高考英語大一輪復習 化難為易巧增分 時態(tài)和語態(tài)課件

語法難點突破之一語法難點突破之一 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài) 語法專題突破語法專題突破 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)一直是歷年高考的必考點。主要考查考生在特定語境下對時態(tài)和語態(tài)的理解，其中現(xiàn)在完成時、一般過去時、過去完成時的運用出現(xiàn)得最為頻繁。此外，為了增加試題的區(qū)分度，命題者還常常把動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)以及主謂一致結合在一起考查。在解題時要注意以下幾個問題：1這個動作可能發(fā)生在什么時間？題干中可參照的時間信息有哪些？2這個動作處于什么狀態(tài)？是進行中，還是已結束(完成)？限制或修飾這個動作的狀語信息有哪些？3這個動作與主語的關系，是主動還是被動？只要全面細致地考慮了這些問題，試題的答案也就水落石出了。一、動詞時態(tài)的基本結構和用法類別意義例句現(xiàn)在時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時1.主要表示現(xiàn)在的特征、狀態(tài)、經常性動作或客觀事實等。2.用在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，表示將來。3.少數表示動作起止的動詞有時也可用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時，表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。I play ping pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the new year. If it rains tomorrow, will you still go？The plane for Canada leaves at 9：15.類別意義例句現(xiàn)在時態(tài)現(xiàn)在進行時1.表示說話時或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。2.與副詞always，continually，constantly，never等連用時表示厭惡或贊揚等的感情色彩。3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少數表示來、去、開始、離開等意義的瞬間動詞的進行時可以表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排好的將要進行的動作。My brother is reading an interesting novel these days. You are always forgetting the important things. Were moving to the new building next week.類別意義例句現(xiàn)在時態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成時1.現(xiàn)在完成時的兩種意義：表示動作發(fā)生于過去，對現(xiàn)在有一定的影響或結果。表示動作或狀態(tài)過去已經開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在而且可能繼續(xù)下去。2.短暫性動詞在肯定句中不可與表示時間段的for, since等連用。3.可用在表時間、條件、讓步的狀語從句中，表示將來某時以前已完成的動作。4.在It is the first/ second time that句型中，that從句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。They have cleaned the classroom. (即： The room is clean now. )He has lived in this country for 40 years. Once you have made a promise, you shouldnt break it. It is the first time that I have been here. 類別意義例句現(xiàn)在時態(tài)現(xiàn)在完成進行時1.表示從過去某一時刻開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，現(xiàn)在可能剛剛結束，也可能仍要繼續(xù)。2.表示瞬間意義的動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。Ive been sitting here all day. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy has been considering going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet. 類別意義例句過去時態(tài)一般過去時1.主要表示過去某時發(fā)生的情況或動作(包括過去習慣性的動作)。2.所表達的事件與現(xiàn)在無關。3.即使是剛剛發(fā)生的事情也要用過去時。If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it rained all day. Sorry. I didnt know you were here.類別意義例句過去時態(tài)過去進行時1.表示過去某一時間正進行的動作 。通常有時間狀語(從句)，或有上下文提示。2.與副詞always, continually, constantly, never等連用時表示厭惡或贊揚等的感情色彩。3.go，come，leave，start，stay等少數表示來、去、開始、離開等意義的瞬間動詞的進行時可以表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排好的過去某個時間將要進行的動作。As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.My grandfather was always forgetting things. Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon. 類別意義例句過去時態(tài)過去完成時1.表示某一動作或存在的狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去某一時間或動作之前，即“過去的過去”。 可以用by，before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示，也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示，還可能通過上下文來表示。2.表示由過去的某一時刻開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構成的時間狀語連用。3.動詞think，want，hope，mean，plan，intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖等。4.用在hardlywhen，no soonerthan，It was the first (second, etc.) time (that)等固定句型中。