非謂語動詞 (3)

語法復習專題（9）Unit9 非謂語動詞一、考點聚焦1、非謂語動詞的句法功能名稱語 法 功 能 主語賓語賓語補足語表語定語狀語不定式動名詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞2、動詞不定式復心中應注意的幾個問題（1）不定式作表語與“be + to do sth.”的異同。不定式作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)。His job is to guard.(說明內(nèi)容)be + to do sth.(表示按計劃要做的事)（2）帶不定式作賓語的詞語。下列詞語常不定式作賓語：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。下列動詞后可接疑問詞+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。（3）如何理解和使用不定式作賓補。動詞see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的賓補用動詞原形，變被動時要加to,此時的不定式就是主語補足語。常用帶不定式作賓補的幾種情況：主語 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.主語 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done主語 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.（4）不定式作定語的特殊用法。下列詞語后常接不定式作定語：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。不定式作定語和所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關系。There is no one to look after her.不定式與被修飾的名詞在邏輯上有動賓關系。She is now looking for a room to live in.（5）不定式作狀語的用法。不定式作狀語，修飾動詞，在句中表示行為目的、結(jié)果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的結(jié)果。We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .in order(not)to, so as(not)to用來引導目的狀語,enough, too, so as to do, such + 名詞 as to do作結(jié)果狀語，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.（6）不定式的完成時的特殊用法。表示不定式中謂語動詞發(fā)生的動作先于主句的謂語動詞發(fā)出的動作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等動詞常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成時，但要注意與一般時的區(qū)別。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.對不起，請稍等。（說話時還未等）Im sorry to have kept you waiting.對不起，讓你久等了。（說話時已等了很久）不定式的完成時還可表示“過去本想做某事但未做”的虛擬語氣。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成時。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成時，表示該做某事或想做但未實現(xiàn)。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成時，表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望。（7）不定式的省略。 同一結(jié)構(gòu)并列由and或or連接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled what to think or say.特例：To be or not to be, this is a question.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示對比)不定式作表語，其前面的主語從句中含有do時，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game.句中含有動詞do時，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。Dont do anything silly, such as marry him.主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。Why not、had better、would rather、cant but等詞后省to。如：He could not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對話中，為了避免重復，作賓語或主補，賓補的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時，to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。但如果承前省略的不定式有助動用的have或be任何形式，后應該保留原形be或have。如：Susan is not what she used to be.You came late last night. You ought to have finished yourhomework.I know I ought to have.常見的有：Id like / love / be happy to.3、動名詞復習中應注意的幾個問題（1）動名詞作賓語。下列動詞后只能接動名詞：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。下列動詞短語接動名詞：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。介詞后要接動名詞。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介詞后接動名詞。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引導的從中。作此意講時on / upon后也可以接名詞。如on his arrival。動名詞作賓語和動詞不定式作賓語的區(qū)別：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand例 句解 析1. It began to rain. It began raining.2. It was beginning to snow.3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.4. I like listening to music, but today I dont like to.5. I don t prefer to swim in the river now.1. 意思無差別，但謂語動詞用進行時，后面只跟不定式。2. 表示一種傾向多接動名詞作賓語，如果表示某一特定的或具體的行動，多接不定式。remember, forget, regret, try例 句解 析1. I remember to meet her at the station.I remember seeing her once somewhere.2. I forgot giving it to you yesterday. I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.3. I regret not having working hard. I regret to hear of your sisters death. 4. Try knocking at the back door. We must try to get everything ready.5. That will mean flooding some land. I had meant to go on Monday.1. remember to do sth.記住要做的事 remember doing sth.回顧過去發(fā)生的事2. forget to do sth.忘記要做的事 forget doing sth.忘記做過的事3. regret to do sth.對將要做的事抱歉 regret doing sth.對發(fā)生過的事后悔4. try to do sth.設法，試圖 try doing sth.試試看，試一試5. mean to do sth.打算做，想要 mean doing sth.意味著，就是 want, require, need例 句解 析These desks need repairing.These desks need to be repaired.The patient required examinedThe patient required to be examined.1. need doing 需要被做 need to be done需要被做2. want doing want to be done3. require doing require to be done4、分詞復習應注意的幾個問題（1）現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作時間、原因、伴隨、條件、結(jié)果等狀語。時間狀語（分詞作狀語前面可加when, while等）Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.原因狀語Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note伴隨狀語The girls came in, following their parents.結(jié)果狀語The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的幾個特性。時間性。與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，用一般時，如發(fā)生在謂語動作之前時則用完成式having done。語態(tài)性。與句子的主語之間的關系，是主謂關系或動賓關系。遵循的規(guī)則“主動進行，被動完成”。人稱一致性。分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。（2）分詞作表語。S. + be + 動詞-ed表示被動，主語是人；S. + be + 動詞-ing表示主動，主語是物。分詞作賓補不定式作賓補的區(qū)別： 感官動詞 動詞原形做了某事S+ + 賓語 + 現(xiàn)在分詞正在做某事 使役動詞 過去分詞做了或被做5、復習過去分詞應注意的幾個問題過去分詞作狀語，相當于一個狀語從句，有來說明原因、時間、條件等。（1）過去分詞作原因狀語Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.Lost in thought , he almost ran into a car.=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.（2）作時間狀語Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.（3）作條件狀語Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.（4）伴隨狀語The teacher came in, followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.分詞短語作狀語時，通常與主句中的主語在邏輯上一致，但有時它也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.二、經(jīng)典名題導解選擇填空1. _ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001)A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered解析：答案為A。本題考查分詞短語作狀語的用法。分詞作狀語，其邏輯主語必須是句子的主語，而本句的主語看似是it,其實它為形式主語，真正的主語為不定式，而不定式省略了邏輯主語for people，所以應用現(xiàn)在分詞，又因already，應用完成時。2. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.(2001年春季高考)A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct解析：答案為B。本題考查動名詞作介詞賓語的用法。介詞by意為“通過，憑”，后面常接動名詞，形成“by+ v. ing ”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示通過做某事而得到某種結(jié)果。本題中只有correcting符合。3. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000年春季高考)A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung解析：答案為B。本題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的用法。根據(jù)句意“墻上掛的那幅畫是我侄子畫的”，可知空白處所填的動詞形式在句中作定語，表說話時仍在進行的動作或所處的解題關鍵在于分析picture與hang之間的邏輯關系。4.“We cant go out in this weather,”said Bob, _ out of the window.A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked解析：答案為A。本句考非謂與動詞作伴隨狀語。全句合理的句意是：Bob看著窗外說，“我們不能在這種天氣出去”。Bob在說話的同時在看著窗外，應使用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式，表主動和進行。A項正合語境。B項不定式表主動、將來的動作。C項表被動完成的動作（上處不是并列謂語）。D項表完成的主動動作，均不和語境。5.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed解析：答案為C。全句意為：讀書是一種與看電視相當不同的體驗，有畫面在你的心中，而不是在你的眼前形成。所以本題考非謂語動詞，表主動且進行著的動作。人們看書時，讀到什么情節(jié)或場面，這樣的情節(jié)或場面便（同時）在心中形成。6.The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ the film stars had left.A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told解析：答案為B。本題考查非謂語用法。only + to do 常用此結(jié)構(gòu)作結(jié)果狀語，tell及物動詞，tell之后常帶雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)，故tell采用被動形式。8