2019-2020年高一英語(yǔ) 高效課堂 B1M3預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)案 外研版.doc

2019-2020年高一英語(yǔ) 高效課堂 B1M3預(yù)習(xí)學(xué)案 外研版翻譯下列各詞條。be in the aira) There was a sense of excitement in the air.b) Change is in the air.be up in the airOur trip is still very much up in the air. be on/off (the) air Well be on air in three minutes. take off1. He sat on the bed to take his boots off. 2. I felt quite excited as the plane took off from Heathrow. 3. Mimi became jealous when Jacks career started taking off . 4. take time off (work/school) I rang my boss and arranged to take some time off. take a day/the afternoon etc off Dad took the day off to e with me. 5. They are taking 50% off all goods in that shop.6. He took off for the station at a run.refer to sb/sth1.We agreed never to refer to the matter again. + as He likes to be referred to as Doctor Khee. + by The hospital now refers to patients by name, not case number. 2. He gave the speech without referring to his notes.3. The figures refer to our sales in Europe. 4 refer sb/sth to sb to send someone or something to a person or organization to be helped or dealt with 把某人介紹給某人/把某事物交給某人: My doctor is referring me to a dermatologist. 我的醫(yī)生介紹我去看皮膚科醫(yī)生。My plaint was referred to the manufacturers. 我的投訴已轉(zhuǎn)交給制造商。5. Readers are referred to the passages for further information.distance1. I saw some smoke in the distance.2. The picture looks better at a distance.3. I heard a cry from a distance.4. My parents live ,within walking distance of me.5. The Arab who is friendly will stand close to his friend, but the Englishman will move back in order to keep a certain distance away.GRAMMARA. 過去分詞是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示完成和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。它在句子中可以充當(dāng)表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成份。下面僅談其作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的用法。 一、過去分詞作定語(yǔ) 過去分詞作定語(yǔ)有前置和后置兩種情況。 1、前置定語(yǔ) 單個(gè)的過去分詞作定語(yǔ),通常放在被修飾的名詞之前,表示被動(dòng)和完成意義。 A類:被動(dòng)意義: anhonoredguest一位受尊敬的客人 Theinjuredworkersarenowbeingtakengoodcareofinthehospital. 受傷的工人現(xiàn)正在醫(yī)院受到良好的照料。 B類:完成意義: aretiredteacher一位退休的教師 Theyarecleaningthefallenleavesintheyard. 他們正在打掃院子里的落葉。 2、后置定語(yǔ) 過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),通常放在被修飾的名詞之后,它的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如:Thiswillbethebestnovelofitskindeverwritten(=thathaseverbeenwritten). 這將是這類小說中寫得最好的。 Whoweretheso-calledguestsinvited(=whohadbeeninvited)toyourpartylastnight? 昨晚被邀請(qǐng)參加你的晚會(huì)的那些所謂的客人是誰(shuí)呀? 二、過去分詞作表語(yǔ) 作表語(yǔ)的過去分詞主要來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞,在主-系-表句型中,說明主語(yǔ)所處的一種狀態(tài)。其中系動(dòng)詞有包括be在內(nèi)的多種形式。如: Youseemfrightened. 你看樣子受了驚嚇。 少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞(如go,e,set)的過去分詞也能作表語(yǔ),但它們不表示被動(dòng)意義,只是表示動(dòng)作完成。如: Theyaregoneforvacation. 他們度假去了。 注意:要區(qū)別“系動(dòng)詞+過去分詞(系表結(jié)構(gòu))”和“系動(dòng)詞+過去分詞(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))”。如: A.Thelibraryisnowclosed. 圖書館現(xiàn)在關(guān)門了。 B.Thelibraryisclosedatsix. 圖書館經(jīng)常在六點(diǎn)鐘關(guān)門。 說明:作表語(yǔ)用的過去分詞表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)或所處的狀態(tài),強(qiáng)調(diào)主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞前可加quite,very,rather等修飾詞。系動(dòng)詞可有多種,表示不同的意義;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,絕大多數(shù)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的行為執(zhí)行者還可以用by短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。，,我們不難看出在上面兩句中,A句是系表結(jié)構(gòu),B句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。1. Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. (MET 1990)A. invited B. to inviteC. being invited D. had been invited2. The puter center, _last year, is very popular among the students in this school. (NMET 1993)A. open B. openingC. having opened D. opened3. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by the hour.(NMET 1998)A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay4.How do you deal with the disagreement between the pany and the customers?The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. (北京2002)A. to solving; makingB. to solving; madeC. to solve; makingD. to solve; made5. Dont use words, expressions, or phrases _ only to people with specific knowledge.(上海2002)A. being known B. having been knownC. to be known D. knownKey: 1-5 ADCBDB. 