【病毒外文文獻(xiàn)】2019 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in non-camelid domestic mammals

Full Terms b Nature Link Sfax Tunisia c Institute of Medical Virology Justus Liebig University Giessen Giessen Germany d St Jude Children s Research Hospital Memphis TN USA e School of Public Health University of Hong Kong Sandy Bay Hong Kong f General Organizations of Veterinary Services Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Giza Egypt g Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases Giza Egypt h Human Link Baabda Lebanon i University of Texas Health Sciences Center Houston TX USA ABSTRACT Dromedary camels are natural host of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV However there are limited studies of MERS CoV infection of other domestic mammals exposed to infected dromedaries We expanded our surveillance among camels in Egypt Tunisia and Senegal to include other domestic mammalian species in contact with infected camels A total of 820 sera and 823 nasal swabs from cattle sheep goats donkeys bu aloes mules and horses were collected Swabs were tested using RT PCR and virus RNA positive samples were genetically sequenced and phylogenetically analysed Sera were screened using virus microneutralization tests and positive sera where available were con rmed using plaque reduction neutralization tests PRNT We detected 90 PRNT con rmed MERS CoV antibody in 35 55 6 of 63 sera from sheep collected from Senegal two sheep 1 8 of 114 in Tunisia and a goat 0 9 of 107 in Egypt with titres ranging from 1 80 to 1 320 We detected MERS CoV RNA in swabs from three sheep 1 2 of 254 and ve goats 4 1 of 121 from Egypt and Senegal as well as one cow 1 9 of 53 and three donkeys 7 1 of 42 from Egypt Partial sequences of the RT PCR amplicons con rmed speci city of the results This study showed that domestic livestock in contact with MERS CoV infected camels may be at risk of infection We recommend expanding current MERS CoV surveillance in animals to include other livestock in close contact with dromedary camels The segregation of camels from other livestock in farms and live animal markets may need to be considered ARTICLE HISTORY Received 17 October 2018 Revised 26 November 2018 Accepted 3 December 2018 KEYWORDS MERS CoV surveillance serology Egypt Tunisia Senegal sheep Introduction The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS is caused by a beta coronavirus CoV rst detected in a Saudi male in 2012 1 Since then the World Health Organization WHO has recorded 2260 laboratory con rmed cases at least 803 of these being fatal 2 Surveys of camels in the Middle East and Africa showed that they are a natural host of MERS CoV 2 3 and they are a source of human infection 4 Host speci city of MERS CoV is determined by the presence of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 DPP4 recep tors expressed on cell surfaces DPP4 was found to be a functional receptor for the receptor binding S1 domain RBD of the MERS CoV spike protein 5 6 There is limited data on the susceptibility of other livestock in close contact with camels to MERS CoV infection A survey of goats camels and sheep from Jordan showed no evidence of infection 7 Surveys on horses in the United Arab Emirates Saudi Arabia and Oman did not provide conclusive evidence of infection 8 9 We expanded our MERS CoV surveillance pro gramme in Egypt Tunisia and Senegal to include other domestic livestock in contact with camels Results We carried out 17 sampling visits to mixed farms or herds where camels and other livestock were raised in Senegal and Egypt and a livestock market in Tunisia 2019 The Author s Published by Informa UK Limited trading as Taylor Ghazi Kayali ghazi human link org Human Link Camelia II Building Said Freiha Street Hazmieh 1003 Baabda Lebanon Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at https doi org 10 1080 22221751 2018 1560235 Emerging Microbes in 35 55 6 of 63 sheep sampled in Senegal one of 107 goats sampled in Egypt and two of 114 sheep sampled in Tunisia Table 1 The PRNT90 anti body titres of these positive sera ranged from 1 80 to 1 360 Sera positive for MERS CoV antibodies 37 sheep sera from Senegal one sheep from Tunisia and one goat from Egypt with