語法專題3 定語從句(Ivan Fang)2

GrammarGrammar一、一、概念概念 定語從句定語從句 在句中做定語，修飾一個名在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出 。關系代詞有：關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, who, whom, whose, that, whichthat, which等。等。關系副詞有：關系副詞有：when, where, whywhen, where, why等。等。二、二、用法用法 1 1、關系代詞引導的定語從句關系代詞引導的定語從句 關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。保持一致。1 1）whowho( (主格主格) ), whom, whom（賓格）（賓格）, , thatthat 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語和賓語。例如：詞，在從句中作主語和賓語。例如：a) a) 他就是他就是 我昨天見到的我昨天見到的 那個人。那個人。He is the man.He is the man.I saw him yesterday.I saw him yesterday.He is the man He is the man whomwhom I saw I saw yesterday.yesterday.b) b) 你認識你認識 站在那邊的站在那邊的 那個人嗎？那個人嗎？Do you know the man?Do you know the man?He is standing over there.He is standing over there.Do you know the man Do you know the man whowho is is standing over there?standing over there?（ ） （ ）2 2）whose whose 用來指人或物。用來指人或物。 例如：例如：a) a) 小明，他的父親是工程師，是我們班級小明，他的父親是工程師，是我們班級里最好的學生。里最好的學生。（ ）XiaoXiao Ming is the best student in Ming is the best student in our class.our class.His father is an engineer.His father is an engineer.Xiao Xiao Ming Ming whosewhose father is an father is an engineer is the best student in engineer is the best student in our class.our class.注意：注意：定語從句應緊跟在先行詞的后面定語從句應緊跟在先行詞的后面（即定語從句所修飾的詞）（即定語從句所修飾的詞）3 3）which, that which, that 所代替的先行詞是事物所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。等。 例如例如 ：a) a) 這是這是 我們去年參觀的我們去年參觀的 工廠。工廠。（ ）This is the factory.This is the factory.We visited it last year.We visited it last year.This is the factory which / that This is the factory which / that we visited last year.we visited last year.說明：說明：關系代詞在關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時可定語從句中作賓語時可以省略。以省略。b) b) 這是這是 去年建造的去年建造的 工廠。工廠。（ ）This is the factory.This is the factory.It was built last year.It was built last year.This is the factory which / that This is the factory which / that was built last year.was built last year. 2 2、關系副詞引導的定語從句關系副詞引導的定語從句 關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。 1 1）關系副詞）關系副詞when, where, why when, where, why 的含的含義相當于義相當于 “介詞介詞+ which” + which” 結構，因此常結構，因此常常和常和“介詞介詞+ which”+ which”結構交替使用。例如：結構交替使用。例如：a) a) 我仍然記得我仍然記得 我參軍的我參軍的 那一天。那一天。（ ）I still remember the day.I still remember the day.On that day I joined the army.On that day I joined the army.I still remember the day I still remember the day whenwhen I I joined the army. joined the army. 或或I still remember the day I still remember the day on on whichwhich I joined the army. I joined the army. b) b) 這就是這就是 我們去年住的我們去年住的 房屋。房屋。（ ）This is the house.This is the house.We lived in it last year.We lived in it last year.This is the house This is the house wherewhere we we lived last year. lived last year. 或或This is the house This is the house in whichin which we we lived last year. lived last year. 或或 This is the house This is the house whichwhich we we lived lived inin last year. last year. c) c) 你知道你知道 他遲到的他遲到的 原因嗎？原因嗎？（ ）Do you know the reason?Do you know the reason?He was late for that reason.He was late for that reason.Do you know the reason Do you know the reason whywhy he he was late? was late? 或或Do you know the reason Do you know the reason for for whichwhich he was late? he was late? 2 2）當先行詞是指時間、地點或原因時，并）當先行詞是指時間、地點或原因時，并非就用非就用when, where, why when, where, why 來引導定語來引導定語從句。從句。 例如：例如： 這是我們去年參觀的地方。這是我們去年參觀的地方。 這是我們去年工作的地方。這是我們去年工作的地方。 a)a)vtvt. .vi.vi.This is the place This is the place which / thatwhich / that we visited last year.we visited last year.This is the place This is the place wherewhere we we worked last year.worked last year. 我仍然記得我入團的那一天。我仍然記得我入團的那一天。 我仍然記得我們一起度過的那一天。我仍然記得我們一起度過的那一天。b)b)I still remember the day I still remember the day when when I joined the League.I joined the League.I still remember the day I still remember the day that / that / whichwhich we spent together. we spent together. 3 3、判斷關系代詞與關系副詞判斷關系代詞與關系副詞 方法一：方法一： 用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全 This is the mountain village This is the mountain village wherewhere I stayed last year. I stayed last year.這是我去年呆過的山村。這是我去年呆過的山村。取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及無賓語，就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如：物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如：IllIll never forget the days never forget the days whenwhen I I worked together with you.worked together with you.我永遠不會忘記與你共事的日子。我永遠不會忘記與你共事的日子。 方法二：方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關系代詞擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。關系副詞。A. whereA. whereB. thatB. that C. on which C. on which D. the oneD. the one例例1.1. Is this the museum _ you Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?visited a few days ago?