2018年中考英語(yǔ)真題分類(lèi)匯編--閱讀理解--科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科技有解析

2018 年中考英語(yǔ)真題分類(lèi)匯編- 閱讀理解-科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科技有解析專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練十二 科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科技時(shí)間：810 分鐘/篇 分值：2 分/小題Passage 1(2018 南京)A new report shows what life might be like in 100 years from now. It describes skyscrapers that are much taller than today's buildings, underwater bubble cities and holidays in space. The report is from a company. It asked experts(專(zhuān)家) on space and architecture, as well as city planners, to give their ideas on the life in 2116. They said the way we live, work and play will be totally different to how we do these things today. The experts used the Internet as an example. They said that 25 years ago, people could not imagine how the Internet and smartphones would change our lives. The Internet has completely changed the way we communicate, learn and do daily things. The experts said the changes in the next century would be even more unbelievable.Researchers questioned 2，000 adults about the predictions(預(yù)言) they thought were most likely(很可能的) to happen in the future. They predicted that in the future, few people will go to an office but will work from home and have work meetings online. People will have highly developed 3­D printers that will let you download(下載) a design for furniture or a food recipe and then print the sofa, table or pizza at home. There will also be less need for visits to the doctor. We will all have a home health instrument that will tell us what the problem is and give us treatment. We will also be going into space for holidays and to get resources that we have used up on Earth. A prediction that is missing is whether people will still need to study English.( )1. The writer uses the example of the Internet in Paragraph 1 to show _A. the Internet was often usedB. the Internet has developed fastC. people will not believe the changesD. technology will change people's lives( )2. With the help of highly developed 3­D printers, a way to get a sofa in 2116 is to _A. buy one in a shopB. ask somebody to make oneC. download a design and print oneD. design and make one by oneself( )3. According to the passage, the missing prediction is _A. how people will workB. where people will get resourcesC. what people will have at home to treat illnessD. whether people will still need to learn English( )4. The passage is mainly about _A. the life in 2116 B. holidays in spaceC. the history of the Internet D. medical treatment( )5. The passage is most probably from _A. an advertisement B. a newspaperC. a detective story D. a health reportPassage 2(2018 山西)When I opened my e­mail the other day, Rachel, a pretty woman, appeared on my computer screen. She greeted me by name and started talking happily. Sometimes she stopped to smile at me or blow a kiss. It was cool, right? In fact, she was reading to me an e­mail from my brother John.Rachel could be there because of a new technology called Facemail. Facemail lets you send e­mails in a funny way. By using it, your e­mails can be read to the receiver by an attractive person or by a clown. You can download the software at www.Facemail.com without paying. Facemail faces are lively and they can simulate the emotions that you put in your text. For example, type in ， and Rachel blows a kiss.LifeFX, the company that developed the Facemail, is sure there are wide business uses. Why is e­business not so popular now? One of the reasons is that buying online has no human touch. But if you go to the Nike website, and the famous basketball star Michael Jordan greets you by name, serves you, and personally closes_the_sale,_ won't you be happy? Also, if mom can't be home when kids get back from school, she can leave a note with a voice and picture on the screen to tell them what there is to eat.It's true that Facemail makes life easy and fun, but it should be used with care. The clown looks lively and funny at first. But if you choose the clown, put a few rude words in an e­mail and add some angry emotions, you've got a Psycho mail.( )1. In fact, who is Rachel?A. She is a pretty actress. B. She is John's girlfriend.C. She is not a real person.( )2. What is the main advantage of Facemail?A. You don't need to pay for it.B. E­mail can be attractive in a more lovely way.C. You can ask a beautiful woman to read the e­mail to you.