By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. They had wanted to help but could not get there in time. Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 類別意義例句過去時態(tài)過去將來時1.常用于賓語從句或間接引語中。2.was/were about to dowhen正要做某事這時He said he would come and help me if necessary. I was just about to explain when he interrupted me.類別意義例句將來時態(tài)will (shall)do其特殊用法：1單純的將來。2說話時臨時的打算。 I will be 17 next month.Sorry, I forgot to post your letter.It doesnt matter. I will go and post it myself. 類別意義例句將來時態(tài)be going todo1. 按照計劃打算做(即說話時早已有的打算)。2根據客觀跡象預示著。 Ann is in hospital. Yes, I know. Im going to visit her tomorrow.Look at the clouds. It is going to rain. 類別意義例句將來時態(tài)betodo 1. 表示按計劃要發(fā)生的事或表示命令、職責、義務、要求等。 2可以用于條件句，表示“想，想要做。”3be to do 結構有時還可以表示“注定了”。 The president is to visit the school next week.You are to do your homework before you watch TV. (相當于should, ought to)If you are to pass the exams, you will have to study harder from now on.They were never to meet again. 類別意義例句將來時態(tài)beabouttodo 表示即將發(fā)生的動作，意為：很快，馬上。后面一般不跟時間狀語。常與when 連用， 構成句型“be about to do when ”(正要做這時) We are about to leave. 二、幾種易混時態(tài)的辨析1一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進行時一般現(xiàn)在時表示經常性的、習慣性的或狀態(tài)性的行為。 而現(xiàn)在進行時則具有進行性、未完成性和暫時性的特點。如：On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi. This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door. 如：重慶卷 The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building _ now.AremainsBis remainedCis remainingDhas been remained【解析】 A考查動詞用法及時態(tài)。remain作不及物動詞用，表示“剩下，仍有”，只能用于主動語態(tài)，不可直接跟賓語。結合語境應用一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)狀。2一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時一般過去時所表達的事件與現(xiàn)在無關。而現(xiàn)在完成時則強調對現(xiàn)在的影響和結果。如：I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing now. )I have stayed in Beijing for five days and havent decided where to go next. (I am still in Beijing now and dont know where to go next.)北京卷 Im sorry，but I dont quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?Sorry，I _myself clear. We want to return on October 20.Ahadnt made Bwouldnt makeCdont make Dhavent made【解析】 D本題考查時態(tài)和情景交際。答句句意為：抱歉，我還沒有把我的意思表達明白，強調對現(xiàn)在造成的影響，用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。3一般過去時和過去進行時一般過去時表示發(fā)生在過去的動作或過去存在的狀態(tài)。過去進行時則表示在過去某個時間點或時間段正在做某事。進行時具有進行性、未完成性和暫時性的特點。如：I read a book last month. (書已經在過去某個時間點讀完)I was reading a book last month. (書未讀完) Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _it this morning. Adid Bhas doneCwas doing Dhad done【解析】 C此題容易誤選A。根據I have no idea這一關鍵信息可知，說話者對是否完成并不知道，因此用進行時，表示今天上午在做。4一般過去時和過去完成時判斷是不是過去完成時應先從時間軸上找到表示“過去”的時間點或動作，然后判斷在這個時間點或動作之前還有沒有另一個動作，并且判斷該句是否強調發(fā)生在前。The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.5完成時和完成進行時的用法比較現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時分別表示某一動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或過去某一時間?，F(xiàn)在完成進行時和過去完成進行時雖然也表示一個動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或過去某一時間，但更強調動作的持續(xù)性。完成時強調動作的結果，完成進行時強調動作的延續(xù)。如：(1) Why does the river smell terrible? Because the water_. Ahave pollutedBis being pollutedChas been pollutedDhave been polluted【解析】 C考查完成時和完成進行時的用法和主謂一致。根據問句可知所填動詞表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產生的影響，時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時，動詞與主語是被動關系，用被動語態(tài)。主語是the water，謂語動詞用單數，選C。(2) He _ articles for our newspaper these years, and he _about 40 articles. Ahas written；has writtenBhas been writing；writesCis writing；has been writingDhas been writing；has written【解析】 D考查完成時和完成進行時的用法。