動(dòng)詞的各種形式和分類.doc

動(dòng)詞的各種形式和分類復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)闡述動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象較為復(fù)雜，難度較大，是中考中重點(diǎn)考查的知識(shí)之一，了解動(dòng)詞的各種形式以及動(dòng)詞的分類，特別是注意動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法意義，不同的詞形和固定搭配用法是非常重要的，可以說(shuō)英語(yǔ)是由許許多多的搭配用法而組成的。今天我們這個(gè)專題中將復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞的各種形式和分類。通過(guò)這種復(fù)習(xí)，使同學(xué)們明白在初中階段動(dòng)詞的用法的原因。我們主要復(fù)習(xí)歸納以下的內(nèi)容：1動(dòng)詞的各種形式；2動(dòng)詞的種類（1）實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（2）聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞（3）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞3動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)一、動(dòng)詞的各種形式英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有五種基本形式，即動(dòng)詞原形、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)、過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的五種形式如下表所示(以動(dòng)詞walk，like，stop，play為例)：原形第三人稱單數(shù)過(guò)去式過(guò)去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞walkwalkswalkedwalkedwalkinglikelikeslikedlikedlikingstopstopsstoppedstoppedstoppingplayplaysplayedplayedplaying1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)的構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下表所示：2規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式、過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成如下表所示：特別提示：travel的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞英國(guó)寫法為travelled，travelled，而美國(guó)寫法為traveled，traveled。在英語(yǔ)中這樣的動(dòng)詞還有quarrel等。發(fā)音規(guī)則：動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)的發(fā)音規(guī)律與名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式發(fā)音規(guī)律是一致的。動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞發(fā)音規(guī)律為：現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成如下表所示：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在分詞一般情況下直接加-ingask，study，standasking，studying，standing以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去掉e再加-ingcome，take，write，becomecoming，taking，writing，becoming以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，要雙寫輔音字母再加-ingsit，begin，run，stopsitting，beginning，running，stopping少數(shù)以ie結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先變ie為y，再加-ingdie，lie，tiedying，lying，tying以oe，ee，ye結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加-ingsee，agreeseeing，agreeing常用必背：在變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)須雙寫最后一個(gè)字母的常用動(dòng)詞有：begin 開(kāi)始cut 切割dig 挖drop 掉 forget 忘記get 使、得到hit 擊中l(wèi)et 讓 prefer 更喜歡put 放run 跑sit 坐shop 買東西stop 停止swim 游泳refer 參考以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，去掉y加-ies變?yōu)榈谌朔Q單數(shù)形式，加-ied變?yōu)檫^(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞的常用動(dòng)詞有：carry攜帶copy抄cry哭fry油煎hurry快走spy偵探study學(xué)習(xí)try試 tidy整理worry擔(dān)憂二、動(dòng)詞的種類根據(jù)不同的分類方式，動(dòng)詞可分為不同的類型。根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的句法功能可以將動(dòng)詞分為狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞；根據(jù)意義可將動(dòng)詞分為限定動(dòng)詞和非限定動(dòng)詞兩種。具體分類如下表所示：根據(jù)句法功能分類限定動(dòng)詞(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)主動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞laugh連系動(dòng)詞be，become，turn，get助動(dòng)詞基本助動(dòng)詞be，do，have，will情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can，may，must非限定動(dòng)詞(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)不定式to write，to walk，to laughv.