中考英語 中考題型串講 第6講 讀寫綜合課件

第 6 6 講讀寫綜合讀寫綜合主要考查考生的語言實(shí)際運(yùn)用能力，它主要考查考生從短文或信件中提取、歸納自己所需要信息并能夠恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用所歸納的信息來表達(dá)自己的思想、敘述自己的觀點(diǎn)的能力。它由兩部分組成：A 部分是信息歸納，其形式常為表格、圖片或短文等，要求考生不僅能讀懂文字信息，而且能夠按照一定的要求記錄和篩選信息并填入信息卡中。B 部分是書面表達(dá)，與傳統(tǒng)的書面表達(dá)的要求基本一致，但其內(nèi)容一定要與 A 部分的信息歸納相關(guān)。它要求考生根據(jù)從 A 部分整理出來的信息以及題目的要求和提示，寫一篇語言準(zhǔn)確、文理通順、意思連貫的短文、日記、信件等。一、信息歸納A 部分的信息歸納實(shí)際上就是任務(wù)型閱讀理解，要想做好此部分的題目，必須做到以下幾點(diǎn)：1了解文字信息的大意。了解文字信息的大意。主要了解“5w1h”：what, who, when, why, where 和 how。例(2011 年廣東)The date of Earth Hour in 201181解析本題涉及的是“地球日”的時(shí)間。由短文的第一句“From 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. on Saturday, March 26th, 2011,a great number of people around the world turned off the lights forEarth Hour.” 可 知 人 們 為 地 球 日 關(guān)燈 的 時(shí) 間 為 “March 26th, 2011”，因題干已給出年份，故答案為 March 26th。2明確任務(wù)。明確任務(wù)。解題前要先明確題目要求，做到心中有數(shù)，然后帶著問題再讀文章，搜尋目標(biāo)。要在原文中找出問題題干所包括的信息部分，快速準(zhǔn)確地抓住有效信息，確保答題的準(zhǔn)確性。例(2012 年廣東)The thing that the kid did on the underground82.解析本題的任務(wù)讓考生找出 The thing that the kid did onthe underground (那個(gè)孩子在地鐵上所做的事)。明確任務(wù)后，根據(jù)題干所包括的信息，由原文中的“I saw a kid eating noodles onthe underground”就可以知道答案應(yīng)該為“Eating noodles.”。3注注意答案要符合題目要求。意答案要符合題目要求。若是寫單詞，則要注意拼寫是否正確，詞形、詞性有無變化，是否需要大寫；若所要完成的是短語或句子成分，則需謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待，依據(jù)所給題干分析要完成的是什么句子成分，需要用什么樣的表達(dá)方式，不可草率地將文中信息直接挪用。例(2012 年廣東)Wu Peigens age84解析本題是要考生找出“吳培根的年齡”，該題的信息點(diǎn)包含在原文的“I am a 14-year-old boy from a poor village inFuyang, Anhui Province.”中。但考生在答題時(shí)要能分析題干要求的句子成分，本題是表語，一般由形容詞充當(dāng)。若考生直接將原文中的信息點(diǎn)“14-year-old”搬過來就錯(cuò)了，因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)定語，考生需要將其轉(zhuǎn)換成“14 years old/Fourteen years old.”，也可直接簡略成“14/Fourteen.”，同時(shí)注意首字母大寫。二、書面表達(dá) 從近幾年的中考試題來看，書面表達(dá)主要以提示性作文為主，即題目中已為考生提供了寫作內(nèi)容，且內(nèi)容一般與考生生活貼近，讓考生能“有話可說”，考生只需進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)恼归_和合理的想象，把規(guī)定的內(nèi)容用英語表達(dá)出來。題目中經(jīng)常要求列舉一件生活中的事情，或描述一件自己身邊的事例，這是本題的難點(diǎn)。書面表達(dá)的寫作內(nèi)容與 A 部分的信息歸納內(nèi)容相關(guān)，所以考生還要注意不能照抄 A 部分的文字信息。從中考作文的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來看，書面表達(dá)有四點(diǎn)要求：(1)內(nèi)容完整；(2)語句連貫；(3)語法正確；(4)書寫規(guī)范。要想寫好書面表達(dá)，考生可按照以下步驟進(jìn)行：1.審清題目要求，明確寫作目的，防止跑題。審清題目要求，明確寫作目的，防止跑題。根據(jù)給定的信息看懂題意，明確寫作的目的，以及寫作的內(nèi)容、主體時(shí)態(tài)、地點(diǎn)和人物；同時(shí)還要注意文體形式 (有時(shí)已給出)、弄清作者的身份，準(zhǔn)確地使用人稱代詞。如 2012 年廣東中考英語作文要求考生寫出看法，所以作者要以第一人稱來寫。如果要你介紹一個(gè)人或某件事物，那肯定要用第三人稱來寫了。明確這一點(diǎn)可以避免跑題。2.列要點(diǎn)，寫提綱。列要點(diǎn)，寫提綱。防止遺漏要點(diǎn)。要點(diǎn)是得分的一個(gè)重要因素。因此要仔細(xì)觀察，逐條列出要點(diǎn)。然后根據(jù)列出的要點(diǎn)寫出提綱。3.巧用已知信息。巧用已知信息。找出書面表達(dá)的要求與所給文章的相同點(diǎn)和不同點(diǎn)，靈活利用有用的句子，但不要原封不動(dòng)地照抄。從 A 部分的閱讀材料中提取有用信息，然后結(jié)合題目要求的時(shí)間、任務(wù)、地點(diǎn)、內(nèi)容、目的、結(jié)果以及詞數(shù)等，寫一篇語言通順準(zhǔn)確、意思連貫的文章(短文、日記、信件、廣告等)。4揚(yáng)揚(yáng)長避短，發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢(shì)。長避短，發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢(shì)。 書面表達(dá)有較大的靈活性，但不能太隨便發(fā)揮。如果某一要點(diǎn)有多種不同的表達(dá)方式，要盡量用自己最熟悉的、把握性最大的句型。切記不要使用自己不熟知的句型。另外，務(wù)必要使所寫的句子符合英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣，不要出現(xiàn)中式英語?？蛇m當(dāng)使用感嘆句、祈使句、疑問句來增添文章氣勢(shì)。