( )3. What does the underlined expression “closes the sale” probably mean?A. 停止?fàn)I業(yè) B. 達(dá)成交易 C. 取消折扣( )4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. You shouldn't choose a clown.B. Facemail can be widely used in business.C. Mom can show her kids how to cook by Facemail.( )5. What is the writer's attitude(態(tài)度) towards Facemail?A. He thinks it's a danger to the Internet.B. He thinks it needs further improvement.C. He thinks it's a cool and funny technology.Passage 3(2018 重慶 B 卷)Many homes have cameras to protect them from danger. The cameras can tell the owners if someone has entered. But the cameras do not know whether the person is a family member, a friend, a postman or a criminal(罪犯 )But a new camera made by a French company can recognize(辨別出) faces. It can tell parents at work that their children have returned from school, or that the mail has been sent to their home. It can also tell them if a stranger has entered their home. When family members enter a home, the smart camera “recognizes” them and sends information to the owner's phone. The owner can choose to see the video then or later. But if an unknown person enters a home, the camera will send a warning sound on the owner's phone.This is what happened recently to a smart home camera owner named Damien. He lives in Paris.“On a Friday I was at work, having a big monthly meeting when my phone moved. At first I told myself Oh, it must be a wrong warn， but my phone was telling me there was a face that the camera did not recognize. Something was happening in my house! ”“I saw a person I did not know with his shoes on, which is not allowed in my apartment(公寓). I watched it on the video. I felt quite surprised. I hurried back home as fast as possible and called the police on the way. Thanks to the smart camera, the criminal was caught soon， ” said Damien.( )1. The new smart camera is different from the ones in many homes because it can_.A. protect the owner B. help a school childC. recognize faces D. call the police( )2. In Damien's apartment, people can't _A. wear shoes B. watch videos C. have cameras D. send mails( )3. If we put the passage into three parts, which of the following is the best?( Para.(自然段)1 Para.2 Para.3Para.4 Para.5)A. ； B. ；C. ； D. ；( )4. The best title of the passage may be “_”A. Catching Criminals in a Better Way B. Strange Video FacesC. Warning Sound on the Phone D. Smart Home CamerasPassage 4(2018 德州)Hover Camera(無(wú)人相機(jī))Wang Mengqiu, the inventor of Hover Camera, was born in Hangzhou in 1982. He once studied at Stanford University in the United States. He became famous overnight(一夜成名) because of the invention.Forget selfie sticks(自拍桿)! Compared to other cameras, Hover Camera has many advantages.*It can fly and stay in mid­air, track your face and even follow you to make sure it gets the perfect picture.*It can be controlled by using a smartphone(智能手機(jī))*It records movements with a 13MP camera and takes 4K video.*It is the best choice for weddings, sports games and holidays.Mr. Wang also said, “The main design consideration is easy and safe to take for the users. It's very light and small. It can be folded(折疊) in two, so it can be easily put into a bag. When the power is low, it can land on the ground safely on its own.”It's reported that the company has raised $25 million to produce it. As it is still being tested(測(cè)試), Hover Camera can be bought later this year.The price has not yet been decided. But a spokesman says the company hopes to sell it for less than $600.( )1. Hover Camera can_A. swim in the water B. fly in the mid­airC. change its weight D. be used as a phone( )2. The underlined word “track” means _A. pull B. follow C. push D. show( )3. According to the passage, why is Hover Camera easy and safe to take?A. It's light and small.B. It can be folded in three.C. It doesn't need power.D. Only a smartphone can make it land.( )4. Which is not mentioned in the passage?A. How can we control Hover Camera?B. When can we buy Hover Camera?C. How much is Hover Camera?D. How popular will Hover Camera be?