-ing形式writing，walking，laughingv.-ed形式written，walked，laughed根據(jù)詞匯意義分類狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞狀態(tài)詞be，love，have，remain，keep儀態(tài)詞stand，lie，sit動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞live，work，walk，stay，study終止性動(dòng)詞die，finish，leave，come，go，run1實(shí)義動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞是指具有完整意義，可以單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，主要表示主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)和品質(zhì)。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也可與助動(dòng)詞相結(jié)合表示更加復(fù)雜的動(dòng)詞意義。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞主要包括及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩類。（1）不及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞指的是后面不能跟賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。在英語(yǔ)中大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞既可作及物動(dòng)詞，又可作不及物動(dòng)詞。純不及物動(dòng)詞很少。常見(jiàn)的不及物動(dòng)詞有：apologize道歉 appear出現(xiàn) arrive到達(dá)come來(lái)go去 run跑walk走die死fall掉flow流淌happen發(fā)生 rise升起、站起stay呆、留sit坐lie躺stand站 cry哭swim游泳e.g.Lets go. 我們走吧！ （2）及物動(dòng)詞能跟賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞稱為及物動(dòng)詞?？煞譃楦鷨钨e語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞、跟雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞、跟復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的及物動(dòng)詞等。常見(jiàn)的只跟單賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞accept接受 borrow借bury埋cover覆蓋defeat挫敗discover發(fā)現(xiàn)enjoy喜歡excite使激動(dòng)interest使感興趣please使高興 put放 worry擔(dān)心surprise使涼訝 forget忘記guess猜測(cè)love熱愛(ài)use運(yùn)用e.g.Dont forget to wake me up at six tomorrow morning.別忘了明天早晨六點(diǎn)叫醒我。You can borrow one book at a time from the library.在圖書館一次只能借一本書。常見(jiàn)的跟雙賓語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞A指人的間接賓語(yǔ)在指物的直接賓語(yǔ)后面需加to的動(dòng)詞：bring帶來(lái)give給hand遞pass遞 pay付款post寄promise答應(yīng)read讀 return返還sell賣show表現(xiàn)teach教tell告訴wish祝愿offer提供e.g.I returned him the storybook.(可變?yōu)镮 returned the storybook to him.)我已把故事書還給他了。B指人的間接賓語(yǔ)在指物的直接賓語(yǔ)后需加for的動(dòng)詞：buy買choose選擇draw畫find發(fā)現(xiàn) keep保持make使order點(diǎn)菜paint油漆save救護(hù)e.g.Ill find you another chance.(可變?yōu)镮ll find another chance for you.)我會(huì)再給你找機(jī)會(huì)的。C指人的間接賓語(yǔ)在指物的直接賓語(yǔ)后既可加to也可加for的動(dòng)詞：do做play表演 read讀get得到sing唱歌bring帶來(lái)e.g.Ill get you some tea.(可變?yōu)镮ll get some tea to/for you.)我給你取些茶。常見(jiàn)的跟賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞A可跟形容詞或形容詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：believe相信drive驅(qū)趕；使find發(fā)現(xiàn)get使keep使保持leave留下make使push推set使 consider認(rèn)為cut切dye染declare宣布imagine想象judge判斷paint漆e.g.We all believe him honest and kind.我們都相信他誠(chéng)實(shí)、善良。注意：這類動(dòng)詞只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)意義上不完整，賓語(yǔ)后必須再加上一個(gè)成分(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))，其意義方可完整。B可跟名詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：call叫name命名make使變?yōu)閣ish祝愿consider認(rèn)為find找到keep使choose選擇elect選舉e.g.We consider him a strange person.我們認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)奇怪的人。C可跟帶to不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：advise建議 allow允許ask要求expect期望 invite邀請(qǐng)get使order命令tell告訴teach教wish希望 warn警告e.g.Mother often tells me to make friends carefully.