had spent more time practicing speaking English before, he_ (be) able to speak it much better now.would be 條件句是與過去事實(shí)相反，但主語是條件句是與過去事實(shí)相反，但主語是與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。 28.(2013重慶重慶)It rained cats and dogs this morning. Im glad we took an umbrella. Yeah, we would have got wet all over if we _ (not take) one.hadnt taken 意思是意思是“如果我們沒有帶傘如果我們沒有帶傘”，與過去事實(shí)相反。與過去事實(shí)相反。 29.(2013浙江浙江)Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam_ (be) at the age of six months old.(should) be 由表示由表示“建議，勸告建議，勸告”的的recommend可知，其后的從句用可知，其后的從句用(should+)動(dòng)動(dòng)詞原形。詞原形。 30.(2013江蘇江蘇)I should not have laughed if I _ (think) you were serious.had thought 與過去事實(shí)相反，句意：如果我當(dāng)與過去事實(shí)相反，句意：如果我當(dāng)時(shí)想到你是嚴(yán)肅的，我就不該笑了。時(shí)想到你是嚴(yán)肅的，我就不該笑了。 31.(2013陜西陜西)My mom suggests that we_ (eat) out for a change this weekend.(should) eat 因因suggest作作“建議建議”解時(shí)，其后的解時(shí)，其后的從句，謂語動(dòng)詞用從句，謂語動(dòng)詞用(should +)動(dòng)詞原形。動(dòng)詞原形。 32.(2013福建福建)The famous musician, as well as his students, _ (invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.was invited 主語是主語是The famous musician，是第，是第三人稱單數(shù)，它與三人稱單數(shù)，它與invite是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，要用被是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。動(dòng)語態(tài)。 33.(2013湖南湖南)The university estimates that living expenses for international students _(be) around 8,450 a year, which _ (is) a burden for some of them.are, is 前空主語是前空主語是living expenses，是復(fù)數(shù)；第，是復(fù)數(shù)；第二空的主語二空的主語which是指前面的前句話的內(nèi)容，是指前面的前句話的內(nèi)容，用第三人稱單數(shù)。用第三人稱單數(shù)。 34.(2013江蘇江蘇)Generally, students inner motivation with high expectation from others _ (be) essential to their development.is 主語是主語是students inner motivation，第三人，第三人稱單數(shù)。大意是：一般說來，別人的高期望給稱單數(shù)。大意是：一般說來，別人的高期望給學(xué)生的內(nèi)驅(qū)力對(duì)他們的發(fā)展非常重要。學(xué)生的內(nèi)驅(qū)力對(duì)他們的發(fā)展非常重要。u二、語篇填空二、語篇填空 閱讀下面短文，用括號(hào)中動(dòng)閱讀下面短文，用括號(hào)中動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。詞的正確形式填空。u How have you managed not to take a drink for almost 20 years? It 1. _(take) me almost 20 years to have the courage to even ask my father this very personal question. When Dad first quit drinking, the whole family was on pins and needles every time he got into a situation that, in the past,2. _(start)took would have started him drinking again. For a few years we were afraid to bring it up for fear the drinking 3. _(begin) again. “I had this little poem that I would recite to myself at least four to five times a day,” was Dads reply to my 18-year-old unasked question. And then he 4. _ (share) the poem with me. would begin shared About a month after this talk with my father, when I 5. _ (have) a rest, I received a gift in the mail from a friend of mine. It was a book of daily affirmations with one affirmation listed for each day of the year. It 6. _(be) my experience that when you 7. _(get) something with days of the year on it, you 8. _(