過去分詞作定語(yǔ)與所修飾的詞之間有兩種關(guān)系:從時(shí)間上講,表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成;從語(yǔ)態(tài)上講,表示被動(dòng)的概念。分詞作定語(yǔ)有兩種形式：它可以放在被修飾的名詞之前,稱為前置定語(yǔ)；有的放在被修飾的名詞之后,稱為后置定語(yǔ)。(1) 前置定語(yǔ):單個(gè)過去分詞及由過去分詞構(gòu)成的復(fù)合形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),通常置于被修飾詞之前。如:the developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家; well-trained policemen訓(xùn)練有素的警察 man-made satellites人造衛(wèi)星;invited people 被邀請(qǐng)的人 We only sell used books.我們只賣用過的書。(2) 后置定語(yǔ):當(dāng)單個(gè)過去分詞及由過去分詞修飾代詞時(shí),需置于被修飾詞之后;過去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)要后置。如:Dont use words, expressions or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge. 不要運(yùn)用只有具有特別知識(shí)的人才能懂的詞匯和表達(dá)方式。 The bridge built last month needs repairing.上個(gè)月建造的那座橋需要修理。(3)部分過去分詞作定語(yǔ)有的既可前置也可后置，意義不變,但部分過去分詞置于被修飾詞前后的位置不同,則意義也不相同。如:All the broken windows have been repaired. =All the windows broken have been repaired. 所有壞了的窗戶已經(jīng)修理好了。 an adopted child 收養(yǎng)的孩子;a plan adopted 被采納的方案(4)分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)必須置于被修飾詞之后,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。如: The first textbooks written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. = The first textbooks that(which)were written for teaching as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. The Olympic Games, first held in 776 BC, did not include women petitors until1912. = The Olympic Games, which were first held in 776 BC, did not include women petitors until 1912.? The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. = The man, who had been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于被嚴(yán)重困擾,這個(gè)人幾乎失去了記憶。(5)完成體的分詞一般不作定語(yǔ),若要表達(dá)完成意義最好用定語(yǔ)從句。如:我們一般不說:The girl having won the race is my desk mate. 而常這樣說:The girl who has won the race is my desk mate.(6)一些不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)在意義上只表完成不表被動(dòng)。如: 表示被動(dòng)也表示完成:the question discussed yesterday 昨天討論的問題;the broken glass 碎了的杯子; the person killed last year去年被殺的人 只表示完成,不表示被動(dòng):newly-arrived goods新到的貨;fallen leaves落葉;faded flowers凋謝的花1. Travelling at a speed over 400 kilometres per hour, the train can plete the 30-kilometre journey in eight minutes. 火車以每小時(shí)400多公里的時(shí)速前進(jìn),在8分鐘內(nèi)就完成了30公里的路程。 C. 過去分詞在句子中可作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)（主補(bǔ)、賓補(bǔ)）等。下面就過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的用法作一總結(jié)。 一、能夠接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有以下三類： 1. 表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我聽到有人用英語(yǔ)唱過這首歌。(2)He found his hometown greatly changed. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大。 2. 表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。(3)Ill have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理發(fā)。(4)He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了。(5)Dont leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完。 3. 表示“希望”、“要求”意義的動(dòng)詞。如：like, order, want, wish等。(6)I would like this matter settled at once. 我希望此事立刻得到解決。(7)I wish my homework finished before five oclock. 我希望5點(diǎn)前完成我的作業(yè)。 二、過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示的意義。 1. 過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示被動(dòng)關(guān)系，其動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作。如例句(1)，過去分詞sung的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作heard；例句(2)，過去分詞changed的動(dòng)作顯然先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作found。 2. 過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一定和賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如例句(4)，動(dòng)賓關(guān)系是pull out his tooth；例句(6)，動(dòng)賓關(guān)系是settle this matter。 三、過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，要注意幾種情況。 1. 使役動(dòng)詞have接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)有兩種情況。 第一，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由他人完成。如：He had his money stolen.他的錢給偷了。（被別人偷去了） 第二，過去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作由句中的主語(yǔ)所經(jīng)歷。如：He had his leg broken.他的腿斷了。（自己的經(jīng)歷） 2. 過去分詞在原句中作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，如果原句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，那么過去分詞就在新句中作主補(bǔ)了。如：The big fire is reported controlled.據(jù)報(bào)道這場(chǎng)大火已經(jīng)得到控制。The meeting room was found thouroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.人們發(fā)現(xiàn)會(huì)議室被徹底打掃了，一切都布置得井井有條。