5根據(jù)體裁的不同選用合適的句型結(jié)構(gòu)，提升文章的檔次。根據(jù)體裁的不同選用合適的句型結(jié)構(gòu)，提升文章的檔次。(1)記敘文寫人寫事常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)有：be busy doingtoo.to do.soadj./adv.as to doIt takes sb.some time to do sth.sb.spends some time doing sth.It isadj.for sb.to do sth.(2)議論文常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)有：These days people think.I agree/I disagree/I think/In my opinion.Different people have different ideas, but I.Almosteverythinghastwosidesadvantagesanddisadvantages.As we know/As is known to all.have played an importantrole/part in our daily life.提供建議類的常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)有：Why not.Why dont you.What about.How about.Youd better.You should/could.Could you.Its better if you.6.篇章布局盡量不要一段到底，最好采用篇章布局盡量不要一段到底，最好采用“總分總總分總”的方式，文章分三段來寫。的方式，文章分三段來寫。第一段：點(diǎn)明寫作目的或中心思想，引出下文。例如寫提出建議的作文，可以用“Heres some advice.”來引出下文；寫介紹人或事的作文，可以用“Let me tell you somethingabout.”來引出下文。第二段：闡述具體內(nèi)容(具體要點(diǎn))。寫具體內(nèi)容時(shí)，切記信息點(diǎn)不要缺失。為了上下文表達(dá)的連貫性，可適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡韵逻^渡方法：(1)表示并列關(guān)系的可用：and, as well as, or.等。(2)表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的可用：but, yet, however.等。(3)表示時(shí)間先后關(guān)系的可用：first, then, next, finally, when,while, not. until, after, before.等。(4)表示因果關(guān)系的可用：so,in order that, too.to, so.that,not only.but also 等。(5)表示舉例、列舉的可用：like, such as, for example.等。第三段：總結(jié)、提升。結(jié)尾總結(jié)、提升要再一次緊扣題目要求，提出號(hào)召、感嘆、警示等，以便進(jìn)一步升華主題。表示總結(jié)的可用：in general, generally speaking, in a word,all in all, in summary, it istime for us to.等。7.檢查與改錯(cuò)。檢查與改錯(cuò)。寫中考作文難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些錯(cuò)誤，考生的作文往往會(huì)在這一方面失分。因此改錯(cuò)這一環(huán)節(jié)必不可少。檢查錯(cuò)誤可以從以下幾個(gè)地方入手：(1)格式是否正確。(2)拼寫是否正確。(3)人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)是否合適。(4)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的運(yùn)用是否有誤。(5)動(dòng)詞的形式是否正確。8.注意書寫工整，卷面整潔。注意書寫工整，卷面整潔。從多年參與中考評(píng)卷的老師的經(jīng)驗(yàn)中我們可以得知，卷面是否整潔與得分高低有很大關(guān)系。例(2011 年廣東)你聽說過 Earth Hour 這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)嗎？今年的 Earth Hour 你是 如何度過 的？請(qǐng)你 寫一篇題 為“My EarthHour 2011”的短文。內(nèi)容包括：1你今年參加 Earth Hour 這個(gè)活動(dòng)了嗎？請(qǐng)表達(dá)你參加或者沒有參加的心情。2請(qǐng)描述你當(dāng)時(shí)在哪里，與誰一起度過，做了什么事。3請(qǐng)列舉兩件以上你在日常生活中經(jīng)常做的有利于環(huán)保的事。4號(hào)召大家加入到明年的 Earth Hour 活動(dòng)中來。解析本題要求就“地球日”展開寫作，要求寫到以下四點(diǎn)：自己是否參加了及相應(yīng)的心情，自己當(dāng)時(shí)在做什么，列舉幾個(gè)生活中做的有利于環(huán)保的例子，最后號(hào)召大家明年一起加入到該活動(dòng)中。對(duì)于第一點(diǎn)，寫作時(shí)可以有兩種不同的情況。如果參與了活動(dòng)，可以表達(dá)的心情是“高興的(glad/happy)”、“興奮的(excited)”，可以用到的句子有“I was glad/happy/excited to bein.”等；如果沒有參與活動(dòng)，可以表達(dá)心情是“覺得可惜的(pity)”，可以用到的句子有“What a pity！”，“Its a pity that.”等。因前面兩點(diǎn)存在著內(nèi)在的聯(lián)系，因而可以不需要特意的過渡，但舉例說明已進(jìn)入了另一個(gè)話題，應(yīng)適當(dāng)過渡一下。寫作時(shí)，可以先說一下為何生活中會(huì)做這樣的事情，或者先總的說明你做了什么事情，然后用“For example”引出具體的例子。最后的號(hào)召又是一個(gè)新話題，也應(yīng)進(jìn)行過渡?？梢韵日f明一下號(hào)召的目的，或者聯(lián)系上文的舉例說明這樣做的好處，然后再發(fā)出號(hào)召，這樣就可以讓行文流暢?？梢杂谩癐 think.”，“Bydoing it.”， “If we can.”等語句進(jìn)行過渡。(一)2012 年廣東省初中畢業(yè)生學(xué)業(yè)考試A信息歸納請(qǐng)閱讀下面這篇文章，根據(jù)所提供的信息，完成下面表格。