重慶市梁平實驗中學(xué)高中英語《Unit1 plant World》Grammar課件2 重慶大學(xué)版必修4

Passive Voice被被 動動 語語 態(tài)態(tài)Read the following sentences, paying attention to the colored parts.1) Bamboo is so strong that it is often used to build houses and bridges. 2) Some are put into cans and shipped to all corners of the world. 3) Bamboos can be fitted together and used as pipes to carry water brought from a river or lake through them . 4) The traffic accident was talked for many years.5) All of us will be asked to attend the lecture.6) A bamboo park is being built near the factory.7) The road to the school has been widened.8) Had he been sent to work in Beijing when you got there?英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如：Summary:They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動主動) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動被動)漢語中常用漢語中常用“被被”、“給給”、“由由”、“受受”等詞用來表示被動，而等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：英語用：助動詞助動詞be+及物及物動詞的過去分詞動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化主要體現(xiàn)在主要體現(xiàn)在be的變化上，其形式與系動詞的變化上，其形式與系動詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以的變化形式完全一樣。以give為例，列為例，列表如下：表如下：一般現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時： am / is / are + given 一般過去時：一般過去時： was / were +given 一般將來時：一般將來時： shall / will +be+ given 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時： am / is / are + being + given現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時： have / has + been + given過去完成時：過去完成時： had + been + given 過去進(jìn)行時：過去進(jìn)行時： was / were + being + given過去將來時：過去將來時： should / would +be+ given將來完成時：將來完成時： shall / will + have been + given過去將來完成時：過去將來完成時： should / would + have been + given注被動語態(tài)沒有將來進(jìn)行時和過去將來注被動語態(tài)沒有將來進(jìn)行時和過去將來進(jìn)行時。進(jìn)行時。 Rice is grown in the south of the country.We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.1. 一般現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時： People grow rice in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 被動語態(tài)常用的八種時態(tài)被動語態(tài)常用的八種時態(tài)The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. His lessons were not easily forgotten.2. 一般過去時：一般過去時： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. 3. 一般將來時：一般將來時： Cars will be sent abroad by sea.Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. They will send cars abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.4. 過去將來時：過去將來時： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.The rooms are being painted.5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時： The radio is broadcasting English lessons.We are painting the rooms. Because the road was being mended.Trees were being planted here this time last year.6. 過去進(jìn)行時：過去進(jìn)行時： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. This time last year we were planting trees here. I have been told the sports meet might be put off.The price has been brought down.7. 現(xiàn)在完成時：現(xiàn)在完成時： Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off. We have brought down the price. When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out.He had been considered to be a great leader.The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader. 8. 過去完成時：過去完成時： When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. Your compositions must be handed in after class.You must hand in your compositions after class. 9. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞+ be+及物動詞的過去及物動詞的過去分詞分詞”構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 A great many letters can be written with the computer by him. He can write a great many letters with the computer. 被動語態(tài)的使用被動語態(tài)的使用1. 當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by短語。短語。 “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ”(只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰弄壞只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰弄壞的，或不想說出誰弄壞的。的，或不想說出誰弄壞的。) 2. 突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用動作的執(zhí)行者，用by短語。短語。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by Paul. 3. 當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用in +名名詞作狀語，而代替詞作狀語，而代替 by 短語。短語。These cars were made in China. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.（1）My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her 主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 dinner party. （2）The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法1. 把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。 2. 把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的be+過過去分詞去分詞，時態(tài)要與原句保持一致。，時態(tài)要與原句保持一致。 3. 把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語，的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by短語短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點名詞，可以省略。如果原句主語是地點名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用在被動語態(tài)中用in + 地點名詞作狀語。地點名詞作狀語。 1. 1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。動詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正確正確) A new computer have been bought. (錯誤錯誤) 2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。主語時比較多。 