山東省德州市樂(lè)陵市2019屆中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí) 閱讀理解 科普環(huán)保類（含解析）.doc

科普環(huán)保類AThere are an extremely large number of ants worldwide.Each individual(個(gè)體的)ant hardly weighs anything,but put together they weigh roughly the same as all of mankind.They also live nearly everywhere,except on frozen mountain tops and around the poles.For animals their size,ants have been astonishingly successful,largely due to their wonderful social behavior. In colonies(群體)that range in size from a few hundred to tens of millions,they organize their lives with a clear division of labor.Even more amazing is how they achieve this level of organization.Where we use sound and sight to communicate,ants depend primarily on pheromones(外激素),chemicals sent out by individuals and smelled or tasted by fellow members of their colony.When an ant finds food,it produces a pheromone that will lead others straight to where the food is.When an individual ant comes under attack or is dying,it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the colony to prepare for a conflict as a defense unit.In fact,when it comes to the art of war,ants have no equal.They are completely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves,attacking in large groups and overcoming their target.Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy.Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner,these little creatures have survived on Earth for more than 140 million years,far longer than dinosaurs.Because they think as one,they have a collective(集體的)intelligence greater than you would expect from its individual parts.1. We can learn from the passage that ants are .A. not willing to share foodB. not found around the polesC. more successful than all other animalsD. too many to achieve any level of organization2. Ants can use pheromones for .A. escapeB. communicationC. warning enemiesD. arranging labor3. What does the underlined expression“take on”in Paragraph 3 mean?A. Accept.B. Employ.C. Play with.D. Fight against.4. Which of the following contributes most to the survival of ants?A. Their behavior.B. Their size.C. Their number.D. Their weight.【答案】BBDA【解析】語(yǔ)篇解讀本文是一篇說(shuō)明文,題材為科普知識(shí)類。介紹了螞蟻的分布、數(shù)量、大小及行為特點(diǎn)。 (1)細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第三句話可知,除了寒冷的山頂和兩極附近,螞蟻幾乎無(wú)處不在。故選B。(2)細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段可知,螞蟻主要依靠外激素向同伴傳遞信息。故選B。(3)詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)下文attacking in large groups and overcoming their target可知畫(huà)線短語(yǔ)的意思為“反抗,與戰(zhàn)斗”。故選D。(4)推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句話可知,由于無(wú)私和忠誠(chéng)的行為特點(diǎn),這些小生物已在地球上存在了1.4億多年。故選A。BWe may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(裝置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things. To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in xx.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in xx. Were not just keeping these old devices we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to xx window.So whats the solution（解決方案）? The teams data only went up to xx, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.5. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.6. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.7. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.8. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.【答案】ADBA【解析】【文章大意】本文主要介紹一些過(guò)時(shí)的設(shè)備比新的設(shè)備消耗更多的能量，作者認(rèn)為繼續(xù)使用舊電子產(chǎn)品既不環(huán)保也不經(jīng)濟(jì)，作者支持用新產(chǎn)品替代舊產(chǎn)品。根據(jù)Thats bad news for the environmentand our walletsas these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.可知，因?yàn)檫@些過(guò)時(shí)的設(shè)備比新的設(shè)備消耗更多的能量，說(shuō)明新電子產(chǎn)品相對(duì)環(huán)保。故選A。根據(jù)To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life可知，實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是測(cè)量這些設(shè)備的耗電量。故選D。根據(jù)最后They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，tablets比TVs and desktop computers耗電量低，tablets最省電。故選B。根據(jù)Thats bad news for the environmentand our walletsas these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.和They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，作者認(rèn)為繼續(xù)使用舊電子產(chǎn)品既不環(huán)保也不經(jīng)濟(jì)，作者支持用新產(chǎn)品替代舊產(chǎn)品。故選A。