( )5. According to the passage, Wang Mengqiu is a _ young man.A. brave B. quiet C. creative D. humorousPassage 5(2018 威海)The Building That MovesEveryone knows that buildings don't move. They can't change the way they look. However, architect(建筑師)David Fisher wants to change that.Fisher has an amazing idea. He wants to make 80­story buildings that change shape. Each floor will move around slowly. The floors will move at different speeds. Because of this, the shape of the building is always changing. “These buildings will never look the same， ”says Fisher.His idea is an interesting one. However, Fisher doesn't stop there. He also wants the building to be “green”. The building will make its own energy. In most buildings, only the top floor has a roof(屋頂). In Fisher's building, each floor will have its own roof. The roofs each have solar panels(太陽(yáng)能板). This means a lot more solar energy. Also, machines between each floor of the building will catch the wind. They will turn the wind into energy.Fisher's ideas sound impossible. However, that's_what_people_also_said_before_humans_traveled_into_space!( )1. The passage is mainly talking about_A. buildings for the futureB. the life of an architectC. how green buildings work( )2. The underlined word “80­story”means the building has 80_A. shapes B. floors C. different speeds( )3. Fisher's building can make its own energy because the building_A. is tall and always movingB. is tall and has many solar panelsC. is always moving and has many solar panels( )4. The Fisher's building will NOT get energy from_A. the sun B. the water C. the wind( )5. Why does the writer say “that's_what_people_also_said_before_humans_traveled_into_space”？A. To show why Fisher's building will never work.B. To show why Fisher's building is like a spaceship.C. To show that unusual ideas can sometimes work.Passage 6(2018 福州)Pollution inside homes and other buildings kills more than 4 million people each year. Many people die as a result of breathing smoke or from cooking over wood­powered or coal­powered stoves.One way to reduce the number of deaths is through cooking equipment powered by the sun. Crosby Menzies, a solar power expert in a South African company, described his latest solar cooker called the “Sol­ 4”. “It is four square meters of mirrors, six to eight meters in length. It is quite a large cooker.”The “Sol­ 4” works by reflecting (反射) light from the sun off large mirrors. The mirrors direct (把對(duì)準(zhǔn)) the light at a cooking pan. Then the light heats the pan with solar energy. Within two minutes, the pan is hot enough to cook sausages and onions. In just four minutes, water can be boiled. That is as fast as cooking with natural gas or electricity.The cooker is also much “friendlier” than other models because people do not have to stand in the sun to use it. And people can prepare meals without having to collect firewood or spend money on coal. Such individuals would be less likely to have breathing illnesses from harmful smoke.At present, the cooker only works when the sun is shining.But engineers are working on a way to make it work without sunlight.Each cooker costs about $2，000, which is a large amount of money for most Africans.To solve that problem, Crosby Menzies has created a non­govermental organization called Solar Cookers for Africa. It plans to raise money through donations to provide poor people with solar cooking equipment.( )1. This passage is mainly about _A. solar cookers B. smoke pollutionC. solar power experts D. breathing illnesses( )2. The “Sol­ 4” is mainly used to_A. shorten the time of cookingB. reduce the cost of making cookersC. raise money through donations to help African peopleD. reduce the number of deaths caused by harmful smoke( )3. The underlined word “individuals” most probably means “_”A. cookers B. mirrors C. people D. experts( )4. Which of the following about the “Sol­ 4” is TRUE?A. It is six to eight square meters of mirrors.B. It can work in any weather condition now.C. It can also heat the pan by lighting firewood.D. It is more environment­friendly than other cookers.