高考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí) 語(yǔ)法突破篇 第一講 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

解決時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)問(wèn)題，要遵循如下解題思路：1這件事情說(shuō)的是什么時(shí)候的事情或情況？(定“時(shí)”)2這個(gè)動(dòng)作處于什么狀態(tài)，是完成了，還是未完成，還是既不表示完成又不表示進(jìn)行？(定“體”)3這個(gè)動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)？(定“語(yǔ)態(tài)”)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)典句示例典句示例一般現(xiàn)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)在時(shí)用在時(shí)間、條件或讓步用在時(shí)間、條件或讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，以及談?wù)摖钫Z(yǔ)從句中，以及談?wù)摪从?jì)劃或時(shí)間表安排的按計(jì)劃或時(shí)間表安排的活動(dòng)時(shí)，表示將來(lái)活動(dòng)時(shí)，表示將來(lái)The plane takes off at 5：00 am.Ill call on you unless it rains the day after tomorrow.表示客觀真理，科學(xué)事表示客觀真理，科學(xué)事實(shí)實(shí)The sun rises in the east.時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)典句示例典句示例現(xiàn)在進(jìn)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)主語(yǔ)表示說(shuō)話人現(xiàn)在對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為表贊嘆或厭惡等的行為表贊嘆或厭惡等(常與常與always，constantly，continually等副詞連用等副詞連用)He is always thinking of others.(贊許贊許)He is constantly leaving his things about.(不滿不滿)The children are always making trouble.(厭惡厭惡)表示最近計(jì)劃或安排要表示最近計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常限于進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常限于go，come，leave，start，arrive，return，work，sleep，stay，have，wear等動(dòng)詞等動(dòng)詞He is starting the work in a few minutes.A foreign guest is giving a lecture in English this afternoon.He is staying with us for a few weeks next year.時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)典句示例典句示例一般過(guò)一般過(guò)去時(shí)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)反表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與every day，often，sometimes等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用連用He usually came to school by bike last year.在時(shí)間、條件、方式、在時(shí)間、條件、方式、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的動(dòng)作動(dòng)作He promised that he would buy some copies for us when he went there.He said he would let us know if he got any news.時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)典句示例典句示例過(guò)去進(jìn)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)行時(shí)表示說(shuō)話人過(guò)去對(duì)主語(yǔ)表示說(shuō)話人過(guò)去對(duì)主語(yǔ)的行為贊嘆、厭惡等，的行為贊嘆、厭惡等，常與常與always，constantly，continually等副詞連用等副詞連用He was always thinking of his work at that time.(贊嘆贊嘆)表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，一般僅限于作，一般僅限于go，come，leave，start，arrive，stoy等動(dòng)詞。等動(dòng)詞。He said that he was coming to see you the next month.時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)典句示例典句示例一般一般將來(lái)將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)be to do.1(按計(jì)劃、安排按計(jì)劃、安排)打算；將要做打算；將要做2(按命令、指示、約定、要求、按命令、指示、約定、要求、職責(zé)、義務(wù)等職責(zé)、義務(wù)等)必須、必要、應(yīng)該必須、必要、應(yīng)該做，相當(dāng)于做，相當(dāng)于should，ought to，must，have to3表示注定會(huì)發(fā)生表示注定會(huì)發(fā)生4(用于條件句用于條件句)想；想要做想；想要做A new bridge is to be built over the river soon.You are to do your homework before you watch TV.If you are to pass the exams，youll have to study harder from now on.be about to do即將，正要做即將，正要做(不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連不與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，意同用，意同be on the point of doing)Look！The race is about to start.時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)典句示例典句示例過(guò)去過(guò)去將來(lái)將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)常用在賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)常用在賓語(yǔ)從句或間接引語(yǔ)中，表示從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間看中，表示從過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間看將來(lái)發(fā)生的行為或存在的狀態(tài)將來(lái)發(fā)生的行為或存在的狀態(tài)They said that they would drop in on us before long.They wanted to know when you would finish the article.現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在完成完成時(shí)時(shí)非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的肯定式不能與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的肯定式不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，但表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，但其否定式卻可以和表示一段時(shí)其否定式卻可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，因?yàn)榉穸ǖ臓铋g的狀語(yǔ)連用，因?yàn)榉穸ǖ臓顟B(tài)是可以延續(xù)的態(tài)是可以延續(xù)的He has joined the army for two years.(誤誤)I havent seen Mary for two years.(正正)在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)在完成時(shí)代替將來(lái)完成時(shí)Ill go home as soon as Ive finished all my homework.This/It is the first/second.timethat從從句，句，that從句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)從句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)This is the first time(that)I have come here.時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)典句示例典句示例過(guò)過(guò)去去完完成成時(shí)時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去的另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，常用的時(shí)間狀過(guò)去的另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：語(yǔ)有：by then，by that time，until，by the end of，before 2000，by the time句子等句子等By then he had learned English for 3 years.Until then he had known nothing about it yet.表示過(guò)去本打算實(shí)現(xiàn)而未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或表示過(guò)去本打算實(shí)現(xiàn)而未實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或計(jì)劃，常用動(dòng)詞有計(jì)劃，常用動(dòng)詞有hope，want，expect，think，mean，suppose，plan，intend等等I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.(但未能如愿但未能如愿)I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.This was/It was the first/second.timethat從句，從句，that從從句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)It was一段時(shí)間一段時(shí)間since從句，從句，since從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)從句中用過(guò)去完成時(shí)It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.hardly/scarcely/barely.when.