antibody titres ranging from 1 20 to 1 320 were selected for testing by micro neutralization tests for bovine coronavirus BCoV Ten of the MERS CoV antibody positive sheep sera from Senegal and the sheep serum from Tunisia had no detectable antibody to bovine coronavirus Even those sera with antibody to bovine coronavirus had antibody titre that were lower than that observed for MERS CoV Table S1 MERS CoV RNA was detected in 12 of 823 swabs collected from sheep goats cattle bu alo horses don keys and mules Table 1 virus RNA being detected in three sheep ve goats three donkeys and one cow from Egypt or Senegal All animals were adults except for 1 juvenile goat and another juvenile donkey All swabs that tested positive by upE rtRTPCR had CT values 38 indicating low virus load and were con rmed by at least one additional RT PCR assay targeting the ORF1a N or S genes Table 2 Four of these upE rtRT PCR positive samples were ORF1a rtRTPCR positive while the others were con rmed by N or S RBD gene RT PCR assays Five samples were also con rmed by sequencing the RBD region of the spike gene The host species of each MERS CoV positive sample were con rmed by DNA barcod ing to exclude possibility of mix up of camel swabs with those of other domestic livestock Those RT PCR posi tive animals were MERS CoV seronegative None of the swabs collected from sheep or goats in Tunisia was rtRT PCR positive In order to provide additional con rmation of the speci city of the rtRT PCR positive results for MERS CoV RNA the region of the RT PCR ampli ed spike RBD domain was sequenced Sequence alignment of positive Egyptian samples from goats cattle and don keys collected in 2015 or 2016 against the rst human MERS isolate EMC 2012 which was used as the posi tive control in RT PCR revealed a point mutation A431 T in the S RBD gene Figure S1 This sequence heterogeneity reduces the possibility of PCR contami nation as an explanation for RT PCR positivity Alignment of the DPP4 sequences of various dom estic mammalian species revealed that DPP4 residues Table 1 RNA detection in nasal swabs and sera tested for MERS CoV antibodies by microneutralization VMN and con rmed by 90 plaque reduction neutralization PRNT90 in samples obtained from domestic mammals in contact with camels in Egypt and Tunisia Species Number of nasal swabs MERS CoV positive Serum samples tested by VMN VMN positive Serum samples Tested by PRNT PRNT positive Egypt Sheep 191 2 195 1 0 Goats 112 4 107 3 3 1 Cattle 53 1 52 4 1 0 Horse 6 0 6 0 Donkey 42 3 41 3 3 0 Bu alo 5 0 5 0 Tunisia Sheep 114 0 114 3 3 2 Goats 204 0 204 5 3 0 Cattle 15 0 15 0 Horse 2 0 2 1 0 Donkey 2 0 2 0 Mule 5 0 5 0 Senegal Sheep 63 1 63 35 35 35 Goats 9 1 9 1 1 0 Table 2 Detection of MERS CoV RNA in nasal swabs in Egypt Sample upE Orf1a Nseq S RBD MERS CoV donkey Egypt 2213 2015 Pos Neg Neg Pos MERS CoV donkey Egypt 3933 2016 Pos Neg Neg Pos MERS CoV donkey Egypt 3976 2016 Pos Pos ND ND MERS CoV cattle Egypt 2257 2015 Pos Neg Neg Pos MERS CoV sheep Egypt 3838 2016 Pos Pos Pos ND MERS CoV sheep Egypt 3853 2016 Pos Pos Pos ND MERS CoV goat Egypt 2284 2015 Pos Neg Neg Pos MERS CoV goat Egypt 3850 2016 Pos Neg Neg Pos MERS CoV goat Egypt 3893 2016 Pos Neg Neg Pos MERS CoV goat Egypt 3975 2016 Pos Pos ND ND MERS CoV sheep Senegal M46 2017 Pos Neg Pos Neg MERS CoV goat Senegal M178 2017 Pos Pos Neg Pos Note upE positive samples were con rmed by at least another assay target ing the Orf1a N or S RBD genes ND Not done 104 A Kandeil et al interacting with the MERS CoV spike RBD were iden tical in camel sheep and goat Figure S2 Equine DPP4 had two amino acid mutations at positions 288 V288T and 289 P289A Discussion MERS CoV is a zoonotic virus and dromedary camels are a source of human infection 10 While there have been some surveillances of other domestic livestock species during the initial search for the natural host of MERS CoV in 2013 14 there is a paucity of a sys tematic investigation of livestock in close proximity to infected dromedaries We have previously reported a seropositive sheep raised in contact with camels in Egypt 11 However surveillance in mammals in an area where MERS CoV infected camels in Jordan yielded negative results 7 MERS CoV infection was not detected