例例2.2. Is this museum _ you Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?visited a few days ago?A. whereA. whereB. thatB. that C. on which C. on which D. the oneD. the oneB BD Da) a) 在在 there be there be 句型中，只用句型中，只用 thatthat，不，不 用用 whichwhich。b)b)不定代詞，如：不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, littlethe one, all, much, few, any, little等等作先行詞時，只用作先行詞時，只用 thatthat，不用，不用 whichwhich 。c)c)先行詞有先行詞有 the only, the very the only, the very 修飾時，修飾時，只用只用 thatthat。d) d) 先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級等修飾先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級等修飾時，只用時，只用 thatthat。e) e) 先行詞既有人，又有物時先行詞既有人，又有物時 。1.1.His parents wouldnHis parents wouldnt let him t let him marry anyone _ family was marry anyone _ family was poor.poor.A. of whom B. whomA. of whom B. whomC. of whoseC. of whose D. whoseD. whose D D2.2.In the dark street, there wasnIn the dark street, there wasnt t a single person _ she could a single person _ she could turn for help. turn for help. A. thatA. that B. whoB. whoC. from whomC. from whom D. to whomD. to whom D D定語從句練習定語從句練習3.3.After living in Pairs for fifty After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. where A. which B. where C. thatC. that D. whenD. when B B4.4.He lived in London for 3 months, He lived in London for 3 months, during _ time he learned some during _ time he learned some English.English.A. thisA. this B. which B. which C. thatC. that D. sameD. same B B5.5.I had neither a raincoat nor an I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. _ I got wet through.umbrella. _ I got wet through. A. Its the reason B. Thats whyA. Its the reason B. Thats why C. Theres why D. Its howC. Theres why D. Its howB B6.6.I dont like _ you speak to I dont like _ you speak to her.her. A.the way that B.the way in thatA.the way that B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of thatC.the way which D.the way of thatA A下面請看定語從句語法（二）下面請看定語從句語法（二） 4 4、關系代詞關系代詞 thatthat 的用法的用法 1 1）不用不用 that that 的情況的情況 介詞后不能用。介詞后不能用。例如：例如：We depend on the land We depend on the land from from whichwhich we get our food. we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。我們依賴土地獲得食物。We depend on the land We depend on the land that / that / whichwhich we get our food we get our food fromfrom. . 2 2）只能用只能用 that that 作為定語從句的關系代作為定語從句的關系代 詞詞的情況的情況1.1.This is all _ I know about the This is all _ I know about the matter. matter. A.that B.what C.who A.that B.what C.who D.whether D.whether2.2.Is there anything else _ you Is there anything else _ you want? want? A.which B.that C.who A.which B.that C.who D.what D.what3.3.The last place _ we visited The last place _ we visited was the Great Wall. was the Great Wall. A.which B.that C.where D.itA.which B.that C.where D.itA AB BB B4.4.He talked happily about the men He talked happily about the men and books _ interested him and books _ interested him greatly in the school. greatly in the school. A.which B.that C.it D.whomA.which B.that C.it D.whom5.5.There is no dictionary _ you There is no dictionary _ you can find everything. can find everything. A.that B.which C.where D.in thatA.that B.which C.where D.in that6.6.This is one of the best books _. This is one of the best books _. A.that have ever been written A.that have ever been written B.that has ever been written B.that has ever been written C.that has written C.that has written D.that have writtenD.that have writtenB BA AA A7.7.He wrote a letter to me, telling He wrote a letter to me, telling me everything _ he saw on the me everything _ he saw on the way to the Paris. way to the Paris. A.what B.that C.which D.whereA.what B.that C.which D.where8.8.Is oxygenIs oxygen（氧氣）（氧氣） the only gas the only gas _ helps fire burn? _ helps fire burn? A.that A.that B. / C.which D.it B. / C.which D.it9.9.Is there anything _ to you? Is there anything _ to you? A.that is belonged B.that belongs A.that is belonged B.that belongs C.which belongs D.that belongC.which belongs D.that belongB BA AB B10.10.The scientist and his achieve- The scientist and his achieve- mentsments（成就）（成就）_ you told me _ you told me about are admired by us all. about are admired by us all. A.which B.that A.which B.that C.who D.whose C.who D.whose11.11.Which of the books _ were Which of the books _ were borrowed from him is the best? borrowed from him is the best? A.which B.what C.that D.whoseA.which B.what C.that D.whoseB BC C 先行詞有下列情況或附有下列修飾語時，先行詞有下列情況或附有下列修飾語時，通常用關系代詞通常用關系代詞 thatthat。1)1)先行詞是先行詞是 all, no, none, everyone, all, no, none, everyone, something, much, littlesomething, much, little等。等。2)2)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞先行詞前有序數(shù)詞, ,形容詞最高級或形容詞最高級或 the the last, the onlylast, the only等。