語言學(xué)概論全套教案
語言學(xué)概論教案語言學(xué)概論大綱一前言(一)大綱的適用對(duì)象本大綱適用于英語專業(yè)本科各專業(yè)。(二)總學(xué)時(shí)安排總學(xué)時(shí)32學(xué)時(shí),三年級(jí)下學(xué)期。(三)課程的性質(zhì)、目的及任務(wù)語言學(xué)概論是英語本科各專業(yè)學(xué)生的重點(diǎn)專業(yè)課程。英語教育專業(yè)學(xué)生首先應(yīng)具有聽、說、讀、寫的能力, 同時(shí)還應(yīng)具備一定的語言學(xué)理論知識(shí)。這樣,不但有利于更好地掌握語言,還能夠提高自己的語言理論水平。普通語言學(xué)是一個(gè)寬廣的研究領(lǐng)域, 其研究?jī)?nèi)容包括語音學(xué)、音系學(xué)、形態(tài)學(xué)、句法學(xué)、語義學(xué)、語用學(xué)等分支學(xué)科,同時(shí)還包括社會(huì)語言學(xué)、心理語言學(xué)、應(yīng)用語言學(xué)等交叉學(xué)科。普通語言學(xué)旨在介紹語言學(xué)的基本概念、理論以及研究方法,對(duì)語言和言語交際作出客觀、科學(xué)、系統(tǒng)和全面的描述,進(jìn)而探討人類語言的深層結(jié)構(gòu)??忌鷳?yīng)較全面地理解并掌握關(guān)于語言和語言學(xué)的基本概念,熟悉語言研究的方法,從而加深對(duì)人類語言的理性認(rèn)識(shí),并具備一定的運(yùn)用語言學(xué)理論解釋具體的語言現(xiàn)象和解決語言問題的能力。本課程的任務(wù)是使學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)必要的語言學(xué)方面的基本理論和基本知識(shí),掌握研究、運(yùn)用語言的基本方法,為今后的工作打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。(四)本課程與其他課程的關(guān)系本課程必須在講授過綜合英語和高級(jí)英語等課程的基礎(chǔ)上開設(shè)。二本課程的基本要求(一)課程基本要求總的要求:必須了解有關(guān)語言的基本理論,如語言的本質(zhì)、語音學(xué)、語義學(xué)、語用學(xué)等,了解語言與其他相關(guān)學(xué)科的關(guān)系,掌握語言學(xué)主要流派的觀點(diǎn)。各部分的具體要求:1, 了解語言的本質(zhì)特征,語言的功能、語言學(xué)中的重要區(qū)別及普通語言學(xué)的主要分支。2, 系統(tǒng)了解語言學(xué)各分支的知識(shí),即語音學(xué)、音位學(xué)、詞匯學(xué)、句法學(xué)、語義學(xué)、語用學(xué)等的基本內(nèi)容及研究方法。3, 了解語言學(xué)與其他相關(guān)學(xué)科交叉所形成的學(xué)科,如心理語言學(xué)、社會(huì)語言學(xué)、應(yīng)用語言學(xué)等的基本知識(shí)與研究方法。4, 了解語言學(xué)主要流派的基本觀點(diǎn)。(二)課程的重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)課程的重點(diǎn)是語音學(xué)、音位學(xué)、詞匯學(xué)、句法學(xué)、語義學(xué)、語用學(xué)。課程的難點(diǎn)是音位學(xué)、句法學(xué)和語義學(xué)。三、本課程的基本內(nèi)容與要求(見各章節(jié))四、學(xué)時(shí)分配表總學(xué)時(shí)分配表課程內(nèi)容授課學(xué)時(shí)1.導(dǎo)言42.語音學(xué)與音位學(xué)43.形態(tài)學(xué)24.句法學(xué)45.語義學(xué)46. 語用學(xué)47.歷史語言學(xué)28. 社會(huì)語言學(xué)49.語言與文化210.語言習(xí)得211.第二語言習(xí)得212. 語言與大腦2合計(jì)36五、制定本大綱的說明(一)本教學(xué)大綱是英語本科各專業(yè)語言學(xué)概論課程的基本內(nèi)容。這些內(nèi)容是通過講課和課外練習(xí)等教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行教學(xué)的。(二)本課程是一門涉及知識(shí)面較廣的專業(yè)課程。學(xué)生在學(xué)完本課程后,能夠增強(qiáng)語言意識(shí),拓展思路與視野。(三)因課程內(nèi)容較抽象、復(fù)雜,需采用多媒體教室教學(xué)。(四)作業(yè)形式是分階段的專題小論文,以檢測(cè)學(xué)生所學(xué)是否系統(tǒng)、深入,并培養(yǎng)學(xué)生進(jìn)行獨(dú)立科學(xué)研究的能力。(五)主要參考書戴煒棟 何兆熊 主編 新編簡(jiǎn)明英語語言學(xué)教程(A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English) 上海外語教育出版社胡壯麟 主編 Linguistics: A Course Book,(Second Edition) 北京大學(xué)出版社顧曰國 主編 Language and Linguistics: A Course Book 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社何兆熊等,現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)MODERN LINGUISTICS, 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社.1999(六)主講教師根據(jù)本大綱制定具體的授課計(jì)劃。 附錄部分:建議考生通讀胡壯麟書中的附錄,了解以下基本內(nèi)容:語言學(xué)與外語教學(xué)的關(guān)系; 傳統(tǒng)語法; 結(jié)構(gòu)主義語法; 轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法; 功能語言學(xué); 交際能力; 教學(xué)大綱; 教學(xué)大綱設(shè)計(jì)的主要因素; 錯(cuò)誤分析; 測(cè)試 ;測(cè)試種類(能力測(cè)試, 水平測(cè)試, 成績(jī)測(cè)試); 測(cè)試的要求(效度,信度)。