CD Their cheery song brightens many a winters day.But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much.Robins are singing all nightas well as during the day,British-based researchers say.David Dominoni,of Glasgow University,said that light from street lamps,takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds biological clocks,leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep.Dr Dominoni,who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns,said lack of sleep could put the birds health at risk.His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab,it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day.And the more birds are exposed to light,the more active they are at night.He told people at a conference,“There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing.Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy.So by increasing their song output,there might be some costs of energy.”And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light.Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.Dr Dominoni said,“In Glasgow where I live,gulls are a serious problem.I have people coming to me sayingYou are the bird expert.Can you help us kill these gulls?.During the breeding(繁殖)season,between April and June,they are very active at night and very noisy and people cant sleep.”Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution,other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise.However,some birds thrive(興旺)in noisy environments.A study from California Polytechnic University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery.It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敵)fleeing to quieter areas.9. According to Dr Dominonis study,what causes robins to sing so much?A. The breeding season.B. The light in modern life.C. The dangerous environment.D. The noise from heavy machinery.10. What is the researchers concern over the increase of birds song output?A. The environment might be polluted.B. The birds health might be damaged.C. The industry cost might be increased.D. The peoples hearing might be affected.11. What does the underlined word“nocturnal”in Paragraph 5 mean?A. Active at night.B. Inactive at night.C. Active during the day.D. Inactive during the day.12. Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments?A. Because there are fewer dangers.B. Because there is more food to eat.C. Because there is less light pollution.D. Because there are more places to take shelter.【答案】BBAA【解析】語(yǔ)篇解讀本文為說(shuō)明文,題材為環(huán)境保護(hù)類。文章主要通過(guò)描述知更鳥(niǎo)在人類社會(huì)的光污染下晝夜歌唱,造成體力的嚴(yán)重消耗和睡眠缺乏,這對(duì)其壽命構(gòu)成威脅,也影響到人類的睡眠環(huán)境。我們呼吁社會(huì):給鳥(niǎo)類一個(gè)天堂,還人類一份寧?kù)o。(1).由文章第二段中“l(fā)ight from street lamps,takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds biological clocks,leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep”和第三段最后一句And the more birds are exposed to light,the more active they are at night.可知答案。(2).由文章第三段第一句Dr Dominoni,who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns,said lack of sleep could put the birds health at risk.可知答案。(3).由上文可知,知更鳥(niǎo)受到人造燈光的干擾而無(wú)法入睡。根據(jù)notjust和also的提示,再根據(jù)信息句“Duringthebreedingseason,betweenAprilandJune,theyareveryactiveatnightandverynoisyandpeoplecantsleep.”可知,畫(huà)線詞表示“夜間活動(dòng)的”。故A項(xiàng)正確。(4).由文章最后一段最后一句“It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators fleeing to quieter areas.”可知,一些鳥(niǎo)類在嘈雜的環(huán)境下興旺是因?yàn)槊媾R的危險(xiǎn)少了。故A項(xiàng)正確。DFire Prevention Information The University of Adelaide employs a fulltime staff of fire prevention professionals They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler（噴水滅火裝置） systems，fire alarms，and fire extinguishers（滅火器） They also provide educational programs on fire safety in the residence halls Whenever you move to a new area， you should locate the fire alarm pull stations and the two exits nearest your roomFire Alarms The floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual（手動(dòng)的）fire alarm systems which include fire alarm pull stations and pipes Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors， smoke detectors and sprinklers For your safety，never tamper with（胡亂擺弄） these systems False fire alarms are illegal and may lead to imprisonmentFire Drills A fire drill will be conducted in your residence hall every semester During a fire drill，please do the following： Take your room key and ID，close and lock the door to your room Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit；do not use a lift Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructionsFire Extinguishers Fire extinguishers are located on each floor and in each apartment Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so Irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in finesSmoke Detectors A smoke detector is on the ceiling in your room Some buildings also have heat detectors on the ceilings Do the following to ensure the safe operation of your smoke detector： If your smoke detector is working properly， the red light should be on If the red light is not blinking（閃動(dòng)）， contact residence hall staff immediately Do not cover or block your smoke detector in any way If a smoke detector sets off an alarm and there is no fire or smoke， inform your hall staff13. What is the main duty of the fire prevention professionals？_A. To provide parttime jobs for studentsB. To lead the students to the nearest exitsC. To check and maintain fire prevention equipmentD. To train teachers to be fire prevention professionals14. What do the automatic fire alarm systems include？_A. Pipes and smoke detectorsB. Smoke detectors and sprinklersC. Fire alarm pull stations and pipesD. Sprinklers and fire alarm pull stations15. In a fire drill， the students should_A. rush quickly to a liftB. gather at the nearest exitC. shut the door and leave at onceD. wait for instructions in the hall16. What do we know about the use of fire extinguishers？_A. Using them wrongly results in punishmentB. Irresponsible use of them can damage themC. Improper use of them can destroy the apartmentD. Using them without a trainer present is forbidden17. To ensure the safe operation of the smoke detector， one should_A. contact the hall staff regularlyB. cover the things that burn easilyC. start the smoke detector in a fireD. make certain the red light is working【答案】CBCAD【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇關(guān)于防火信息的說(shuō)明文。阿得雷德大學(xué)聘用全職的消防人員，他們檢查所有的校園建筑，測(cè)試和維護(hù)所有的灑水系統(tǒng)，火災(zāi)警報(bào)和滅火器，他們還提供消防安全教育項(xiàng)目。根據(jù)文中第一段的“They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler（噴水滅火裝置） systems, fire alarms, and fire extinguishers（滅火器）”可知檢查和維護(hù)消防設(shè)備是消防專業(yè)人員的主要職責(zé)，故選C。根據(jù)文中Fire Alarms部分的“Most are also equipped with automatic fire alarm systems consisting of heat detectors,smoke detectors and sprinklers.”可知火災(zāi)自動(dòng)報(bào)警系統(tǒng)包括熱探測(cè)器、煙霧探測(cè)器和灑水器。故選B。根據(jù)文中Fire Drills部分的“Take your room key and ID, close and lock the door to your room”可知在消防演習(xí)中，學(xué)生應(yīng)拿好房間鑰匙和身份證，立即關(guān)上門離開(kāi)，故選C。根據(jù)"Exit immediately from the nearest emergency exit; do not use a lift"可知A和B不正確；根據(jù)“Meet outside of your residence hall and wait for further instructions”可知D不正確。故選C。根據(jù)文中Fire Extinguishers部分的“Misuse of a fire extinguisher will result in fines”可知誤用滅火器會(huì)導(dǎo)致罰款，故選A。根據(jù)“Irresponsible use of a fire extinguisher can create a dangerous situation for other residents and could result in damage to personal property.”可知B和C不正確。根據(jù)“Use a fire extinguisher only if you have been trained to do so.”可知D不正確。故選A。根據(jù)文中Smoke Detector部分的“If your smoke detector is working properly, the red light should be on. If the red light is not blinking（閃動(dòng)）, contact residence hall staff immediately.”可知為了保證煙霧探測(cè)器的安全運(yùn)行，必須確保紅燈工作，故選D。ADo you love the planet you live on? Think of all the reasons why you love it. Do you love it because of the trees, fascinating wildlife, or beauty that each season brings? If you woke up the next day and it was all gone, how would you feel? Sure it wouldnt happen this fast, but theres a definite（一定的） possibility of that happening in the future. And one step in changing the future is to recycle. Not only does recycling save the Earth, but it saves your money too. Its like killing two birds with one stone! By recycling you throw away fewer things, which means you empty the trash less often and save money on trash bags. And for some materials you can even get paid to recycle.As well as saving money by recycling, you will save the Earth too. Recycling is one of the best and easiest ways to save our planet; by recycling there will be less waste that is buried in landfills. This may not seem very helpful but it can take over five hundred years for a landfill to completely break down! And another benefit of recycling is that there wouldnt be as many raw materials that would be destroyed. This would save materials such as trees, oil, and water.Itwould