My uncle gave on my birthday. was given on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語如果把直接賓語(指物指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人指人)前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說： A present was given to me yesterday. mea presenta presentI一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞語前用介詞to，如：如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。如：等。如：The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如：如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。等。 如：如：Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. )The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. He asked me a question. (A question was asked of me. )People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用不用by短語短語) 有些既不用有些既不用to也不用也不用for, 根據(jù)動詞與介詞根據(jù)動詞與介詞的搭配關(guān)系。的搭配關(guān)系。3. 由動詞由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有：或漏掉。這類動詞有： 不及物動詞不及物動詞+ 介詞，如介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about等。等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. 及物動詞及物動詞+副詞：如：副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。等。 His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. 4. 帶復(fù)合賓語帶復(fù)合賓語(賓語賓語+ 賓補賓補)的動詞改為被動的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為語態(tài)時，一般把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如：面。如：We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions.在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態(tài)但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to 的問題。的問題。We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子，如果賓語注意：帶有復(fù)合賓語的句子，如果賓語補足語是名詞，變被動句時，應(yīng)將賓語補足語是名詞，變被動句時，應(yīng)將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，不要誤把賓語補足語的名詞變?yōu)橹髡Z，不要誤把賓語補足語的名詞作主語。如：作主語。如：Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples. 誤：誤：Love apples were called them. 正：正：They were called love apples. The books are taken good care of. Good care is taken of the books. 1) We take good care of the books. 5. 還有一種短語動詞由還有一種短語動詞由動詞動詞+名詞名詞+ 介詞介詞構(gòu)成，變被動語態(tài)有兩種形式，構(gòu)成，變被動語態(tài)有兩種形式，如下：如下： Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. 用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語動詞常用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)的短語動詞常見的有：見的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on等。等。 6. 當(dāng)主動句的主語是當(dāng)主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)闀r，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：為否定的被動語態(tài)。如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤誤: The question can be answered by nobody. 正：正：The question can not be answered by anybody.7. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其等不定代詞時，在被動句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)榉謩e變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語，作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如：并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤誤: Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：正： Nothing has been done to make the river clean.8. 以以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變?yōu)橹髡Z開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用被動時，用by whom放在句首：放在句首： Who wrote the story? 誤：誤：Who was the story written? 正：正：By whom was the story written?9. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表等副詞連用時，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：等。如： The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。這布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。 The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆寫字很流暢。這支筆寫字很流暢。 對比：對比：The books sell well. (主動句主動句) The books were sold out. (被動句被動句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動句主動句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被動句被動句)10. 下列情況主動句不能改為被動句：下列情況主動句不能改為被動句： 第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 誤：誤：It is felt very soft.The food tastes delicious. 誤：誤：The food is tasted delicious.誤：誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful.The pop music sounds beautiful. 第二，謂語是及物動詞第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。等。如：如： 誤：誤：The room was entered and his book was got.誤：誤：Her hand was had burned. He entered the room and got his book. She had her hand burned. 誤：誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building.第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：動語態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。等。如：如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：第四，不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen. After the earthquake, few houses remained. 誤：誤：The sun had already been risen. 誤：誤：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源第五，賓語是反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語，不定式，賓語，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名詞等，形式及抽象名詞等，不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z不能變?yōu)楸粍泳渥拥闹髡Z，如：，如： I taught myself English. We love each other. 誤：誤：Myself was taught English. 誤：誤：Each other is loved. 11. 