( )5. From the passage, we can infer that _A. the “Sol­ 4” will be designed in a smaller sizeB. more Africans can use the solar cookers in the futureC. the “Sol­ 4” is the first product of the South African companyD. the African government will provide poor people with solar cookersPassage 7(2018 廣州)Getting electricity has always been a problem for the 173 people living in Nuevo Saposoa, a small village in Peru, South America. However, things went from bad to worse in March 2015 after heavy rains damaged the only power cables in the area. The villagers were forced to use oil lamps, which are not only expensive but also dangerous because of the harmful gases they produce.Luckily，researchers at the University of Technology (UT) in Lima, Peru heard about their problem and found a wonderful solution. They made a lamp that can be powered by plants and soil, both of which can be easily found in the Amazonian rainforest where the village lies. The lamp takes energy from a plant growing in a wooden box and uses it to light up an LED light bulb.While that may sound amazing and even impossible, the science behind the idea is quite simple. As plants create their food(using the sun's energy, water and chemicals from the soil), they also produce waste which they return to the soil. Tiny animals in the soil eat this waste and they produce electrons the building blocks of electrical energy. The UT team put special sticks inside the soil to capture the energy and keep it in the lamp's batteries for later use. The researchers say a single charge can power a 50­watt LED light for two hours enough time for local villagers to get their evening work done.The university gave ten Plant Lamps to the villagers of Nuevo Saposoa in October 2015. So far, they have been a huge success! Elmer Ramirez, the UT professor who invented the lamp believes the Plant Lamp could help improve the lives of many people, especially small rainforest communities, 42% of whom have no electricity.( )1. What are the problems of oil lamps according to Paragraph 1?A. They are difficult to use and create pollution.B. They are expensive to buy and easily damaged.C. They are difficult to repair and produce little light.D. They are expensive to use and can be bad for health.( )2. The electricity made by the Plant Lamp comes from_A. plant food B. plant waste C. the soil's heat D. the sun's energy( )3. What is true about the Plant Lamp?A. It can be made by local people.B. It is much easier to use than oil lamps.C. It can produce all the electricity the village needs.D. The things it needs to make electricity are easy to find.( )4. The Plant Lamp's inventor believes it could be most helpful for_A. rainforest communities B. carsC. poor people in cities D. farmers( )5. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To report on a new invention.B. To explain a new scientific theory.C. To describe how electricity is made.D. To discuss the problems of poor villages.專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練十二 科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科技Passage 1 【 主旨大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹了 100 年后的生活。1. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：作者在第一段使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)的例子來(lái)表明。由第一段中“They said that 25 years ago, people could not imagine how the Internet and smartphones would change our lives.”可知，人們不敢想象科學(xué)技術(shù)能改變?nèi)藗兊纳?。故選 D。2. C【 解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：在高速發(fā)展的 3D 打印機(jī)的幫助下，在 2116 年得到一個(gè)沙發(fā)的方式是。由第二段第三句“People will have highly developed 3­D printers that will let you download(下載) a design for furniture or a food recipe and then print the sofa, table or pizza at home.”可知，人們下載一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)，然后用高速發(fā)展的 3D打印機(jī)打印出來(lái)。故選 C。3. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：根據(jù)這篇文章，消失的預(yù)言是。由文章第二段最后一句“A prediction that is missing is whether people will still need to study English.”可知，一個(gè)消失的預(yù)言是人們是否仍需要學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。故選 D。4. A【解析】主旨大意題。題干意為：這篇文章主要是關(guān)于。由文章第一句話“A new report shows what life might be like in 100 years from now.”可知，文章主要講述了 100 年后的生活。故選 A。5. B【 解析 】推理判斷題。題干意為：這篇文章很可能來(lái)自。文章主要講述了 100 年后的生活。所以這篇文章很可能來(lái)自報(bào)紙。故選B。Passage 2【主旨大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹了一種叫做Facemail 的新科技產(chǎn)品，能以一種頗為迷人的男性、女性或丑角的形象向電子郵件的接收者讀郵件。1. C【解析】推理判斷題。題干意為：事實(shí)上，誰(shuí)是 Rachel？根據(jù)文章第一段“In fact, she was reading to me an e­mail from my brother John.”和第二段“Rachel could be there because of a new technology called Facemail.”可知 Rachel 能夠讀來(lái)自弟弟的郵件，她之所以能出現(xiàn)，是由于一種新科技。所以 Rachel 不是真人。故選 C。2. B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：Facemail 的主要優(yōu)勢(shì)是什么？根據(jù)第二段“Facemail lets you send e­mails in a funny way. By using it, your e­mails can be read to the receiver by an attractive person or by a clown.”可知，用這種 Facemail 發(fā)送的電子郵件能夠?qū)⑵鋬?nèi)容擬人化，并帶有發(fā)送者所賦的表情，這樣就使閱讀郵件的過(guò)程變得很有趣，令人感覺(jué)很舒適，從而具有吸引力。