由句意知“這些年他一直在寫”，用has been writing；“已寫完了”用has written。三、被動語態(tài) 動詞的語態(tài)反映主語與謂語動詞之間的一種關系。動詞的語態(tài)有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。當句子的主語是謂語動詞所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者時，謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)；當句子的主語是謂語動詞所表示的動作的承受者時，謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)。在主動語態(tài)中，句子通過謂語動詞的不同形式體現(xiàn)出不同的時態(tài)形式；被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be 過去分詞”構成，不同的時態(tài)通過 be 的不同形式體現(xiàn)。其被動語態(tài)構成方法與普通的及物動詞的被動語態(tài)的構成方法相同。常用被動語態(tài) 構成(以ask為例) 常用被動語態(tài) 構成1 一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are asked 6 過去進行時 was/were being asked 2 一般過去時was/were asked 7 現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has been asked3 一般將來時shall/will be asked 8 過去完成時 had been asked4 過去將來時would be asked 9 將來完成時 will/would have been asked5 現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are being asked 10含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)can/must/may be asked注意事項被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動語態(tài)不可漏掉其中的介詞或副詞。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. “get 過去分詞”可以表示被動，此結構比較口語化。如：She got married last week. He fell off the car and got killed. 漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結構表示。如：It is believed thatIt is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is well known thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is supposed thatIt is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that注意事項不用被動語態(tài)的情況不及物動詞及短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：happen, take place, last, break out, come about, come out等。如：The book came out last year. The meeting lasted about 4 hours without reaching any agreement. 系動詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等都沒有被動語態(tài)。如：The food tastes good.The cloth feels soft. His plan proved (to be) practical. It has gone bad.表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞不需用被動語態(tài)。如read, write, act, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, open, lock, shut, dry, start。這類動詞一般不單獨使用，常用一個修飾語。如：The book sells well. 這本書很暢銷。My pen wont write. 我的筆寫不出字來。This coat dries easily. 這種外衣容易干。The door wont lock. 這門鎖不上。The engine wont start. 引擎發(fā)動不起來。The cloth washes well. 這布很耐洗。1Hi, Lucy, you look tired. Im really tired. I _the living room all day. ApaintedBhad paintedChave been paintingDhave been painted【誤】 學生容易分辨不清C與D的區(qū)別，而誤選D。【正】 C表示我一整天都在刷房子，應該用現(xiàn)在完成進行時。2Nancy is not coming tonight. But she _！(promise)【誤】 But she has promised. 【正】 But she promised. 【解析】 Nancy“答應要來”這個動作應該發(fā)生在過去，是過去作出的承諾，前文已告訴我們“她不來了”，因此諾言已跟現(xiàn)在沒有關系，只是過去的一個動作。3托尼給我打電話時，我剛完成工作，要開始洗澡?！菊`】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 【解析】 從關鍵信息I had just finished my work可以看出是“正要開始洗澡”應該是進行時，was starting 可以表示馬上就要進行的動作；而started表示“開始了”。4I dont really work here; I _until the new secretary arrives. Ajust help outBhave just helped out Cam just helping outDwill just help out【誤】 此題易受第一句話的影響，而誤選A。【正】 表示我現(xiàn)在只是在臨時幫忙，是現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作，選C?！窘馕觥?一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在的、經常性的行為或狀態(tài)，而現(xiàn)在進行時表示正在進行的、暫時性的動作。5很多的鳥類正被人們捕殺?！菊`】 Many birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now. 【解析】 現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)結構要完整，不能遺漏其中的助動詞，導致時態(tài)錯誤。12010上海卷 The church tower which_will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. Ahas restored Bhas been restoredCis restoring Dis being restored【解析】 D本題考查被動語態(tài)。