續(xù)表The topic of BBC World Have Your Say today81.The thing that the kid did on the underground82.The time when Mike traveled in Hong Kong83.Wu Peigens age84.People who live with Wu Peigen now85.Information CardLife in China.Eating noodles.14/Fourteen (years old) In January this year./This January.His grandparents.B.書面表達(dá)假設(shè)你是一名叫李明(Li Ming)的中學(xué)生，看了上述故事后，你想表達(dá)自己的看法。 請(qǐng)你給欄目編輯寫一封電子郵件，內(nèi)容包括：1你對(duì)其中的哪一個(gè)故事感興趣？原因是什么？2你對(duì)這個(gè)故事所提及的現(xiàn)象的看法。3就該現(xiàn)象提出至少兩條解決問題的建議。作文要求：1不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出現(xiàn)學(xué)校真實(shí)的名稱和學(xué)生的真實(shí)姓名。2語句連貫，詞數(shù) 80 個(gè)左右。作文開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。Dear Editor，I read the stories on BBC World Have Your Say today._Yours，Li Ming參考范文 1： I am interested in Mikes story, because I had the same experiencewhen I traveled in Guangzhou.I cant stand bad manners in public,either.In fact, I really get angry when people jump the queen andsmoke in non-smoking area.I think its wrong to break the rules inpublic.In my opinion, we should know more about goodmanners.On the other hand, we had better stop people around usfrom being rude.If we cant stop them, we can always ask the policeor someone like that for help.參考范文 2： I am interested in Wu Peigens story, because one of my friends isa left-behind child too.He has been living with his grandparents sincehe was six.I can understand how hard life is for left-behindchildren.I think its best for children to grow up under the care oftheir parents.In my opinion, we can join some social groups tooffer help to left-behind children.We can visit and make friendswith them.On the other hand, they should be allowed to go toschool in the city for free.(二)2011 年廣東省初中畢業(yè)生學(xué)業(yè)考試A信息歸納請(qǐng)閱讀某網(wǎng)站論壇上關(guān)于“地球一小時(shí)”的文章，根據(jù)所提供的信息，完成下列表格。The date of Earth Hour in 201181Alberts job82What Brandon did when it was dark83Who stayed with Mary during the hour84The number of people who talked about their stories85Information CardMarch 26thA waiterHer friendsFour/4He went for a walk.B.書面表達(dá)你聽說過 Earth Hour 這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)嗎？今年的 Earth Hour 你是如何度過的？請(qǐng)你寫一篇題為“My Earth Hour 2011”的短文。內(nèi)容包括：1.你今年參加 Earth Hour 這個(gè)活動(dòng)了嗎？請(qǐng)表達(dá)你參加或者沒有參加的心情。2.請(qǐng)描述你當(dāng)時(shí)在哪里，與誰一起度過，做了什么事。3.請(qǐng)列舉兩件以上你在日常生活中經(jīng)常做的有利于環(huán)保的事。4.號(hào)召大家加入到明年的 Earth Hour 活動(dòng)中來。作文要求：1.不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出現(xiàn)學(xué)校的真實(shí)名稱和學(xué)生的真實(shí)姓名。2.語句連貫，詞數(shù) 80 個(gè)左右。作文的標(biāo)題、開頭和結(jié)尾已經(jīng)給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。My Earth Hour 2011The Earth Hour was from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30p.m. on Saturday, March 26th this year._I believe that we can make our earth a better place to live in.參考范文 1：It was a pity that I didnt realize it was Earth Hour until Iwatched news on TV.At that time, I was shopping with my motherat the mall.As a student, I have done lots of things to protect theenvironment.For example, I always carry a cloth bag whileshopping.Besides, I often ride a bike to school instead of taking acar.I think we can care for the earth by doing so.Lets take part inthe Earth Hour next year.