等。3)3)如果先行詞中既含有表示人的名詞又有表如果先行詞中既含有表示人的名詞又有表示物的名詞時。示物的名詞時。4)4)若主句中有疑問代詞若主句中有疑問代詞 who, which who, which 為了為了避免重復避免重復, , 關系代詞不要再用關系代詞不要再用who, which.who, which.結論結論: :1.1.Do you know who lives in the Do you know who lives in the building _ there is a well? building _ there is a well? A.in front of it B. in front of A.in front of it B. in front of whose C.in front of whose C.in front of which D.in front which D.in front whichwhich2.2.IllIll never forget the day _ I never forget the day _ I joined the League. joined the League. A. on which B. in which A. on which B. in which C. which D. at whichC. which D. at which3.3.The woman _ my brother The woman _ my brother spoke just now is my teacher. spoke just now is my teacher. A.who B.to whom C.to who D.whomA.who B.to whom C.to who D.whomC CA AB B4.4.Jeanne was her old friend, _ Jeanne was her old friend, _ she borrowed a necklace. she borrowed a necklace. A. from who B. from whom A. from who B. from whom C. to that D. to whomC. to that D. to whom5.5.His glasses, _ he was like a His glasses, _ he was like a blind manblind man（盲人）（盲人）, fell to the , fell to the ground and broke its leg. ground and broke its leg. A. which B. with which A. which B. with which C. without which D. thatC. without which D. thatB BC C6.6.She is a teacher of much know- She is a teacher of much know- ledge, _ much can be learned. ledge, _ much can be learned. A. who B. that A. who B. that C. from which D. from whomC. from which D. from whom7.7.He built a telescopeHe built a telescope（望遠鏡）（望遠鏡）_ he could study the skies. _ he could study the skies. A. in which B. with that A. in which B. with that C. through which D. by itC. through which D. by it8.8.Do you know the reason _ he Do you know the reason _ he was late? D. for which was late? D. for which A. that B. which C. for whatA. that B. which C. for whatD DC CD D9.9.I have bought two ball-pens, _ I have bought two ball-pens, _ writes well. writes well. A.none of which B.neither of A.none of which B.neither of whichwhich C.none of them D.neither of themC.none of them D.neither of them10.10.This is the very knife_I used This is the very knife_I used to cut apples yesterday. to cut apples yesterday. A. that B. by which A. that B. by which C. which D. with whichC. which D. with which11.11.The book, _ which he paid 6 The book, _ which he paid 6 yuanyuan, is worth reading., is worth reading.B BA Aforfor 介詞關系代詞引導的定語從句，介詞關系代詞引導的定語從句，關鍵是判斷介詞的選擇，方法一是看關鍵是判斷介詞的選擇，方法一是看從句謂語部分缺少什么介詞（習慣搭從句謂語部分缺少什么介詞（習慣搭配），再則可以通過整個句子整體含配），再則可以通過整個句子整體含義來判斷義來判斷,結合生活實際來判斷。結合生活實際來判斷。 結論結論: :Is this the factory _ you Is this the factory _ you visited last year? visited last year? Is this factory _ you visited Is this factory _ you visited last year?last year?1.1.a. that b. where a. that b. where c. in which c. in which d. the one d. the one2.2.All _ I need is a good rest.All _ I need is a good rest. You knowYou know _ I need is a _ I need is a good rest.good rest. a. what b. all what a. what b. all what c. that d. whichc. that d. whicha ad dc ca a3.3.Mr Smith is one of those forei- Mr Smith is one of those forei- gnersgners who_ working in China who_ working in China. .Mr Smith is the only one of Mr Smith is the only one of those foreigners who _ work- those foreigners who _ work- inging in China. in China.a. is b. has c. have d. area. is b. has c. have d. are4.4.Pisa is a city, _ has a lean- Pisa is a city, _ has a lean- inging tower. tower.Pisa is a city, _ there is a Pisa is a city, _ there is a leaning tower.leaning tower.a.which b.that c.where d.therea.which b.that c.where d.thered da aa ac c5.5.This is the place _ we visit- This is the place _ we visit- ed last year.ed last year.This is the place _ we This is the place _ we worked last year.worked last year.a. which b. where a. which b. where c. in that d. therec. in that d. there6.6.The news _ he told us The news _ he told us was very exciting.was very exciting.He told us the news _ our He told us the news _ our team had won the game.team had won the game.a.what b.as c.that d.whicha ab bc / dc / dc c 在實踐中要注意定語從在實踐中要注意定語從句與其它從句的結構上的細句與其它從句的結構上的細微差別微差別,能夠正確區(qū)分使用它能夠正確區(qū)分使用它們。們。結論結論Correct mistakes:Correct mistakes:1.1. Here is the pen you lost it Here is the pen you lost it yesterday.yesterday.2.2. The girl told me the news is not The girl told me the news is not here now.here now.3.3. Is this farm we visited last year? Is this farm we visited last year?4.4. This is the teacher with whom This is the teacher with whom weveweve learnt a lot. learnt a lot.5.5. He is the only one of the He is the only one of the students who know French.students who know French.或或