in equids from the United Arab Emirates where camel and human infection were previously reported 9 Although a study of horses in Saudi Ara bia found no convincing evidence of MERS CoV infec tion in these horses one of 243 equine sera had a PRNT90 titre of 1 40 8 In this paper we provide the rst convincing evi dence of naturally acquired MERS CoV infection in sheep raised in prolonged close proximity with dro medary camels in Senegal with a PRNT90 seropreva lence of 55 6 with PRNT90 antibody titres ranging from 1 80 to 1 320 Evidence of PRNT90 antibody was also found in 2 of 114 sheep sera collected from Tunisia and 1 of 112 goats in Egypt Since not all VMN positive sera from Egypt had su cient serum to be tested in the con rmatory PRNT90 assay we may have under estimated the true sero prevalence in livestock sampled in Egypt The serological testing for MERS CoV was carried out using a virus isolated in Egypt camel Egypt 163 14 for the MN test and pro totype strain EMC for the PRNT test We have pre viously shown that MERS CoV from East West and North Africa are antigenically indistinguishable from those in the Arabian Peninsula and prototype strain EMC 12 We have previously shown that antisera to closely related betacoronaviruses such as bovine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus or SARS coronavirus do not cross react with MERS CoV in neutralization tests 13 Nevertheless because BCoV is a betacoronavirus known to be endemic in ruminants including sheep we tested for VMN antibody to BCoV in selected MERS CoV antibody positive sheep sera 14 Our data suggest that cross reactive BCoV antibody does not explain the observed antibody titres to MERS CoV The possibility of a hitherto undiscovered coronavirus cross reacting with MERS CoV cannot however be excluded Our ndings may be evidence of repeated cross species transfer of MERS CoV from dromedaries to sheep rather than natural self sustained trans mission between sheep We detected MERS CoV RNA by rtRT PCR in sheep goats and donkeys in farms in Egypt and in a sheep and goat in nomadic herds in Senegal all of these animals being in close contact with dromedaries These animals were sero negative as expected as sero logical responses only appear 2 3 weeks after infection by which time virus RNA will usually be undetectable The rtRT PCR positive animals were asymptomatic as is the case for camels infected with MERS CoV The identity of the host species of the swabs positive for virus RNA was additionally con rmed by DNA bar coding in order to assure that no mix up with camel swabs had occurred during sampling or sample hand ling Finding MERS CoV RNA in upper respiratory tract swabs may simply represent exposure and environmental contamination from infected camels or environments contaminated with camel excretions rather than convincing evidence of active infection In contrast evidence of MERS CoV neutralizing anti body implies evidence of active infection by MERS CoV or a closely related virus Attempts to culture the viruses detected in the study or to obtain full gen ome sequences were not successful hence limiting our ability to further verify the ndings of this study It is important to note that this evidence comes from countries where human infection with MERS CoV was never reported locally and that evidence of MERS CoV infection in non camelid mammals was never reported in countries where human infections are common MERS CoV was detected in species that express DPP4 receptor essential for MERS CoV attachment and internalization into mammalian cells 6 and the DPP4 sequences of those species were similar to that found in camels especially in regions where interaction with the MERS CooV spike protein RBD occurs Two mutations were detected in the horse DPP4 sequences Interestingly all sequences of MERS CoV obtained from the domestic livestock in contact with camels in Egypt possessed mutation A431T in the S gene RBD that was also detected in a sequence from a con tact camel Experimental inoculation of sheep and horses with the rst prototype isolate of MERS CoV HCoV EMC 2012 showed no infection despite that the same virus was able to infect pigs and llamas 15 16 This may be due to the absence of the A431T mutation