媽媽經(jīng)常告誡我交朋友要小心。D可跟“to be+名詞或形容詞作賓補(bǔ)”的動(dòng)詞有：believe 認(rèn)為consider認(rèn)為feel 感覺(jué) find發(fā)現(xiàn)imagine 想象know知道suppose 猜測(cè)understand理解prove 證明declare宣布e.g.I believe what you said to be true.我相信你所說(shuō)的是真的。注意：這些結(jié)構(gòu)中的to be也可省略。E可跟不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：have使make使let讓 see看見(jiàn)notice注意feel感覺(jué)watch注意看look at看listen to聽(tīng)observe觀察discover發(fā)現(xiàn)注意：我們通常給學(xué)生講的原則是記住這些詞后加動(dòng)詞原形。e.g.What made you think of that?什么使你想起那件事的?Paul doesnt have to be made to learn.保羅不必被逼著學(xué)習(xí)。F可用-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：see看見(jiàn)hear聽(tīng)見(jiàn)keep使catch抓住find發(fā)現(xiàn)have讓watch注意看smell聞到look at看listen to聽(tīng)observe觀察discover發(fā)現(xiàn)get使have使e.g.Can you hear someone playing the piano next door?你能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)隔壁有人彈鋼琴嗎?(v.-ing形式作賓補(bǔ))The boy was last seen playing by the riverside.(v.-ing形式作主補(bǔ))人們最后一次看見(jiàn)這小男孩時(shí)他在河邊玩耍。G可跟-ed形式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：have使get使make使find發(fā)現(xiàn)feel感覺(jué) see看見(jiàn)hear聽(tīng)見(jiàn)think認(rèn)為watch注意看e.g.I couldnt make myself heard by all the listeners.我無(wú)法使所有聽(tīng)眾都能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)我。H可跟as/for等引起的介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：regard 看做 consider認(rèn)為choose選為use 當(dāng)作用keep把當(dāng)作e.g.You can keep this book as your own.你可以留著這本書自己用。She is considered as the best dancer.她被認(rèn)為是最好的舞蹈演員。I可跟副詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：ask叫、讓get使find發(fā)現(xiàn)let讓drive開(kāi)車送show領(lǐng)see看見(jiàn)invite邀請(qǐng)order命令e.g.Can I ask Bob in?我可以讓鮑勃進(jìn)來(lái)嗎?Show the visitor in, please.請(qǐng)把客人帶進(jìn)來(lái)。J可跟介詞短語(yǔ)作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：have使get使make使find發(fā)現(xiàn)feel感覺(jué)see看見(jiàn)hear聽(tīng)見(jiàn)notice注意到keep保持e.g.Dont have children at home all day. Give them time to play outdoors.不要讓孩子老呆在家里，給他們出外玩耍的時(shí)間。Keep all these books on the shelf and take them when necessary.把所有的書放在書架上，用時(shí)隨時(shí)拿。2連系動(dòng)詞連接主語(yǔ)和表示主語(yǔ)身份、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞稱為連系動(dòng)詞。表狀態(tài)的連系動(dòng)詞be是look看上去seem似乎appear看上去顯得smell聞起菜 taste嘗起來(lái)sound聽(tīng)起來(lái) feel感覺(jué)sit坐stand站lie躺keep保持stay保持e.g.She is kind and honest.她誠(chéng)實(shí)而又善良。The park looks very beautiful.這個(gè)公園看起來(lái)很漂亮。She always keeps silent whenever I see her.不管我什么時(shí)候看見(jiàn)她，她總保持沉默。Stand still and Ill take a picture of you.請(qǐng)站穩(wěn)，我給你照相。表轉(zhuǎn)變或結(jié)果的連系動(dòng)詞become變得get變得grow長(zhǎng)得turn變得go變得 come成為fall變?yōu)閜rove證明e.g.Children fall asleep easily.孩子們?nèi)胨?。After graduation, she turned nurse.畢業(yè)后她當(dāng)了護(hù)士。The weather is becoming warmer and warmer as the spring is coming.春天來(lái)了，天氣變得越來(lái)越暖和。He went blind at the age of seven.他七歲失明。3持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和終止性動(dòng)詞持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞又稱延續(xù)動(dòng)詞，表示一種可以持續(xù)的行為過(guò)程或狀態(tài)。常見(jiàn)的有：drink喝eat吃 fly飛 have有 keep保持know知道lie躺live 住play玩 rain下雨read讀 run跑sing唱sleep睡覺(jué)smoke抽煙snow下雪stand站talk說(shuō)wait等walk走wear穿work工作write寫sit 坐終止性動(dòng)詞終止性動(dòng)詞又稱非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，表示行為或過(guò)程是短暫瞬間完成的。