also conserve energy and natural resources, and reduce air and water pollution, andgreenhouse gases.Your recycling may even inspire others around you to start recycling too! Imagine that you are looking for a house and you go to two different communities. One is littered with trash on the streets, while the other neighborhood is lined with recycling bins. Obviously, the cleaner neighborhood is the one you will pick. If your community is like this it could leave a lasting impression in someones mind.18. What is the main idea of the passage?A. We can decide the future of the Earth.B. We are destroying the Earth gradually.C. We can do recycling as soon as possible.D. We are running out of the Earths resources.19. If you do some recycling at home it means_.A. it takes great trouble for you to do soB. you should waste much of your timeC. it is the only way to protect the EarthD. you can get a little income in a way20. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.A. many communities are littered with trashB. recycling can contribute to a neat environmentC. most people pay rare attention to recyclingD. it is hard to know what others are thinking about【答案】ADB【解析】【文章大意】本文講述了回收利用是改變未來(lái)的措施，闡述了循環(huán)利用的好處。由第一段Do you love the planet you live on? Think of all the reasons why you love it. Do you love it because of the trees, fascinating wildlife, or beauty that each season brings? If you woke up the next day and it was all gone, how would you feel? Sure it wouldnt happen this fast, but theres a definite（一定的） possibility of that happening in the future. And one step in changing the future is to recycle.可知，本段主要講述我們可以決定地球的未來(lái)，而改變未來(lái)的一個(gè)措施就是循環(huán)利用。故選A。由文中Not only does recycling save the Earth, but it saves your money too. Its like killing two birds with one stone! By recycling you throw away fewer things, which means you empty the trash less often and save money on trash bags. And for some materials you can even get paid to recycle.可知，如果你在家做一些回收，在某種意義上那就意味著你可以有點(diǎn)收入。故選D。由最后一段Your recycling may even inspire others around you to start recycling too! Imagine that you are looking for a house and you go to two different communities. One is littered with trash on the streets, while the other neighborhood is lined with recycling bins. Obviously, the cleaner neighborhood is the one you will pick. If your community is like this it could leave a lasting impression in someones mind.可以推斷出回“收可以促成整潔的環(huán)境”。故選B。FA conversation in which neither party is listening to the other was classified as a “duologue” by Abraham Kaplan, a philosopher who died in 1993. A duologue, he suggested, is more than a monologue but less than a dialogue. Multiply a duologue by a roomful of people, he jokingly added, and you have a conference. Two psychologists have now given his ideas some substance, by showing that people do indeed often fail to notice when the conversations they are engaged in have been temporarily reduced to nonsense. Bruno Galantucci of Yeshiva University in New York and Gareth Roberts of Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut, are interested in how and why languages evolve. The mainstream view of why people communicate is that they are trying to transmit information faithfully. The “information” may not be true, of course. But even lies, this view holds, are told with the hope they will be understood. Sometimes faithful transmission is indeed the intention, as when a pilot communicates, according to strict rules, with a control tower. According to Dr Galantucci and Dr Roberts, however, transmitting information efficiently takes a lot of effort and is the exception rather than the rule. In normal conversation, they report in a paper in PLOS ONE, people are surprisingly deaf to incoherence.They demonstrated this by asking pairs of student volunteers to chat using an instant-messaging program. These volunteers, who had never met, did so sitting in separate rooms. They were given the task of identifying the differences in colour between two versions of a cartoon (each could see only one version). Unbeknown to them, though, another pair were performing the same task at the same time, with a different cartoon. While the two conversations were going on, the researchers switched between them so that a student would suddenly and without warning find himself chatting to someone from the other pair. There were fou