in the virus used in those studies This mutation may be a key to enabling MERS CoV infection in non camelid domestic species and this requires further study Future experimental infections of livestock need to be conducted also using MERS CoV of African origin In summary we provide evidence of MERS CoV or a very closely related virus infection of domestic live stock other than camels in close contact with camels Emerging Microbes 367 1814 1820 doi 10 1056 NEJMoa1211721 2 WHO Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV 2017 Available from http www who int emergencies mers cov en 3 Shehata MM Chu DKW Gomaa MR et al Surveillance for coronaviruses in Bats Lebanon and Egypt 2013 2015 Emerg Infect Dis 2016 22 148 150 doi 10 3201 eid2201 151397 4 Memish ZA Cotten M Meyer B et al Human infec tion with MERS coronavirus after exposure to infected camels Saudi Arabia 2013 Emerg Infect Dis 2014 20 1012 1015 doi 10 3201 eid2006 140402 5 Raj VS Mou H Smits SL et al Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coro navirus EMC Nature 2013 495 251 254 doi http nature12005 html supplementary information 6 van Doremalen N Miazgowicz KL Milne Price S et al Host species restriction of Middle East respiratory syn drome coronavirus through its receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 J Virol 2014 88 9220 9232 doi 10 1128 JVI 00676 14 7 Reusken CB Ababneh M Raj V et al Middle east res piratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV serology in major livestock species in an a ected region in Jordan June to September 2013 Euro Surveill 2013 18 20662 8 Hemida MG Chu DKW Perera RAPM et al Coronavirus infections in horses in Saudi Arabia and Oman Transbound Emerg Dis 2017 64 2093 2103 doi 10 1111 tbed 12630 9 Meyer B Garc a Bocanegra I Wernery U et al Serologic assessment of possibility for MERS CoV infection in equids Emerg Infect Dis 2015 21 181 182 doi 10 3201 eid2101 141342 10 Shehata MM Gomaa MR Ali MA et al Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus a comprehensive review Front Med 2016 10 120 136 doi 10 1007 s11684 016 0430 6 11 Ali M et al Cross sectional surveillance of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus MERS CoV in dromedary camels and other mammals in Egypt August 2015 to January 2016 Euro Surveill 2017 22 doi 10 2807 1560 7917 ES 2017 22 11 30487 Emerging Microbes 115 2144 2149 13 Hemida MG Perera RA Al Jassim RA et al Seroepidemiology of Middle East respiratory syn drome MERS coronavirus in Saudi Arabia 1993 and Australia 2014 and characterisation of assay speci city Euro Surveill 2014 19 14 Traven M Carlsson U Lunden A et al Serum anti bodies to bovine coronavirus in Swedish sheep Acta Vet Scand 1999 40 69 74 15 de Wit E Feldmann F Horne E et al Domestic pig unlikely reservoir for MERS CoV Emerg Infect Dis 2017 23 doi 10 3201 eid2306 170096 16 Vergara Alert J van den Brand JMA Widagdo W et al Livestock susceptibility to infection with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus Emerg Infect Dis 2017 23 232 240 doi 10 3201 eid2302 161239 17 Corman VM M ller MA Costabel U et al Assays for laboratory con rmation of novel human coronavirus hCoV EMC infections Euro Surveillance Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles European Communicable Disease Bulletin 2012 17 18 WHO Laboratory Testing for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2013 available from www who int csr disease coronavirus infections MERS Lab recos 16 Sept 2013 pdf ua 1 19 Tamura K Stecher G Peterson D et al MEGA6 mol ecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6 0 Mol Biol Evol 2013 30 2725 2729 doi 10 1093 molbev mst197 20 Hall TA Bioedit a user friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis for Windows 95 98 NT Nucleic Acids Symp 1999 41 95 98 21 Park WB Perera RAPM Choe PG et al Kinetics of serologic responses to MERS coronavirus infection in Humans South Korea Emerg Infect Dis 2015 21 2186 2189 doi 10 3201 eid2112 151421 22 Townzen JS Brower AV Judd DD Identi cation of mosquito bloodmeals using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b gene sequences Med Vet Entomol 2008 22 386 393 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2915 2008 00760 x 108 A Kandeil et al