常見(jiàn)的有：admit 承認(rèn) arrive到達(dá)begin開(kāi)始 borrow 借 buy買 break打破close 關(guān)閉 come來(lái) die 死 fall 倒 go走 hit擊中 join 加入 jump跳 leave離開(kāi) lose 丟 marry結(jié)婚 open打開(kāi) put 放 start開(kāi)始 stop停常用的持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與終止性動(dòng)詞的對(duì)照：釋義終止性動(dòng)詞持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞買借到達(dá)得知，獲悉穿放結(jié)婚了解回來(lái)離開(kāi)站起來(lái)躺下坐下buyborrowarrivelearnput onputmarryget to knowcome backleavestand uplie downsit downhavekeepstayknowwearliebe marriedknowbe backbe awaystandliesit持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與終止性動(dòng)詞的用法區(qū)別（1）持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)修飾，而終止性動(dòng)詞不可以。e.g.How long can I keep the book?（請(qǐng)比較這里的借不用borrow）這本書我可以借多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?They will work here till next Friday.他們要在這里工作到下周五。注意：在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中我們將詳細(xì)地復(fù)習(xí)終止性動(dòng)詞變成持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的用法。因?yàn)樵诔踔须A段我們學(xué)習(xí)終止性動(dòng)詞和持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞主要用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，考點(diǎn)也在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中。所以上表同學(xué)們應(yīng)熟記。（2）有時(shí)，終止性動(dòng)詞也能同表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)搭配。這種表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，實(shí)質(zhì)上是表示一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的某個(gè)時(shí)間“點(diǎn)”。e.g.The play will start in half an hour.演出半個(gè)小時(shí)后開(kāi)始。The fire broke out during the night.火災(zāi)是夜間發(fā)生的。（3）終止性動(dòng)詞一般不跟while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句連用。e.g.While I came home she was cooking dinner.()When I came home she was cooking dinner.()我到家時(shí)，她正在做飯。（4）持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一時(shí)的動(dòng)作，可以在該動(dòng)詞前加get/begin/come。e.g.When did you get to know him?你什么時(shí)候認(rèn)識(shí)他的?They began to see that they had made a serious mistake.他們開(kāi)始認(rèn)識(shí)到自己犯了一個(gè)大錯(cuò)誤。（5）終止性動(dòng)詞的否定式可以同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)搭配。但這里只是了解一下，在初中階段的考試中，最好還是考慮持續(xù)性時(shí)間用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。e.g.We didnt find our seats till the play had begun.我們直到演出開(kāi)始才找到位子。We havent come here for ages.我們多年沒(méi)來(lái)這里了。The rain hasnt stopped since three hours ago.這雨下了三個(gè)小時(shí)了。4情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有各種意義，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)，這樣的動(dòng)詞稱為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。常用的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can，could，may，might，will, would, should，ought to, must，need, dare, used to等。（1）can/could的用法can/could的各種形式如下：表示能力A表示一般的能力，指過(guò)去、現(xiàn)在無(wú)論什么時(shí)候想做就能做到的能力。e.g.I can peak several languages very well besides Russian and Korean.除了俄語(yǔ)和韓語(yǔ)外，我還能流利地說(shuō)幾種語(yǔ)言。I couldnt speak well until I was five years old.我直到五歲才說(shuō)話流利。B當(dāng)人們現(xiàn)在決定將來(lái)的可能性時(shí)，常常用can。e.g.We are too busy now, but we can talk about your matter later.現(xiàn)在我們太忙，我們可以以后討論你的問(wèn)題。We can talk about this matter 1ater on in my home.我們可以稍后在我家討論這個(gè)問(wèn)題。注意：當(dāng)表達(dá)將來(lái)的能力時(shí)一般用will be able to，而不用can。e.g.If I have fulfilled my present work tomorrow, Ill be able to join your traveling.