restore意為“修復”，而最后一句表明工程還未完成，因此為正在修復中，選D。2北京卷 John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_ with them to school. Atook Bhad takenCwere taking Dwould take【答案】 B3遼寧卷 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair_ all day. Could you speak to her now? Aphones Bhas phonedChas been phoning Dphoned【解析】 C考查現(xiàn)在完成進行時。由all day可以看出一直在打電話，此時仍然在打，過去發(fā)生的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并仍在進行，選C。4天津卷 My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Alive Blived Cwere living Dwill live【解析】 A考查時態(tài)。后句意思為：他們出生在香港，從來沒有在別的地方住過。由此可知前句“一直在香港住”，時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時，說明事實，選A。5 江蘇卷 Ann is in hospital. Oh, really? I _know. I _go and visit her. Adidnt; am going to Bdont; wouldCdont; will Ddidnt; will【解析】 D由答語中的“Oh, really？”可以看出，“我”是剛剛知道的，所以用I didnt know表示現(xiàn)在之前不知道。A項中的am going to表示“說話時早有的打算”，而D項中的will則表示“說話時臨時的打算”。6上海卷 During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _not to touch any unattended bag.Ahad always been warnedBwere always being warnedCare always warningDalways warned【解析】 B根據時間狀語可知是指過去，be always doing sth.表示“一種感情色彩”，并且人們與警告之間是被動的關系，選B。7He_ football regularly for many years when he was young. Awas playing BplayedChas played Dhad played【解析】 B考查考生對題干中句子含義的理解以及對動詞時態(tài)的掌握情況。由題干中的“for many years”很多同學推斷出應為現(xiàn)在完成時，但“when he was young”這個時間狀語表明他打球是過去時，未持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。由“regularly” 可知他過去經常打球，是一種過去的習慣性的動作，選B。8全國卷 Linda，make sure the tables _ before the guests arrive. Abe set BsetCare set Dare setting【解析】 C考查動詞時態(tài)語態(tài)。make sure意為“確信，確?！保瑂et tables意為“擺放桌子”，結合語境應用被動形式。92010全國卷 Excuse me. I_ I was blocking your way. Adidnt realize Bdont realizeChavent realized Dwasnt realizing【解析】 A考查動詞時態(tài)。這里應用一般過去時表示說話之前“沒有意識到”。10My friend went to Canada three years ago. He_ there for a few months and then went to America. Awas living Bhas livedCwas lived Dlived【解析】 D句意為：我的朋友三年前去了加拿大，他在那里住了幾個月，然后去了美國。由句意可知，住在加拿大這個情況發(fā)生在過去，且已經結束，故用一般過去時。11四川卷 When shall we restart our business?Not until we _ our plan. Awill finish Bare finishingCare to finish Dhave finished【解析】 D考查動詞時態(tài)。狀語從句用現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，這里表示計劃完成后，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時。12Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?Who _it? Awrites Bhas written Cwrote Dhad written【解析】 C本題考查時態(tài)。題干中的答句問“誰寫的這本書？”說明此書肯定是過去寫的，所以用動詞的過去式。13They_ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go. Ahad got Bgot Chave got Dget【解析】 B本題考查時態(tài)。句意為：他們得到了兩張去加拿大的免費票，否則他們將永遠也去不起。此題敘述事實，又發(fā)生在過去，選B。14The singer together with her band _invited to the concert. Did you enjoy that party?No, no sooner _than they sang their top hit Oh My Baby. Awas; I had left Bwere; I have goneCwas; had I left Dwere; did I leave【解析】 C主謂一致、時態(tài)及倒裝的綜合考查。主語(the singer)后面跟有together with引起的短語，謂語動詞與前面的主語一致，所以要用was；否定詞no sooner和than連用，且位于句首時，用部分倒裝結構，表示一件事緊接著另一件事發(fā)生，相當于漢語的“一就”。15四川卷 Youve failed to do what you _ to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you. Awill expect Bwill be expectedCexpected Dwere expected【解析】 D考查動詞時態(tài)。由語境“老師將批評你”，知道你沒有完成應該做的，所以用過去時，expect sb. to do sth. 意為“期待某人做某事”，此處要用被動形式。16安徽卷 Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No. I _ the book，so I already knew the story. Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave read【解析】 B考查時態(tài)。句意為：“你對電影結果感到吃驚嗎？”“不，我已經讀過這本書，所以我已知道了這個故事?！薄白x書”是在“看電影”之前，故用過去完成時。