在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在在漢語中，有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，例如：英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)來表示，例如： 據(jù)說據(jù)說It is said that 據(jù)報導(dǎo)據(jù)報導(dǎo) It is reported that 據(jù)推測據(jù)推測 It is supposed that 希望希望It is hoped that 眾所周知眾所周知It is well known that 普遍認(rèn)為普遍認(rèn)為 It is generally considered that 有人建議有人建議 It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.在英語語言中，被動語態(tài)是極常見的語在英語語言中，被動語態(tài)是極常見的語言現(xiàn)象，人們進(jìn)行語言交際，離不開對言現(xiàn)象，人們進(jìn)行語言交際，離不開對被動語態(tài)的使用，熟練掌握被動語態(tài)也被動語態(tài)的使用，熟練掌握被動語態(tài)也為下一步學(xué)習(xí)打下良好的基礎(chǔ)，在動詞為下一步學(xué)習(xí)打下良好的基礎(chǔ)，在動詞-ing形式，不定式等結(jié)構(gòu)中，都有被動式，形式，不定式等結(jié)構(gòu)中，都有被動式，都需要運用被動語態(tài)的知識去理解。都需要運用被動語態(tài)的知識去理解。一些常見的不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的動賓詞組：一些常見的不能變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的動賓詞組： catch a cold 感冒感冒eat ones words食言食言lose heart 喪失信心喪失信心lose patience失去耐心失去耐心make a face 做鬼臉做鬼臉make up ones mind 下決心下決心make bed 鋪床鋪床make room for為為騰出地方騰出地方keep watch 守望守望keep silence 保持安靜保持安靜 speak ones mind 表明見解表明見解take place 發(fā)生發(fā)生take ones time 從容不從容不迫，別著急迫，別著急take office 就職就職take ones leave 請假請假take notes 作筆記作筆記 take up arms 拿起武拿起武take ones place 就位就位 Practice and homework1. Rewrite the following sentences using passive voice.Our education is paid for by the government.1) The government pays for our education.A book was given to me by John as my birthday present.I was given a book by John as my birthday present.2) John gave me a book as my birthday present.The students were made to stay after school by the teacher.The desk is being repaired by the two boys.3) The teacher made the students stay after school.4) The two boys are repairing the desk.This type of music can be enjoyed be everyone.5) Everyone can enjoy this type of music.6) The students have invited us to a dance.We have been invited to a dance by the students.Their wedding will be put off till the next week.Liars are always looked down upon.7) They will put off their wedding till the next week8) People always look down upon liars.2. Complete the following short passage with the proper form of each word in the brackets.The first Harry Potter novel _ (publish) in 1997, selling over 250 million copies worldwide. The Harry Potter books _ (sell) in more than 200 countries and _ (translate) into 60was publishedare soldtranslatedhave beendifferent languages from Hindi to Ancient Greek. The novels _ also _(adapt) successfully for the screen. The most recent film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban _ (say) to have broken the records in the UK, taking 11.5 million in its first three days on release (上映上映)。been adaptedhavewas said3. Complete each of the following sentences with the help of the table, using the word SPEAK in its proper form.LanguagesNumbers of Speakers(in millions)Mandarin (Putonghua)920Arabic220English337Italian70-125French220Spanish332Japanese100German1001) Mandarin _ by about 920 million people which takes roughly 15% of the world population.2) About 220 million people _ Arabic round the world.3) More than 337 million people worldwide _ English as their first language.is spokenspeak speak 4) Italian _.5) _ French.6) It is believed that _.7) _.is spoken by at least 70 million peopleAbout 220 million people around the world speakSpanish is spoken by 332 million peopleNearly 100 million people speak Japanese8) Like Japanese, German _.is spoken by 100 million people all over the world高考鏈接：高考鏈接： 1.（09北京，北京，27）The way the guests _ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service. A. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated【解析解析】考查時態(tài)和語態(tài)的用法。考查時態(tài)和語態(tài)的用法。The guests 與與treat之間是被動的關(guān)系，之間是被動的關(guān)系，并且動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以用一般過并且動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以用一般過去時的被動形式。去時的被動形式。2（2009福建，福建，22） -Why does the Lake smell terrible? -Because large quantities of water _. A. have polluted B. is being pollutedC. has been polluted D. have been polluted 【解析解析】考查動詞時態(tài)，語態(tài)和主謂語考查動詞時態(tài)，語態(tài)和主謂語一致。根據(jù)前一分句可知所填動詞表示一致。根據(jù)前一分句可知所填動詞表示過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，時過去發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時，動詞與主語是被動關(guān)態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時，動詞與主語是被動關(guān)系，用被動語態(tài)。主語是系，用被動語態(tài)。主語是large quantities of water，其中心詞是，其中心詞是quantities，是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。，是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 3. (2008全國全國I) The wet weather will continue tomorrow, when a cold front _ to arrive. A. is expected B. is expecting C. expects D. will be expected【解析解析】句意為：明天將會持續(xù)潮濕句意為：明天將會持續(xù)潮濕的天氣，屆時冷鋒將會來臨。在的天氣，屆時冷鋒將會來臨。在when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中常用一般時表引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中常用一般時表將來時。將來時。expect與與a cold front之間是動之間是動賓關(guān)系，所以用被動語態(tài)。賓關(guān)系，所以用被動語態(tài)。 4. (2008北京北京) I feel greatly honored _ into their society. A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed【解析解析】根據(jù)句意可知，能受到他根據(jù)句意可知，能受到他們社團(tuán)的歡迎，我感到非常榮幸。們社團(tuán)的歡迎，我感到非常榮幸。表示表示“受到受到的歡迎的歡迎”應(yīng)用不定應(yīng)用不定式的被動語態(tài)形式。式的被動語態(tài)形式。