如果我明天能完成目前的任務(wù)，我就能參加你們的旅行。用法比較：can與be able toAcan與be able to表示過(guò)去時(shí)間泛指的能力時(shí)，二者通用。e.g.I was able to/could swim well when I was only six years old.我六歲時(shí)便能很好地游泳。B指過(guò)去某時(shí)或某個(gè)時(shí)刻設(shè)法做成某事不用could用was/were able to。e.g.I could hardly understand her Japanese, but I was able to read her face.我?guī)缀醪欢f(shuō)的日語(yǔ)，但我卻讀懂了她的表情。Cbe able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。e.g.Will you be able to camera the lecture tomorrow?你明天能把講座錄下來(lái)嗎?Im sorry I havent been able to answer your letter in time.真對(duì)不起我沒(méi)能及時(shí)給你回信。表示可能性A表達(dá)“理論上的可能性”，即事件或情況可能發(fā)生但并不涉及是否真的會(huì)發(fā)生。有時(shí)指一時(shí)的情況，常常譯為“有時(shí)候會(huì)”。e.g.It can be very hot in North China in summer.夏季華北地區(qū)會(huì)很熱。Driving on these snowy roads can be very dangerous.在這些積雪的路上開(kāi)車有時(shí)會(huì)很危險(xiǎn)。In winter in North China, the temperature can be below-40.冬天在華北，溫度有時(shí)候會(huì)低于-40。B在否定和疑問(wèn)句中，can表達(dá)可能性，有驚異、懷疑、不相信之意，這時(shí)can與could沒(méi)有時(shí)間上的差異，只是could的語(yǔ)氣更委婉、客氣。e.g.It couldnt be Dad. He wont be back this time of evening.不可能是父親，他不可能晚上這個(gè)時(shí)候回來(lái)。How can that be true? I cant believe my eyes and ears.那怎么可能是真的?我真不敢相信我的眼睛和耳朵。Ccan/could have done表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)。can have done主要用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。e.g.Mary cant have gone to school, for it was Sunday.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔飕旣惒豢赡苋チ藢W(xué)校。She could have told Jim yesterday about the delay of the party.她昨天可能告訴吉姆晚會(huì)推遲的事了。表示許可A征求許可用could比用can更加遲疑不決，當(dāng)沒(méi)有把握得到允許或需要委婉表達(dá)時(shí)用could。e.g.Can I watch TV for a while, Mum? I have been studying for the coming examinations for a whole day.媽媽，我可以看一會(huì)兒電視嗎?我已經(jīng)為將要到來(lái)的考試學(xué)了一整天了。Could I take this seat, sir, if you dont mind?先生，如果你不介意，我可以坐這個(gè)位子嗎?B給予許可當(dāng)表示允許別人做什么事時(shí)，用can而不用could。e.g.Could I use your cellphone for a while?我可以用一會(huì)兒你的手機(jī)嗎?Yes, of course you can.好的，當(dāng)然可以。C表示提議和請(qǐng)求在語(yǔ)氣上，could沒(méi)有can肯定，使提議或請(qǐng)求聽(tīng)起來(lái)更加客氣，更含有尊重之意。這種用法常見(jiàn)于陳述句和疑問(wèn)句中。e.g.I could/can do the paper work for you, if you are too busy.如果你太忙，我來(lái)為你寫這些東西。Could/Can you make some room for me, please?你能否為我騰出一點(diǎn)地方來(lái)?（2）may/might的用法may/might的各種形式如下表所示：表示許可may和might表示“許可”比can和could更正式。might含有試探和猶豫不決的意思。表示給予許可時(shí)用may不用might；may not用來(lái)表示拒絕或禁止。e.g.May/Might I have a few words with your manager, please?我可以和你的經(jīng)理談一談嗎?I think you may drive my car, but be careful.我想你可以開(kāi)我的車，不過(guò)得小心。Students may not stay out after midnight.學(xué)生不準(zhǔn)午夜后在外逗留。注意：might一般不表示過(guò)去，但是在間接引語(yǔ)中可作may的過(guò)去式，轉(zhuǎn)述已經(jīng)給予的許可。在引出間接引語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式之后，may改為might。e.g.Father said that I might play football before supper.爸爸說(shuō)我可以在晚飯前踢足球。He explained that he might be late due to the traffic.他解釋說(shuō)由于交通他可能會(huì)來(lái)晚。表示可能性may和might常用來(lái)表示將要發(fā)生或正在發(fā)生的可能性。might不是may的過(guò)去式，它所表示的可能性比may所表示的可能性(現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的可能性)小一些。may不用于提問(wèn)是否可能的疑問(wèn)句。e.g.We may go camping this Saturday.本周六我們可以去露營(yíng)。Peter might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later?彼得或許會(huì)打電話。如果他打電話的話，能否告訴他晚些時(shí)候再打?may not與cannot/cant的區(qū)別may not指“可能不”，而cannot指“不可能”。