How to appreciate an English poem英語(yǔ)專業(yè)論文

How to appreciate an English poemThe poetic forms of English poetry are in a great variety. There are the heroic couplet, which includes a pair of rhymed lines in each stanza( which consists of four lines); the blank verse, which is unrhymed; and the sonnet, which includes 14 lines with a fixed rhyming scheme.一、英雄偶體詩(shī)Heroic Couplet refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.英雄偶體詩(shī)的詩(shī)句采用抑揚(yáng)格五音步，韻式為：aa,bb,cc.。修飾語(yǔ)“英雄”使用于17世紀(jì)晚期，因?yàn)檫@種類型的偶體詩(shī)常用于史詩(shī)和英雄劇。這種韻式最早被詩(shī)人喬叟引入英國(guó)，從德萊頓到薩繆爾，英雄偶體成為了英國(guó)詩(shī)歌韻式的主流，包括蒲柏在內(nèi)的一些詩(shī)人幾乎只用這一韻式。O could I flow like thee, and make thy stream My great example, as it is my theme! Though deep yet clear, though gentle yet not dull; Strong without rage, without oerflowing full.二、注意meter（格律、節(jié)拍）和foot（音步）的區(qū)別The most common meter in English poetry, the so-called iambic pentameter, is a sequence of five iambic feet or iambs, each consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one ("da-DUM")An iambic foot is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The rhythm can be written as:daDUMA line of iambic pentameter is five iambic feet in a row:daDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMdaDUMIts possible to notate this with a (Breve) mark representing an unstressed syllable and a /(Forward Slash) mark representing a stressed syllable. In this notation a line of iambic pentameter would look like this:/The following line from John Keats Ode to Autumn is a straightforward example: To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shellsThe scansion（節(jié)奏韻律分析）of this can be notated as follows:/Toswellthegourd,andplumptheha-zelshellsThe divisions between feet are marked with a |, and the caesura (a pause) with a double vertical bar |./Toswell|thegourd,|andplump|theha-|zelshellsEg:A Red, Red Rose-Robert BurnsO, my love is like a red, red roseThats newly sprung in June.O, my love is like the melody,Thats sweetly playd in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass,So deep in love am I,And I will love thee still, my dear,Till a the seas gang dry.Till a the seas gang dry, my dear,And the rocks melt wi the sun!And I will love thee still, my dearWhile the sands o life shall run.And fare thee weel, my only Love!And fare thee weel, awhile!And I will come again, my love,Tho it were ten thousand mile!Meaning:The beauty of my love can be compared with a red rose, and the sweet voice and shape of my love are like piece of soft music. My graceful girl, you are very beautiful and I love you very much; my dear, I will love you firmly until all the seas go dry. The speaker expresses his fiery passion for his love and swears to love her forever.My dear, I will love you till all the seas go dry and the rocks melt with the sun. I will love you firmly so long there is a life keeping time or I will love you until the end of my life.Farewell to you, my only dear love, farewell to you only for a short time! I will come back again even though it were ten thousand mile away, my dear!Theme: to express strong affection to his love, swearing that he will love her for ever.Structure:1.Stanza 1: compare his sweet heart as a red rose and sweet music.2. Stanza 2-3 : swear that he will love her for ever, and assure that he will never change his heart.3. Stanza 4: assure his lover that he will leave for a short time but will come back no matter how far it is.Form: Scottish Folklore, short lines, strong rhythm. The first and third lines have 8 syllables and the second and fourth lines have 6 syllable in the first two stanzas and 7 syllables in the second two stanzas. Rhyming: the first and second stanzas: abcb. The third and fourth: abab.Rhetorical features: simile is used to express the strong affection which can not be controlled. And repetition is use to intensify his emotion.