三、 關(guān)于大綱的說明與考核要求 (一)學(xué)習(xí)方法普通語言學(xué)涉及到語言的各個(gè)層面以及交叉學(xué)科,內(nèi)容繁雜,理論性很強(qiáng),相關(guān)的概念和術(shù)語也很多,給人以艱深、難學(xué)的印象。自學(xué)考生首先要樹立信心,克服為難心理。在學(xué)習(xí)過程中,對(duì)每一章的內(nèi)容通讀一遍,然后再深入地研讀,抓住重點(diǎn),在理解的基礎(chǔ)上熟記基本概念。對(duì)有些概念,考生最好能舉一反三,用實(shí)例進(jìn)行解釋,進(jìn)而更好地幫助對(duì)概念的消化和吸收。(二)學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在幫助學(xué)生理解教材內(nèi)容,理清脈絡(luò),抓住重點(diǎn)。由于教材是用英語編寫的,教師要幫助學(xué)生克服語言障礙,保證學(xué)生看懂教材內(nèi)容。除了幫助學(xué)生理解教材中的例子外,還應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生給出自己的語言實(shí)例,使學(xué)生能用英語表述各章節(jié)的主要內(nèi)容。(三)教材戴煒棟 何兆熊 主編 新編簡(jiǎn)明英語語言學(xué)教程(A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English) 上海外語教育出版社(四) 本課程考查的能力層次與要求: 1識(shí)記能力: 要求記住并掌握普通語言學(xué)有關(guān)概念和術(shù)語, 如語音部分中的英語音標(biāo); 英語元音與輔音的發(fā)音部位和方法等基本概念。 2判斷能力:要求在識(shí)記的基礎(chǔ)上能對(duì)關(guān)于語言學(xué)的基本概念和理論知識(shí)做出正確的判斷,并能夠從多項(xiàng)選擇題中找出正確或最佳的答案。 3理解能力:要求理解掌握語言學(xué)的基本理論和概念, 同時(shí)還要了解語言學(xué)領(lǐng)域中各種學(xué)派的觀點(diǎn),如傳統(tǒng)語法、結(jié)構(gòu)主義語法以及轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法等。 4應(yīng)用能力:通過英語試卷中的回答問題部分考查考生的應(yīng)用能力和表達(dá)能力。要求考生在理解基本概念和理論的基礎(chǔ)上,能正確地用英語回答問題,要求用詞恰當(dāng),語法正確,邏輯性強(qiáng)。 (五)考試 1考試方法: 筆試(閉卷) 2考試時(shí)間:120分鐘 3試題結(jié)構(gòu): 試卷包括五部分: 1) 單項(xiàng)選擇(10); 2)填空題 (20);4)名詞解釋(30); 5)論述題(20);要求考生直接在試卷上答題。 4難易程度:難度總體結(jié)構(gòu)為四個(gè)層次,容易占25, 中等難度占35, 較難的占 30, 難的占 10。 5考試分?jǐn)?shù):試卷滿分100分,60分為及格線。 6考試時(shí)允許帶黑色或藍(lán)色鋼筆或圓珠筆、2B鉛筆及橡皮。(六)教材:胡壯麟等,語言學(xué)教程LINGUISTICS: A COURSE BOOK, 北京大學(xué)出版社。1988附錄:題型舉例語言學(xué)概論(英語教育專業(yè))題號(hào)一二三四五總分核分人得分第一部分 選擇題(共20分)I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (1%x10=10%) ( )1. When we say “Ernest Hemingways language”, the word “l(fā)anguage” refers to _. A scientific language B language for special purposes C idiolect D colloquial language ( ) 2. In English , the letter combination “-en” in the word “l(fā)engthen” is called _. A prefix B infix C suffix D stem第二部分 非選擇題(共80分)II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (2%x10=20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary v_ symbols used for human communication.2. According to the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure, LANGUE refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and p_ refers to the actualized language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%x10=20%) ( ) 1. The famous saying “A rose by any other name would smell sweet” well illustrates the arbitrary nature of language.( ) 18. It is generally held in linguistics that speech is the primary medium, writing the secondary, and the former has a history of at least 100,000 years, whereas the latter only about 600 years.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%x10=30%)1 morphology:2 phonetics:V. Answer the following questions. (10%x2=20%)1. What are the main functions of language? Give one or two examples to show the functions.