和和no sooner.than.結(jié)構(gòu)中，結(jié)構(gòu)中，hardly，no sooner所在句子用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，所在句子用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，when和和than從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)，表示從句中用過(guò)去時(shí)，表示“一一就就”Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)注意事項(xiàng)注意事項(xiàng)典句示例典句示例易混易混時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)用法用法比較比較過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)1過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間所發(fā)生動(dòng)作，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)2過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)同過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)同forever，constantly，always等連用，略帶感情色彩，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)等連用，略帶感情色彩，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示客觀陳述則表示客觀陳述She was reading at 8 yesterday.She went out just now.一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)所表示的過(guò)去時(shí)間是具體確定的，一般過(guò)去時(shí)所表示的過(guò)去時(shí)間是具體確定的，與其他時(shí)間沒(méi)有牽連。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示事情與其他時(shí)間沒(méi)有牽連。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示事情已發(fā)生，它所表示的事情與現(xiàn)在的情況有關(guān)已發(fā)生，它所表示的事情與現(xiàn)在的情況有關(guān)系，是過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果系，是過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果We visited a power station last week.(只說(shuō)明只說(shuō)明上周參觀發(fā)電站這個(gè)事實(shí)上周參觀發(fā)電站這個(gè)事實(shí))We have visited a power station.(說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在對(duì)發(fā)電站說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在對(duì)發(fā)電站有所了解有所了解)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響；現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)某項(xiàng)活現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在一段時(shí)期內(nèi)某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的持續(xù)性，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作本身動(dòng)的持續(xù)性，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作本身2現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性I have thought it over.I have been thinking it over.Have you been meeting him recently?Have you met him recently？ 動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成一般時(shí)態(tài)一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在am/is/are givenam/is/are being givenhas/have been given過(guò)去過(guò)去was/were givenwas/were being givenhad been given將來(lái)將來(lái)shall/will be givenshall/will have been given過(guò)去過(guò)去將來(lái)將來(lái)would be givenwould have been given二、主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況連系動(dòng)詞連系動(dòng)詞(其主語(yǔ)主其主語(yǔ)主要指物要指物)用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。例如：用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。例如：feel，smell，taste，sound，prove，remain，stay，appear等等The cloth feels soft.The music sounds inspiring.不及物動(dòng)不及物動(dòng)詞詞(其主語(yǔ)其主語(yǔ)多指物多指物)表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在的品質(zhì)或性能的不及物動(dòng)表示主語(yǔ)內(nèi)在的品質(zhì)或性能的不及物動(dòng)詞。詞。例如：例如：sell，read，draw，wash，write，open，wear，run，burn，act，cut，shut，eat，drink，lock等等The kind of book sells well.The shirt washes well.不及物動(dòng)詞或某些短語(yǔ)。例如：不及物動(dòng)詞或某些短語(yǔ)。例如：last，cost，spread，happen(to)，take place，belong to，break out，go out，run out，shut off，turn off，work out等等表示表示“開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)”的動(dòng)詞，如的動(dòng)詞，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等等The accident happened outside my house.It was almost midnight that a fire broke out in the neighborhood.Work began at 7 oclock this morning.The shop closes at 6 pm.every day.種類(lèi)種類(lèi)主要用法主要用法典句示例典句示例不定不定式的式的主動(dòng)主動(dòng)形式形式表示表示被動(dòng)被動(dòng)含義含義不定式用在不定式用在easy，difficult，fit，hard，comfortable，pleasant，light，heavy，good，safe，dangerous，unfit等形容詞之后，且不定式與句子的主等形容詞之后，且不定式與句子的主語(yǔ)有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主語(yǔ)有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，不定式常用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，且不定式的賓語(yǔ)必須省略動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，且不定式的賓語(yǔ)必須省略The girl is easy to get along with.The problem is difficult to work out.若作定語(yǔ)用的不定式與其所修飾的名詞之若作定語(yǔ)用的不定式與其所修飾的名詞之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并與句子主語(yǔ)之間存在間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，并與句子主語(yǔ)之間存在主謂關(guān)系，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義主謂關(guān)系，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義I have a lot of work to do.She has something to say.某些作表語(yǔ)用的不定式，強(qiáng)調(diào)出租、責(zé)備某些作表語(yǔ)用的不定式，強(qiáng)調(diào)出租、責(zé)備等。此時(shí)常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：等。此時(shí)常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：let(出租出租)，rent，hire，blame等等Am I to blame?The house is to let.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)With a lot of problems to settle，she looks a little anxious.種類(lèi)種類(lèi)主要用法主要用法典句示例典句示例動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)的主動(dòng)形式表形式表示被動(dòng)示被動(dòng)含義含義在在need，want，require，deserve等詞后，用動(dòng)名詞的等詞后，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，也可主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，也可用不定式的被動(dòng)形式用不定式的被動(dòng)形式The matter wants looking into.The matter wants to be looked into.在形容詞在形容詞worth后，用動(dòng)名詞的后，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，此時(shí)主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，此時(shí)相當(dāng)于相當(dāng)于be worthy to be done或或be worthy of being doneThe film is worth seeing.The film is worthy to be seen/of being seen.