e.g.He may come or may not come. Im not too sure about that.他可能來(lái)，也可能不來(lái)。我拿不準(zhǔn)。He cant believe your so-called excuses.他不可能相信你的所謂的理由。may表示祝愿e.g.May you all succeed in whatever you do!祝你諸事成功!May you have a good time flying over the Pacific to Australia!祝你飛越太平洋到達(dá)澳大利亞的旅途快樂(lè)。（3）must，have to的用法must的否定形式為must not，其縮略形式為mustnt5mQsnt。have to的各種形式如下：表示義務(wù)A兩者都表示義務(wù)，但意思不盡相同。must多表示依談后人或聽(tīng)話人而定的義務(wù)，即主觀的，have to多表示來(lái)自“外界”壓力的義務(wù)，即客觀的。e.g.Im afraid I must look back upon the way Ive just been on.恐怕我得回顧一下我剛剛走過(guò)的路。The children have to get up early to catch the first bus.孩子們不得不早起趕早班車。Bmust僅表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的義務(wù)，講述過(guò)去要用had to。must可以用在引出間接引語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式之后。e.g.I had to leave early this morning because I had a parent-teacher association to attend.我今天早晨得早走，因?yàn)槲业萌⒓蛹议L(zhǎng)會(huì)。Doctors told me I must burn my fat.醫(yī)生告訴我必須得減肥。Cmust的否定式表示“禁止、不允許”之意；have to的否定式表示“不必”。e.g.All these exhibits mustnt be touched, but the ones over there can.這些展品不能動(dòng)，不過(guò)那邊那些可以。You dont need to/dont have to/neednt tell him the truth if you dont want to.如果你不想告訴他真相，你沒(méi)有必要告訴他。注意：have to在英國(guó)口語(yǔ)中常用have got to代替。這種用法了解一下即可。e.g.You havent got to make your child attend so many classes.你沒(méi)必要讓孩子參加那么多班。(否定形式為havent。)Have you got to leave so early?你必須這么早就走嗎？(一般疑問(wèn)形式將have提到主語(yǔ)前。)Who has got to be blamed for this accident?這個(gè)事故該責(zé)備誰(shuí)？(特殊疑問(wèn)句who作主語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序不變。)must表示推論must在肯定句中表示對(duì)一件事非常有把握的推測(cè)。在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中，要用cant和can。e.g.Mary must have some problems. She keeps crying.瑪麗肯定有點(diǎn)不舒服，她老是哭。What do you think this letter can mean?你認(rèn)為這封信意味著什么?It cant be Father. He hasnt returned from work.那不可能是爸爸。他上班還沒(méi)回來(lái)。must表示偏要、偏偏在疑問(wèn)句中must可以用來(lái)表示一個(gè)人較強(qiáng)烈的感情。e.g.Why must you find another job while you have got one?你已有一份工作，為什么偏偏再找一份?Why must it rain on Sunday?偏要在星期天下雨，討厭!must have done可以表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)或?qū)κ欠褚淹瓿傻氖虑檫M(jìn)行推測(cè)。在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中要用can和cant。e.g.When I called Jane, there was no answer. She must have been out.我去叫簡(jiǎn)，沒(méi)人應(yīng)。她肯定出去了。You must have read this book, for you are so familiar with the details of it.你肯定讀過(guò)這本書，因?yàn)槟銓?duì)它的細(xì)節(jié)很熟悉。She cant have gone away, for her money belt still sits on her desk.她不可能出遠(yuǎn)門了，她的錢包還在桌子上呢。shall，should和ought to的用法shall的用法shall作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的各種形式與作助動(dòng)詞的形式相同。A征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求用于第一、第三人稱的疑問(wèn)句中，表示說(shuō)話人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求。e.g.Shall I change into the evening dress for your party?我可以穿晚禮服參加你的晚會(huì)嗎?Shall we put off the sports meet until next month?我們能否將運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)推遲到下個(gè)月?Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?湯姆明天可以和我一起去嗎?Henry is waiting outside. Shall he come in, sir?亨利正在門外等著，可以讓他進(jìn)來(lái)嗎，先生?注意：shall作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞的意義差別很大，一定要根據(jù)句意、上下文進(jìn)行理解和使用。B表示許諾、警告等用于第二、第三人稱，表示說(shuō)話人給對(duì)方的許諾、命令、警告、威脅等。e.g.You shall get an answer from me by tomorrow.到明天你就會(huì)得到我的答復(fù)。Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he is nice.