語言學(xué)概論教案第一章 緒論一學(xué)習(xí)目的和要求本章是全書的緒論,學(xué)習(xí)的目的是弄清語言學(xué)是一門什么樣的學(xué)科,以及人類語言的本質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)。學(xué)習(xí)本章要求認(rèn)識(shí)、理解語言學(xué)研究的對(duì)象和方法、語言學(xué)研究的各個(gè)語言層面以及語言學(xué)的各個(gè)分支,弄清語言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念;此外,通過學(xué)習(xí)還要求對(duì)人類語言的本質(zhì)有一個(gè)清楚的認(rèn)識(shí),通過對(duì)人類語言特點(diǎn)的學(xué)習(xí),對(duì)人類語言交際和動(dòng)物傳遞信息方式之間的根本不同又一個(gè)正確的認(rèn)識(shí)。二.課程內(nèi)容 語言學(xué)的主要問題。語言的本質(zhì)。語言的功能。語言學(xué)的主要分支。語言學(xué)中的重要區(qū)別。第一節(jié) 什么是語言學(xué)? (一) 語言學(xué)的定義 (二) 語言學(xué)的研究范疇 (三)語言學(xué)研究的幾對(duì)基本概念第二節(jié) 什么是語言? (一)語言的定義 (二)語言的甄別性特征要求:重點(diǎn)是語言的design features和語言學(xué)中的重要區(qū)別。建議:理論講授的重點(diǎn)是design features,basic distinction和語言學(xué)的主要分支。三考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)1“語言”的含義“語言”的五種含義:1) 一個(gè)人在特定場(chǎng)合的言語行為或所用的話語;2) 一個(gè)人在任何場(chǎng)合所特有的話語特征和寫作方式,即個(gè)人語言;3) 某種特殊的語言文體;4) 某社團(tuán)全體成員的語言;5) 所有人類語言的共同特征。2語言的定義第二節(jié)給出了大多數(shù)語言學(xué)家都接受的關(guān)于語言的定義,即語言是人類用來交際的具有任意性的語音符號(hào)體系,該定義包含了語言的一些重要特征。3語言的結(jié)構(gòu)特征語言具有五種甄別性特征,即任意性、二重性、多產(chǎn)性、移位性、文化傳遞、互換性。這些特征是人類語言所共有的,某些動(dòng)物雖然也能夠以某種方式相互傳遞信息,但動(dòng)物之間相互交際的工具與人類的語言有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。人類語言的這些結(jié)構(gòu)特征是一般動(dòng)物之間的交際所不具有的。4語言的功能語言有七種基本功能,即寒暄功能、指令功能、提供信息功能、獲取信息功能、 表達(dá)主觀情感功能、喚起聽話人情感功能和言語行為功能。5語言的起源語言的起源至今仍然是一個(gè)謎,第五節(jié)提出了有關(guān)語言起源的假說:神授說、人造說和進(jìn)化說。了解這幾種假說有助于我們對(duì)語言本質(zhì)的理解。6語言學(xué)的定義語言學(xué)是以科學(xué)的方法對(duì)語言進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科。語言學(xué)的研究對(duì)象不只是某一特定的語言,而是人類所有語言的特性。為了使語言研究更具有科學(xué)性,語言學(xué)家要遵循四個(gè)基本原則:1. 窮盡原則;2. 一致原則;3. 經(jīng)濟(jì)原則;4. 客觀原則。7語言學(xué)研究中幾對(duì)基本概念本節(jié)闡述了語言學(xué)研究中的六對(duì)基本概念,深刻理解這些基本概念有助于完整地認(rèn)識(shí)語言學(xué)的研究對(duì)象和研究方法。1) 口語與書面語:從歷史上看,口語先于書面語,口語是語言交際最基本的方式,書面語是對(duì)口語的記錄,語言學(xué)研究應(yīng)從口語中采集語料。2) 描述與規(guī)定:語言學(xué)與傳統(tǒng)語法的根本區(qū)別在于,語言學(xué)研究是描述性的, 而不是規(guī)定性的。3) 共時(shí)與歷時(shí):對(duì)一種語言在某一時(shí)間現(xiàn)狀的描述稱為共時(shí)研究;對(duì)一種語言隨著時(shí)間的推移所發(fā)生的發(fā)展和變化的研究稱為歷時(shí)研究。4) 語言與言語:瑞士語言學(xué)家索緒爾在20世紀(jì)初提出了語言和言語的概念,旨在區(qū)別抽象的語言系統(tǒng)和實(shí)際使用的語言。5)語言能力與語言運(yùn)用:這一對(duì)概念是美國語言學(xué)家喬姆斯基于20世紀(jì)50年代提出的,他指出了語言學(xué)的研究對(duì)象應(yīng)是語言運(yùn)用者的語言能力。6)語言潛勢(shì)與實(shí)際語言行為:這一對(duì)概念是英國語言學(xué)家韓禮德于20世紀(jì)60年代提出的,他從功能的角度來觀察語言。8語言學(xué)的分支語言學(xué)研究有不同的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。普通語言學(xué)是對(duì)語言體系作全面的研究,它包括語音學(xué)、音系學(xué)、 形態(tài)學(xué)、句法學(xué)、語義學(xué)等不同分支學(xué)科。9語言學(xué)的應(yīng)用語言是一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,因此,語言的發(fā)展、變化和使用受到種種社會(huì)因素的制約。1)語言學(xué)與語言教學(xué):語言學(xué)的研究與語言教學(xué)有著密切的關(guān)系,語言學(xué)理論在語言教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用是應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的重要內(nèi)容。2)語言和社會(huì)之間的關(guān)系是社會(huì)語言學(xué)研究的主要內(nèi)容。