17全國卷 Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No，I _ my homework all day yesterday. Awas doing Bwould doChad done Ddo【解析】 A考查動詞時態(tài)。all day yesterday是信息詞，暗示用過去進行時。18遼寧卷 I _ all the cooking for my family，but recently Ive been too busy to do it. Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done【解析】 B考查動詞時態(tài)。第一句表示通常、一般性的一種狀況，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。句意為：我為一家人做飯，但是最近我太忙不能做了。19全國卷 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _. Ais made Bwould makeCwas to be made Dhad made【解析】 C考查動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)。make a fortune表“發(fā)財”，此處是被動語態(tài)，was to be made表示過去將來時，相當于would be made。20福建卷 Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the moneymaking jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns. Apromised Bwere promisedChave promised Dhave been promised【解析】 D考查動詞時態(tài)。句意為：因為在離開家鄉(xiāng)前被許諾的能掙錢的工作，每年大量的農民工涌入深圳。由句中arrive的時態(tài)可知此處的時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時，又根據before leaving their hometowns可知在離開家鄉(xiāng)前的承諾，強調結果，所以該空應為現(xiàn)在完成時。21福建卷 Guess what，weve got our visas for a shortterm visit to the UK this summer. How nice！You _ a different culture then. Awill be experiencingBhave experiencedChave been experiencingDwill have experienced【解析】 A考查動詞時態(tài)。由第一句可知：我們已經得到了暑假去英國旅行的短期簽證，再由第二句中then可知：這是對去英國旅行的美好祝愿，動作尚未發(fā)生。因此時態(tài)應為將來進行時。22安徽卷 Weve spent too much money recently. Well，it isnt surprising. Our friends and relatives _ around all the time. Aare coming Bhad comeCwere coming Dhave been coming【解析】 D考查時態(tài)。句意為：“最近我們花錢太多了?！薄耙稽c也不奇怪。我們一直有朋友和親戚來。”句中出現(xiàn)了明顯的時間狀語recently和all the time。23北京卷 In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words _.Aare dropped BdropCare being dropped Dhave dropped【解析】 A本題考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。the “r” sounds和drop之間構成邏輯上的動賓關系，要用被動語態(tài)；題目描述的是習慣做法，要用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。24北京卷 Im not finished with my dinner yet.But our friends _for us. Awill wait BwaitChave waited Dare waiting【解析】 D本題考查動詞的時態(tài)。根據第一句話可知，雙方談論的是正在發(fā)生的事情，故用現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)。25Unfortunately，when I got to her flat, she_，so we had only a moment for a few words. Ajust left Bhad just leftChas just left Dwas just leaving【解析】 D考查時態(tài)。從后半句的“所以我們僅用一會兒時間說了幾句話”可知，當說話人到達那位女士的公寓時，她正要離開，應該用過去進行時表示過去馬上要發(fā)生的動作。26Has Tom already finished his new story?I have no idea. He _it last month. Ahad written Bwas writingCwould write Dwrote【解析】 B本題考查時態(tài)。過去某個動作表示未完成或者不知道有沒有完成時，用過去進行時態(tài)，句中是不知道有沒有完成，所以本題選擇B項。27How come your father can read books in German?Well, he _on a project with some German engineers for 3 years when he was young. Aworked Bwas workingChad worked Dwould work【解析】 A考查動詞時態(tài)。盡管應答句中有3 years表時間段，但由時間狀語從句可知此處是陳述過去的事實，故用一般過去時，選A。28Whats the problem, Sir?You _at least at a speed of about 100 miles per hour. Aare driving BdriveCwere driving Dhave been driving【答案】 C29Are you still very busy?Yes，I _the report for the manager and it wont take long. Ahave just finishedBam just finishingChad just finishedDam just going to finish【解析】 B考查現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)表示將來的用法。根據“it wont take long”推知，報告將要寫完但并沒有寫完。30What are you going to do this afternoon?I am going to the cinema with some friends. The film _quite early, so we _to the bookstore after that.Afinished; are going Bfinished; goCfinishes; are going Dfinishes; go【解析】 C由問句和答語I am going可知，要用將來時態(tài)，排除選項A和B；電影的開始和結束是電影院在時刻表中已有的計劃，用一般現(xiàn)在時表示，而表示最近的打算或安排，則可用現(xiàn)在進行時表示。