告訴杰瑞如果他表現(xiàn)好的話，他就會(huì)得到一份禮物。You shall be punished for what youve done.你應(yīng)為你所做的受到處罰。C表示“應(yīng)”、“必須”用于第三人稱，在條約、規(guī)定、法令等文件中表示義務(wù)或規(guī)定中“應(yīng)”、“必須”。e.g.No reader shall take a book out of the library without the librarians permission.不經(jīng)管理員同意，讀者不準(zhǔn)把書帶出圖書館。The National Party Congress shall be held every five years.黨的全國(guó)代表大會(huì)每五年舉行一次。Those belonging to our club shall wear uniforms.我們俱樂(lè)部的成員應(yīng)該穿統(tǒng)一制服。should的用法should作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)的各種形式與作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)的形式相同。A表示征求意見(jiàn)作為shall的過(guò)去式，用于第一、第三人稱，多用在間接引語(yǔ)中，以征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)。e.g.Mr. Lee asked if he should get his visa tomorrow.李先生問(wèn)明天能否可以拿到簽證。B表達(dá)義務(wù)、職責(zé)等e.g.I think todays children should really learn to respect their elders.我認(rèn)為今天的孩子應(yīng)當(dāng)好好學(xué)習(xí)尊敬長(zhǎng)輩。C要求對(duì)方給自己提出意見(jiàn)用來(lái)提供幫助、提出建議，要求對(duì)方給出意見(jiàn)。e.g.How do you think I should deal with all kinds of rumors?你認(rèn)為我應(yīng)如何應(yīng)對(duì)各種各樣的謠言?Should I help you with the community affairs?我可以幫你做一些社區(qū)事務(wù)嗎?D表示說(shuō)話人的特殊情感表示說(shuō)話人的特殊感情，如驚奇、憤怒、失望等。e.g.Its surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack.瑪麗竟然愛(ài)像杰克這樣的人，真是奇怪。Its unthinkable that the boy should sing such a beautiful song.這孩子竟能唱這么好的歌，真令人難以置信。E表示可能性表示很大的可能性，常譯為“按道理說(shuō)應(yīng)該”。e.g.It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials.準(zhǔn)是麥克拿走了所有的材料。Its already 10. She promised to come by 10. She should be here at any moment.已經(jīng)10點(diǎn)了，她答應(yīng)10點(diǎn)之前來(lái)的。她隨時(shí)都可能來(lái)到。Fshould have done表示“本該”e.g.You should have invited me to the party yesterday. I had expected you to.昨天你應(yīng)邀請(qǐng)我來(lái)參加宴會(huì)的。我本預(yù)料你會(huì)的。Jim shouldnt have done all the work within one day. There was still time.吉姆本不該把所有的工作一天全做完的。當(dāng)時(shí)還有時(shí)間。ought to的用法ought to的否定形式為ought not to或oughtnt5Ctnt to，其一般疑問(wèn)句形式是將ought置于主語(yǔ)前。A表示職責(zé)和義務(wù)，提出要求，及人們應(yīng)該去做正確的事或好事。e.g.Humans ought to stop polluting nature.人類應(yīng)停止污染大自然了。You ought to make an apology to Joan.你應(yīng)該向瓊道歉。用法比較：ought to與shouldought to與should用法差別細(xì)微。should多表達(dá)自己的主觀看法；ought to則多反映客觀情況，在談到法律、義務(wù)和規(guī)定(或要使自己的意見(jiàn)聽(tīng)起來(lái)像義務(wù)和法律一樣有力)時(shí)使用。e.g.You should/ought to go and see Mary some time.你應(yīng)該找個(gè)時(shí)間去看看瑪麗。We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we will.我們應(yīng)該明天去看看瑪麗，可我認(rèn)為不行。B表示很大的可能性。e.g.The seats ought to be enough for all the guests.這些座位應(yīng)該夠所有的客人坐了。C與動(dòng)詞不定式的完成式連用，表示本來(lái)該做某事而沒(méi)做。e.g.You are late. You ought to have arrived five minutes earlier.你來(lái)遲了。你本該早來(lái)五分鐘的。You oughtnt to have taken the city map. Im familiar with each part.你本沒(méi)必要帶城市地圖的，我對(duì)這里的每一個(gè)地方都很熟悉。（5）will，would的用法表示意愿表示自愿做或主動(dòng)提出做什么，如意志、愿望或決心等。would用于過(guò)去的情況。e.g.Can someone help me?有人能幫一下忙嗎?I will.我來(lái)幫你。Mary said she would arrange everything for him.瑪麗說(shuō)她會(huì)為他安排好一切。注意：作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的will，would與作助動(dòng)詞的will，would的形式相同但意義差別很大。表示請(qǐng)求與you連用表示請(qǐng)求或要求，用wont you加強(qiáng)邀請(qǐng)的語(yǔ)氣。would比will更客氣、委婉。e.g.Will you come this way, please?你能走這條路嗎?Wont you come in and take a seat? Weve already started the class.你怎么不進(jìn)來(lái)找個(gè)位子坐下?我們已經(jīng)上課了。