故選 B。3. B【解析】短語(yǔ)猜測(cè)題。題干意為：劃線短語(yǔ)“closes the sale” 意思可能是什么？文章第三段講了 Facemail 在商務(wù)上的應(yīng)用，通過(guò)“現(xiàn)在的電子商務(wù)不是那么受歡迎”與假設(shè)的情境“邁克爾喬丹喊著你的名字與你打招呼、接待你，你會(huì)很高興”之間的對(duì)照，可以推斷出 closes the sale 意為“達(dá)成交易” 。故選 B。4. B【 解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：根據(jù)文章以下哪項(xiàng)是正確的？根據(jù)第三段中關(guān)于電子商務(wù)的介紹可知作者提出了一種假設(shè)：假如你進(jìn)入耐克公司的網(wǎng)站，看到邁克爾喬丹喊著你的名字與你打招呼、接待你并親自與你進(jìn)行交易，你不會(huì)很高興嗎？可斷定 B 項(xiàng)正確。故選 B。5. C【 解析】推理判斷題。題干意為：作者對(duì) Facemail 是什么態(tài)度？通過(guò)對(duì)文章的理解，我們可知作者對(duì) Facemail 是持肯定和贊賞態(tài)度的，從第一段中“It was cool, right？”以及第三段中的假設(shè)情境使電子商業(yè)變得有趣都可得到提示。故選 C。Passage 3【主旨大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹了一種智能家庭攝像機(jī)的功能，并舉了發(fā)生在一個(gè)用戶家的事例來(lái)說(shuō)明這種攝像機(jī)的神奇之處。1. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：這種新型智能攝像機(jī)與許多家庭中的不同是因?yàn)樗?。根?jù)第二段首句“But a new camera made by a French company can recognize(辨別出) faces.”可知這種攝像機(jī)的不同之處在于它能識(shí)別臉部。故選 C。2. A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：在 Damien 的公寓內(nèi)，人們不能。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“I saw a person I did not know with his shoes on, which is not allowed in my apartment(公寓) ”可知在 Damien的公寓內(nèi)不允許穿鞋，故選 A。3. B【解析】文章結(jié)構(gòu)題。題干意為：如果我們把這篇短文分成三部分，下面哪一項(xiàng)是最好的？閱讀短文可知這篇短文第一段介紹了傳統(tǒng)攝像機(jī)的功能，第二段介紹了一種新型智能攝像機(jī)，第三、四、五段介紹了發(fā)生在 Damien 家的一件事，因此按照這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)劃分段落最好。故選 B。4. D【解析】標(biāo)題歸納題。題干意為：這篇短文最好的標(biāo)題可能是“”。閱讀短文可知這篇短文主要介紹了一種智能家庭攝像機(jī)。故選D。Passage 4【主旨大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹了出生在杭州的 80后小伙王孟秋發(fā)明的無(wú)人相機(jī)的一些特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展前景。1. B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：無(wú)人相機(jī)可以。根據(jù)第三段第一句“It can fly and stay in mid­air.”可知這款相機(jī)可以在半空中飛行并停留。故選 B。2. B【 解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。題干意為：劃線單詞“track ”的意思是。根據(jù)第三段第一句中的“.fly and stay in mid­air.”及“.and even follow you to make sure it gets the perfect picture.”可以猜測(cè)出 track 的意思為“追蹤” 。故選 B。3. A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，為什么無(wú)人相機(jī)攜帶方便且安全？根據(jù)第七段第二句“It's very light and small.”可知因?yàn)闊o(wú)人相機(jī)輕便、小巧而便于攜帶。故選 A。4. D【解析】推理判斷題。題干意為：下面哪一項(xiàng)沒(méi)有被提到？通讀全文可知 A項(xiàng)在第四段“It can he controlled by using a smartphone(智能手機(jī)) ”被提及；B 項(xiàng)在第八段第二句“.Hover Camera can be bought later this year”被提及；C 項(xiàng)第九段第二句“But a spokesman says the company hopes to sell it for less than $ 600.”被提及，只有 D 項(xiàng)未被提及。故選 D。5. C【解析】推理判斷題。題干意為：根據(jù)文章，王孟秋是一個(gè)年輕人。通讀全文可知，王孟秋發(fā)明了無(wú)人相機(jī)，說(shuō)明他是一個(gè)有創(chuàng)新意識(shí)的人。故選 C。Passage 5【主旨大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹了建筑師大衛(wèi)菲舍爾想建造一個(gè) 80 層環(huán)保型移動(dòng)建筑的獨(dú)特設(shè)想。1. A【解析】主旨大意題。題干意為：這篇短文主要談?wù)摿?。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了建筑師大衛(wèi)菲舍爾對(duì)于未來(lái)大樓的設(shè)想，故選 A。2. B【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。題干意為：劃線單詞“80­story”是指建筑有 80。根據(jù)第二段第三、四句“Each floor will move around slowly. The floors will move at different speeds.”可知“80­story”指的是“80 層” 。故選 B。3. C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：菲舍爾的大樓可以自己產(chǎn)生能源，因?yàn)檫@座大樓。根據(jù)第三段第六、七句“In Fisher's building, each floor will have its own roof. The roofs each have solar panels(太陽(yáng)能板) ”及第九、十句“Also, machines between each floor of the building will catch the wind. They will turn the wind into energy.”可知，菲舍爾設(shè)計(jì)的大樓能產(chǎn)生能量是因?yàn)榇髽敲繉佣加刑?yáng)能板，且建筑物樓層間的機(jī)器可以從移動(dòng)的樓層中獲取風(fēng)能。故選 C。4. B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：菲舍爾的大樓無(wú)法從 獲得能源。由第三段第七、八句“The roofs each have solar panels(太陽(yáng)能板).This means a lot more solar energy.”可知能從太陽(yáng)中獲得能源；由第三段第九、十句“Also, machines between each floor of the building will catch the wind. They will turn the wind into energy.”可知能從風(fēng)中獲得能源。文中未提及菲舍爾設(shè)計(jì)的大樓能從水中獲取能量。故選B。5. C【解析】推理判斷題。題干意為：作者為什么說(shuō)“在人類(lèi)登上太空前，人們也這樣講”？由最后一段第二句中的“However”可知，該句與前一句之間為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，表明作者的態(tài)度是支持的。故選 C。Passage 6【主旨大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。介紹的是一種更加環(huán)保的灶具 Sol4。1. A【解析】主旨大意題。題干意為：這篇短文主要是關(guān)于。根據(jù)短文的描述可知主要是介紹太陽(yáng)灶 Sol4 的用處，故選 A。2. D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干意為：“Sol4”主要被用來(lái)。根據(jù)第二段第一、二句“One way to reduce the number of deaths is through cooking equipment powered by the sun. Crosby Menzies, a solar power expert in a