3)語言學(xué)與文學(xué):語言和文學(xué)的關(guān)系密不可分,語言學(xué)的研究方法和研究成果有助于研究分析文學(xué)作品。4) 語言與心理學(xué):語言是大腦的一種產(chǎn)物,心理語言學(xué)旨在研究語言與大腦的關(guān)系,探討人是怎樣習(xí)得母語的,語言信息是如何在大腦中被解碼、加工和記憶的。5)其它方面的應(yīng)用( 人類語言學(xué)、 神經(jīng)語言學(xué)、 數(shù)理語言學(xué)和計(jì)算語言學(xué))。四考核要求1 識(shí)記: 個(gè)人語言,語言定義,語音學(xué)、音系學(xué)、 形態(tài)學(xué)、句法學(xué)、語義學(xué)等不同分支學(xué)科。語言的應(yīng)用:語言學(xué)與語言教學(xué)、語言學(xué)與社會(huì)、語言與文學(xué)、 語言與心理學(xué)、 人類語言學(xué)、 神經(jīng)語言學(xué)、 數(shù)理語言學(xué)和計(jì)算語言學(xué)2 領(lǐng)會(huì):“語言”的含義;語言起源的假說:神授說、人造說和進(jìn)化說,索緒爾、喬姆斯基和韓禮德觀察語言的不同角度。3 簡(jiǎn)單應(yīng)用:語言的功能 (寒暄功能、 指令功能、 提供信息功能、 獲取信息功能、 表達(dá)主觀情感功能喚起聽話人情感功能、 言語行為功能),語言學(xué)研究中幾對(duì)基本概念:口語與書面語、 描寫與規(guī)定、 共時(shí)與歷時(shí)、 語言與言語、語言能力與語言運(yùn)用,語言潛勢(shì)與實(shí)際語言行為4 綜合應(yīng)用:語言的結(jié)構(gòu)特征(任意性、二重性、多產(chǎn)性、 移位性、文化傳遞和互換性),語言學(xué)定義;語言學(xué)研究的基本方法;語言學(xué)研究應(yīng)遵循的四大原則(窮盡、一致、經(jīng)濟(jì)、客觀)。五時(shí)間安排(4課時(shí))六教案第一章Introduction1. linguistics1.1 what is linguistics?Linguistics: the systematic (or scientific) study of language;Linguist: a person who studies linguistics.1.2 Linguistics vs. traditional grammara) linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive;b) linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written;c) linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force language into a Latin-based framework.1.3 The scope of linguisticsA diagram (Jean Aitchison) gives the range of general linguistics:In the center is phonetics, the study of human speech sounds. Phonetics is surrounded by phonology (sound patterning), then phonology is surrounded by morphology and syntax. Morphology refers to the form of words and syntax deals with their arrangements. Semantics (meaning) is placed outside syntax, and next to the various disciplines which link linguistics to form some cross-disciplines such as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, applied linguiscs etc.Historical linguistics: the study of language change.Synchronic linguistics: study a grammar at one particular point in time;Diachronic linguistics: study its development over a number of different points of time. 2. language2.1 what is language?Language is, in essence, a system of symbols designed for the purpose of human communication.2.2 The defining properties of human language (also called design features)2.2.1 CreativityThe ability that we all have to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including sentences that we have never heard before, but that are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered.2.2.2 ArbitrarinessLinguistic sign (the word) is arbitrary, there is no motivated relationship between the sign and what it is a sign for.2.2.3 Duality of structure (or double articulation)In all languages, there are two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of a segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. Duality of structure (or double