參考范文 2： It was the moment my friends and I waited for a long time.Wetalked and played games at home with all the lights off.We wereglad to be in the Earth Hour.As a student, I have done lots of thingsto protect the environment.For example, I always carry a cloth bagwhile shopping.Besides, I often ride a bike to school instead oftaking a car.I think we can care for the earth by doing so.Lets takepart in the Earth Hour next year.(三)2010 年廣東省初中畢業(yè)生學(xué)業(yè)考試A信息歸納請(qǐng)閱讀報(bào)紙上發(fā)表的一篇關(guān)于校園安全的短文，根據(jù)所提供的信息，完成下面表格。Safety Activities for Middle School KidsSchool is not the safe place as it used to be.How to keepschool safer? How to help students stay away from danger? Thereare many activities that teachers can do to teach safety in an easyway.Here are some stories from the students who have had thesafety class in No.1 Middle School.Mike_Smith:_About_Sports_SafetyOnce, our head teacher made up a story about sports safety.Allwe needed to do was to point out safe and unsafe sports behaviorsin the story.From this lesson, we knew we should always dowarm-up ( 熱 身 ) activities before playing sports and drink somewater after that.Amy_Young:_About_Classroom_SafetyYes, making up stories is a good way to learn and enjoyourselves.We were once asked to make up a story about a boycalled Little Naughty.He always did something naughty ( 淘氣的)in the classroom and got himself into trouble.In this way, welearned to behave (行為) well and get on well with each other.Frank_Green:_About_Fire_SafetyIn our school, we have a fire emergency response practice (火警應(yīng)急演習(xí)) in September every year.So we know where to go ifthere is a fire in school.We learn to use the fire extinguisher (滅火器), too.But I dont think we should be allowed to put out the firealone, its too dangerous for young students like us.The school that the students are from81The person who talked about classroom safety82What to drink after playing sports83Time to have fire emergency response practice84The number of the students who talked about school safety85Information Card Amy YoungThree/3No.1 Middle SchoolSome water/WaterSeptember every yearB.書面表達(dá)你覺得你的校園生活安全嗎？請(qǐng)你寫一篇題為“How toKeep Safe in School”的短文，談?wù)勀愕目捶?。?nèi)容包括：1.描述一件發(fā)生在你身上或你看到的發(fā)生在校園的意外事件(經(jīng)過與結(jié)果)。2.提出解決這種校園意外事件的建議(至少兩條)。3.呼吁每個(gè)學(xué)生要注意校園安全。作文要求：1.不能照抄原文；不得在作文中出現(xiàn)學(xué)校真實(shí)的名稱和學(xué)生的真實(shí)姓名。如需使用學(xué)校名稱或?qū)W生的姓名，請(qǐng)一律使用Hilltop School 和 Tom。2.語句連貫，詞數(shù) 80 個(gè)左右。作文的開頭已經(jīng)給出，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)。How to Keep Safe in SchoolDo you know that our school life could be dangerous if we arenot careful enough? For example, _參考范文：How to Keep Safe in SchoolDo you know that our school life could be dangerous if we arenot careful enough? For example, one day, two students ran aftereach other in the hallway.Suddenly, one of them fell down and hurthis leg because of the wet floor.Therefore, he had to stay in hospitalfor two weeks.So I think students should always walk but not runin the hallways.And the teachers had better keep an eye on thestudents after class and stop them from running.At last, I hope allthe students should pay attention to their safety in school.