三、十四行詩(shī)的韻式（rhyme scheme）及其他韻式介紹十四行詩(shī)，又譯“商籟體”，為意大利文sonetto，英文Sonnet、法文sonnet的音譯。歐洲一種格律嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)氖闱轶w詩(shī)（lyric poetry）。（一）意大利十四行詩(shī)（皮特拉克十四行詩(shī)）意大利十四行詩(shī)由Giacomo da Lentini（連蒂尼）創(chuàng)造。皮特拉克（Petrarch）的創(chuàng)作使其臻于完美，又稱“彼特拉克體”（Petrarchan Sonnet），后傳到歐洲各國(guó)。由兩節(jié)四行詩(shī)(two quatrains,called the octave)和兩節(jié)三行詩(shī)(two tercets, called the sestet)組成，每行11個(gè)音節(jié)，韻式為ABBA，ABBA，CDE，CDE或ABBA，ABBA，CDC，CDC。以米爾頓（Milton）的On His Blindness為例：When I consider how my light is spent (a)Ere half my days, in this dark world and wide, (b)And that one talent which is death tohide, (b)Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent (a)To serve therewith my Maker, and present (a)My true account, lest he returning chide; (b)"Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?" (b)I fondly ask; but Patience to prevent (a)That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need (c)Either mans work or his own gifts; who best (d)Bear his mild yoke, they serve him best. His state (e)Is Kingly. Thousands at his bidding speed (c)And post oer land and ocean without rest; (d)They also serve who only stand and wait." (e)（二）英國(guó)十四行詩(shī)（莎士比亞十四行詩(shī)）“莎士比亞體”（Shakespearean），由三節(jié)四行詩(shī)和兩行對(duì)句(couplet)組成，每行10個(gè)音節(jié)(syllable)，采用抑揚(yáng)格五音步（iambic pentameter），韻式(rhyme scheme)為ABAB，CDCD，EFEF，GG。Sonnet 18(By William Shakespeare )Shall I compare thee to a summers day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summers lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,And often is his gold complexion dimmd;And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance or natures changing course untrimmd;But thy eternal summer shall not fadeNor lose possession of that fair thou owest;Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou growest:So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this and this gives life to thee. 我怎么能夠把你來(lái)比作夏天？你不獨(dú)比它可愛也比它溫婉：狂風(fēng)把五月寵愛的嫩蕊作踐，夏天出賃的期限又未免太短：天上的眼睛有時(shí)照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金顏又常遭掩蔽：被機(jī)緣或無(wú)常的天道所摧折，沒有芳艷不終于雕殘或銷毀。但是你的長(zhǎng)夏永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)雕落，也不會(huì)損失你這皎潔的紅芳，或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，當(dāng)你在不朽的詩(shī)里與時(shí)同長(zhǎng)。只要一天有人類，或人有眼睛，這詩(shī)將長(zhǎng)存，并且賜給你生命。Sonnet 116Let me not to the marriage of true minds (a)Admit impediments, love is not love (b)*Which alters when it alteration finds, (a)Or bends with the remover to remove. (b)*O no, it is an ever fixd mark (c)*That looks on tempests and is never shaken; (d)*It is the star to every wandring bark, (c)Whose worths unknown although his height be taken. (d)*Loves not times fool, though rosy lips and cheeks (e)Within his bending sickles compass come, (f)*Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, (e)But bears it out even to the edge of doom: (f)*（三）中國(guó)十四行詩(shī)代表性的詩(shī)人為馮至、白馬內(nèi)蒙古劇作家、詩(shī)人白馬馬世新于上世紀(jì)八十年代初創(chuàng)作了一百多首中國(guó)十四行詩(shī),并于1997年由遠(yuǎn)方出版社出版了十四行詩(shī)集愛的紀(jì)念碑。作者將這一泊來(lái)詩(shī)體與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)詩(shī)歌審美觀念相結(jié)合，創(chuàng)作出了一種適合中國(guó)普通讀者欣賞習(xí)慣的十四行詩(shī)樣式。其詩(shī)為三段式，押韻格式為:abba,abba,cdcdcd。白馬十四行詩(shī) “愛的禮物 ”一支古老的意大利情歌 （a）經(jīng)過(guò)彼特拉克大師吟唱 (b)帶著鄉(xiāng)土和野草的芬芳 (b)悠然登上了詩(shī)的雅座 (a)文藝復(fù)興的亞得里亞海波 (a)又使這雋永迷人的絕唱 (b)蕩起輕盈美麗的雙漿 (b)飛向世界的各個(gè)角落 (a)一支歌填上了諸家新詞 (c)也填補(bǔ)了一片片心靈的荒蕪 (d)一種調(diào)融入了百般情思 (c)也融化了千萬(wàn)個(gè)心靈的孤獨(dú) (d)這溫馨甜蜜的十四行詩(shī) (c)是上蒼賜予人間的愛的禮物 (d)