articulation) refers to the organization of language into two levels.2.2.4 DisplacementHuman language can be used to refer to real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, and it can even be used to talk about language itself.2.2.5 Cultural transmission (the need for learning)The details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker, and not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, for a particular language is a cultural fact.1.Linguistics定義It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Nowadays, the generally accepted definition of language is that language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.The scope of linguistics 語言學(xué)的主要分支是什么。每個(gè)分支的研究對(duì)象是什么?1. General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic studyPhonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used in communicationMorphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form wordsSyntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentencesSemantics, which is the study of meaning in language.Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in context of useSociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to societyPsycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind.Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.Other related branches are anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics.3.現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)與傳統(tǒng)語法有什么區(qū)別?Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not.4. Someimportant distinction in linguistics 語言學(xué)五對(duì)基本概念1、descriptive(描述性) : A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.2、prescriptive(規(guī)定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct” behaviors. i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say.1、synchronic(共時(shí)語言學(xué)): It refers to the study of variation in language in different places and among different groups at a given point in time.2、diachronic (歷時(shí)語言學(xué)): Studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.什么叫共時(shí)研究Synchronic study;?什么叫歷時(shí)研究diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in rime, while a diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.Speech and writing are the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.1、langue(語言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community. It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate.2、parole(言語):refers to the realization of langue in actual use. It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.1、competence(語言能力):As the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language2、performance(語言應(yīng)用):the actual realization of his knowledge in linguistic communication.5、What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Language is a system i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules.Language is arbitrary .because the fact that different languages have different words for the some object.Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.Language is symbols.The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific.6、人類語言的甄別性特征design features是什么?(五個(gè))Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. The American Charles Hockett specified 12 design features, 5 of which will be discussed here.Arbitrariness:任意性 there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds .A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language, but it is not entirely arbitrary.Productivity:創(chuàng)造性 language make possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it users. Productivity is unique to human language.Duality(二重性):Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels at the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words.Displacement:移位性 Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in past, present or future. or in far-away place. In other words, language can be used to refer to context removed from the immediate situations of speakers.Cultural transmission(文化傳遞性) While we are born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned anew.7. Chomsky的語言能力和語言使用各指什么?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speakers knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.8、Saussure 是如何區(qū)分語言和言語的?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are French words. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; It is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.七AssignmentsTerms:Linguistics, language, synchronic linguistics, diachronic linguistics, arbitrariness, creativity, duality.Questions:1. In which ways does linguistics differ from traditional grammar?2. Can you give a brief description of the framework of linguistics?3. Why is duality regarded as an important feature of human language?Do Exercises I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII.Do Chapter I of Linguistic Materials Manual.第二章 音系學(xué)一 學(xué)習(xí)目的與要求本章的中心內(nèi)容是語音,包括語音學(xué)與音系學(xué)兩大部分。通過語音學(xué)部分的學(xué)習(xí),要求對(duì)各種發(fā)音器官及其作用有所了解,對(duì)英語的元音和輔音的發(fā)音方式和特點(diǎn)能進(jìn)行描述,并能夠根據(jù)它們發(fā)音上的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分類,那個(gè)分清寬式標(biāo)音法和窄式標(biāo)音法的區(qū)別。通過音系部分的學(xué)習(xí),首先要弄清音系學(xué)和語音學(xué)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別,對(duì)音系學(xué)中的一些基本概念如音位、音位對(duì)立、互補(bǔ)分布、最小對(duì)立對(duì)等有所了解,知道幾條音系學(xué)規(guī)則,譬如序列規(guī)則、同化規(guī)則、對(duì)重音、語調(diào)、聲調(diào)等幾種超切分音系特征的表意作用能夠舉例說明。二課程內(nèi)容內(nèi)容:言語產(chǎn)生、言語感知與言語器官。音段、分化和標(biāo)音法。輔音、元音的分類。音位分析和音位過程。區(qū)別性特征及音節(jié)和重音。第一節(jié) 語音的聲音媒介第二節(jié) 語音學(xué) (一)什么是語音學(xué) (二)發(fā)音器官 (三)音標(biāo)寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法 (四)英語語音的分類第三節(jié) 音系學(xué) (一)音系學(xué)和語音學(xué) (二)語音、音位、音位變體 (三)音位對(duì)立、互補(bǔ)分布、最小對(duì)立對(duì) (四)幾條音系規(guī)則 (五)超切分特征(二)語音學(xué)與音位學(xué)要求:重點(diǎn)是輔音、元音的分類。