Would you open the window, please? I feel it is a little stuffy in here.你愿意打開(kāi)窗戶嗎?我感到這里有點(diǎn)兒悶。will表示規(guī)律性的“注定會(huì)”e.g.People will die without air or water.人離開(kāi)水和空氣將會(huì)死的。You will regret forever if you lose this golden chance.錯(cuò)過(guò)這次大好機(jī)會(huì)，你注定會(huì)懊悔的。表示習(xí)慣或特性will用于現(xiàn)在，would用于過(guò)去，帶有主觀性。e.g.This old man is strange. He will sit for hours without saying anything.這位老人很奇怪。他會(huì)坐幾個(gè)小時(shí)而不說(shuō)話。We would sit around Grandpa after supper, listening to his stories.過(guò)去晚飯后我們總會(huì)坐在爺爺周圍，聽(tīng)他講故事。（6）used to的用法used的發(fā)音為ju:st，表示“過(guò)去常常、過(guò)去是”，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以與過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。其否定形式為usednt5ju:snt to或didnt useju:s to。其一般疑問(wèn)句形式是將used提到主語(yǔ)前或用Diduseju:s to的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。e.g.He used to work in a hospital, didnt he/usednt he?他過(guò)去曾在一家醫(yī)院工作，是不是?He didnt use to be so careless.他過(guò)去沒(méi)這么粗心。Did she use to be a clerk?她過(guò)去是職員嗎?用法比較：would與used to表示“過(guò)去總”的用法區(qū)別would用于過(guò)去時(shí)，帶有主觀性，僅表示動(dòng)作，不表示狀態(tài)；used to具有客觀性，著眼于與現(xiàn)在的對(duì)比，可與過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。e.g.She would feel lost whenever she got into trouble.一遇到困難，她總是感到失落。He would phone me on Sundays.他總是星期天打電話給我。I used to be very fond of music when I was young.我年輕時(shí)很愛(ài)聽(tīng)音樂(lè)。（7）be to的用法表示事先同意安排或計(jì)劃要做的事。e.g.We are to discuss the report next Wednesday.我們將在下周三討論這個(gè)報(bào)告。John and Mary are to be married in September.約翰和瑪麗準(zhǔn)備九月結(jié)婚。表示“必須”，相當(dāng)于should和ought to。e.g.You are to finish your homework before you watch TV.你得先完成作業(yè)才能看電視。The magazines and newspapers are not to be taken out of the reading room.這些雜志和報(bào)紙不準(zhǔn)帶出閱覽室。The medicine is to be taken three times a day after meals.這種藥每天飯后吃三次。用于第一人稱的疑問(wèn)句中，表示詢問(wèn)對(duì)方該如何辦。e.g.Are we to gather under the big clock at the station at ten oclock?我們得上午十點(diǎn)在車站的大鐘下集合嗎?Where am I to fix up the tent, opposite the rock or just under the tree?我該在哪里搭起帳篷，在巖石的對(duì)面還是在樹(shù)下?在if條件句中，表示意圖，相當(dāng)于“想要、打算”。e.g.If we are to be at the station by 9 oclock, we must leave right now.如果我們要想在9點(diǎn)之前趕到那里，我們現(xiàn)在必須就走。If you are to succeed, you must redouble your efforts.如果你想成功，就必須加倍努力。be to have done表示“本打算干”。e.g.I was to have seen him last Wednesday but he did not come.我本來(lái)上周三就能見(jiàn)到他的，可他沒(méi)來(lái)。用來(lái)表示目的。e.g.The prize was to honor him for his great discoveries.這個(gè)獎(jiǎng)品是為他的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)而獎(jiǎng)給他的。作表語(yǔ)，表示主語(yǔ)的工作、性質(zhì)等狀況。e.g.Your work this afternoon is to take care of these children.你今天下午的工作就是照顧好這些孩子。My idea is to lay aside all the affairs right today.我的觀點(diǎn)就是今天把所有的事情都放一下。（8）be about to的用法be about to如同will，shall，be going to一樣，也能表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)間。但是be about to與它們有一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別，就是它表達(dá)的是最近的將來(lái)，意思相當(dāng)于be on the point of doing或be just going to，意為“即將，馬上”。e.g.Dont walk around. We are about to have dinner.不要到處走動(dòng)了，我們馬上準(zhǔn)備吃飯了。I was about to speak, but Mary spoke first.我正要講話，但瑪麗先開(kāi)口說(shuō)了。Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packet on the floor.弗蘭克正要離開(kāi)，這時(shí)他注意到地板上有一個(gè)大包。He was about to dive when he saw the shark.他正要潛入水中，這