音位分析和音位過程。區(qū)別性特征及音節(jié)和重音。言語產(chǎn)生、言語感知與言語器官只作簡(jiǎn)要介紹。建議:理論講授的重點(diǎn)是英語輔音的3大分類和元音的5大分類。三考核知識(shí)點(diǎn)1語音學(xué)的定義語音學(xué)的研究對(duì)象是人類語言中的全部語音。語音學(xué)包括三個(gè)分支:發(fā)聲語音學(xué);聽覺語音學(xué);聲學(xué)語音學(xué)2發(fā)音器官存在于三個(gè)腔內(nèi):咽腔、口腔和鼻腔。咽腔內(nèi)的發(fā)音器官是位于喉頭的聲帶,發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶是否振動(dòng)決定發(fā)出的音是清音還是濁音,聲帶震動(dòng)的頻率決定聲音的音高。鼻腔和口腔相通,假如口腔的某個(gè)部位阻塞,氣流只能從鼻腔通過,這樣發(fā)出的音叫做鼻音??谇恢械陌l(fā)音器官最多,由于下顎和雙唇的靈活性,尤其是舌頭的靈活性,來自肺部的氣流在口腔里受到不同的阻礙,使我們能夠發(fā)出不同的語音。3英語語音的分類英語中使用的語音可分為元音和輔音兩大類,它們的根本區(qū)別是:發(fā)元音過程中,氣流由肺部送出,在喉部和口腔不受任何阻礙,聲帶通常振動(dòng);而發(fā)輔音時(shí),氣流由肺部送出時(shí),或者完全受阻,或者部分受阻,或者氣流送出時(shí)產(chǎn)生明顯的摩擦。輔音可根據(jù)發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法進(jìn)行分類,由此可以對(duì)每一個(gè)輔音的語音特征作出描述,同樣, 也可以根據(jù)所描述的語音特征來確定一個(gè)輔音。元音的分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)包括舌位的高低、口腔的開合程度、唇型、等。除單元音外,英語中還有一組雙元音。5標(biāo)音是系統(tǒng)地標(biāo)注語音的方法,音標(biāo)是指用來記錄語音的一套符號(hào)。國際語音協(xié)會(huì)于1888年設(shè)計(jì)出了國際音標(biāo)。用一個(gè)符號(hào)來表示一個(gè)語音的標(biāo)音方法叫做寬式標(biāo)音法,此種標(biāo)音法常見于詞典。但實(shí)際上,一個(gè)語音在不同的語音環(huán)境中的發(fā)音是有變化的,為了說明這種區(qū)別,語音學(xué)家用變音符號(hào)來表示同一語音在不同的語音環(huán)境下的不同發(fā)音,即嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法。6音系學(xué)的定義;音系學(xué)與語音學(xué)的區(qū)別:音系學(xué)和語音學(xué)都是對(duì)語音的研究,它們之間既有聯(lián)系又有區(qū)別。語音學(xué)研究的是人類所有語言的語音, 旨在對(duì)語音進(jìn)行描述和分類;音系學(xué)研究的是特定的語言的語音體系。7音位理論:語音是語音學(xué)研究的單位, 是具體的語音。 音位是音系學(xué)研究的單位, 是抽象的概念。一個(gè)音位是一組語音特征的集合體,音位能夠區(qū)別意義;在英語中,兩個(gè)詞僅僅因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)語音不同,且這兩個(gè)不同的音出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)詞中相同位置,則這兩個(gè)詞就叫做最小對(duì)立體。根據(jù)最小對(duì)立體, 語言學(xué)家可以找出特定語言中具有區(qū)別性特征的音位。一個(gè)音位在不同的語音環(huán)境里體現(xiàn)為不同的變體,即音位變體;互補(bǔ)分布指音位變體之間的關(guān)系,同一個(gè)音位的不同變體在語音組合中永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在相同的位置上, 它們沒有區(qū)別意義的作用。8區(qū)別性特征:音位是音系學(xué)研究的基本單位,但音位還可以分成更小的區(qū)別性特征,如清音、爆破等。9超語段音位學(xué)是對(duì)音節(jié)、單詞和語句等單位的音位特征的研究,本節(jié)講解了四種超語段音位特征: 音節(jié)、重音、音高和語調(diào)。在英語中重要的是重音(單詞重音和語句重音)和語調(diào)。聲調(diào)是聲調(diào)語言的重要超語段特征。四考核要求1識(shí)記:語音學(xué)的定義;發(fā)音語音學(xué);聽覺語音學(xué);聲學(xué)語音學(xué); 發(fā)音器官的英文名稱;英語輔音表;清輔音和濁輔音;基本元音舌位圖;單元音和雙元音等。音系學(xué)的定義;音位;最小對(duì)立體;音位變體;互補(bǔ)分布。超語段音位學(xué); 音節(jié)、重音、音高和語調(diào)。2領(lǐng)會(huì) :英語語音的氣流機(jī)制;英語輔音的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法;發(fā)元音時(shí)舌位的高低及口形;嚴(yán)式與寬式標(biāo)音發(fā)等。語音相似性;模式一致性;中立化和原始音位。3簡(jiǎn)單應(yīng)用:描述輔音的語音特征; 能夠根據(jù)所描述的語音特征來確定一個(gè)輔音。區(qū)別性特征。4綜合應(yīng)用:音系學(xué)與語音學(xué)的區(qū)別;決定詞重音位置的因素;語調(diào)的四種語法功能五時(shí)間安排(4課時(shí))六教案第二章Phonology音系學(xué) 1. The phonic medium of languageSound is the natural or primary medium of human language, but the linguistics is just interested in speech soundssounds that convey meaning in human linguistics communication.2. phonetics2.1 what is phonetics?Phonetics is the study of the phonic