中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí) 題型解讀集訓(xùn)篇 題型五 閱讀理解課件.ppt

題型五閱讀理解,閱讀理解采用不同的命題方式從不同的角度考查學(xué)生準(zhǔn)確獲得信息及綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)的能力。其具有文體多樣、題材各異、生活化、知識(shí)化等特點(diǎn)。近年來(lái)閱讀篇目題材形式有如下特征：1科技小品：介紹科普知識(shí)、科研動(dòng)態(tài)以及科技成果的開(kāi)發(fā)、特點(diǎn)、用途等等。2說(shuō)理小品：有理論，有事實(shí)。作者往往根據(jù)一些很普通的事實(shí)，通過(guò)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)乃季S、縝密的推理得出一個(gè)具有普遍性或指導(dǎo)性的觀點(diǎn)。,考綱解讀,3新聞報(bào)道：這類(lèi)文章有非常鮮明的特點(diǎn)：(l)主題突出。文章的第一句話或第一段即是對(duì)整篇文章的高度概括。以下各句（各段）才是詳細(xì)介紹（節(jié)選段落除外）。(2)要點(diǎn)明顯。寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)即五個(gè)“W”(when，where，who，what，which)的表述一目了然。但命題往往不會(huì)幾點(diǎn)俱全，而需要學(xué)生依據(jù)自己提供的幾個(gè)“W”，以及各W”之間的聯(lián)系去推出未知的“W”，同時(shí)也不排除對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題的理解。,4人物傳記：以敘述某個(gè)人物的生平事跡、趣聞?shì)W事、生活背景、成長(zhǎng)或奮斗歷程等為主。5短篇故事：與人物傳記不同的是，這類(lèi)文章一般描述的是一件具體的事情的發(fā)生、發(fā)展或結(jié)局，有人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和事情。6史地文化：涉及某個(gè)（或幾個(gè)）國(guó)家、地區(qū)、河流、山脈、海洋、城鎮(zhèn)等的地理位置以及與之相關(guān)的社會(huì)生活、政治經(jīng)濟(jì)、人文歷史、自然資源、文化習(xí)俗等方面的情況，相當(dāng)一部分文章還附有圖表供理解或選擇。,7幽默小品：這類(lèi)文章是對(duì)社會(huì)生活、人的性格特點(diǎn)，行為舉止的某些可笑的特征進(jìn)行喜劇性描繪的特殊文體。特別要把握文章的最后幾句，分析它們與上文的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，找出文章的“幽默點(diǎn)”。8圖形表格：無(wú)文字表述，或只有少量的文字表述，要求學(xué)生依據(jù)所提供的圖表進(jìn)行理解、答題。,考情回顧安徽中考閱讀理解文體主要有記敘文、說(shuō)明文和應(yīng)用文，材料的話題以生活常識(shí)、日常生活、文化風(fēng)俗、人物介紹、科普知識(shí)為主。安徽中考閱讀理解考查方式以細(xì)節(jié)理解題為主，還設(shè)置有推理判斷題、詞義猜測(cè)題、主旨大意題、數(shù)字計(jì)算題、標(biāo)題歸納題和作者意圖推測(cè)題。2015年開(kāi)始安徽中考新增了任務(wù)型閱讀理解。題型為根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容回答問(wèn)題。共設(shè)3小題。預(yù)測(cè)2017年安徽中考還會(huì)有系類(lèi)的任務(wù)型閱讀題。題量、設(shè)題不會(huì)有大的調(diào)整。,中考解題技巧,同學(xué)們?cè)谧鲩喿x理解時(shí)，可遵循以下三個(gè)原則。第一步，快速閱讀短文。以便對(duì)全文有一個(gè)整體了解，注意那些用以說(shuō)明中心意思的主要事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)，抓住關(guān)鍵詞，弄清作者寫(xiě)作的目的及意圖。如遇到生詞，應(yīng)先跳過(guò)，繼續(xù)通讀全文，因?yàn)橛行┥~并不影響對(duì)全文的理解，還有一些生詞可以通過(guò)上下文推測(cè)其含義。,第二步，認(rèn)真逐題作答。讀完短文后，對(duì)整篇短文的內(nèi)容有了大致的了解，然后馬上看后面的問(wèn)題，帶著問(wèn)題去找答案。如果屬于客觀信息題，就可以直接在短文中找到出處。如果是主觀判斷題，則應(yīng)迅速瀏覽全文，仔細(xì)分析思考，將相似的答案對(duì)照原文反復(fù)比較，推敲，選出最佳答案。第三步，檢查答案。做完所有題目后，再讀一遍短文，逐一檢查答案是否有誤。如果有不確定的，不要隨意更改答案，一定要從原文中找到依據(jù)，方可更正。,一、選擇型閱讀理解解題技巧1.細(xì)節(jié)（理解）題細(xì)節(jié)（理解）題是針對(duì)文章的某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)而設(shè)的題目，解題時(shí)可根據(jù)文章某一處或某幾處細(xì)節(jié)來(lái)答題。細(xì)節(jié)題在文中可以直接找到答案。問(wèn)題包括詢(xún)問(wèn)人（who）、物（what)、時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因（why)，結(jié)果(effect)等。,例題：Bornin1980,Carltonstarteddesigningclotheswhenhewaseleven.Hisfatherownedaclothesstore,andCarltonusedtoworkthereattheweekend.Thenhedidadesigncourseatcollege.Whenhewas21,someonesuggesteddoingaTVprogram.Hemadehisfirstshow“CarltonsClothes”in2004,andhewrotehisfirstbookinthesameyear.（）HowoldwasCarltonwhenhewrotehisfirstbook?A.11.B.21.C.24.D.25.,C,解析：根據(jù)“Bornin1980,Carltonstarteddesigningclotheswhenhewaseleven.”和“HemadehisfirstshowCarltonsClothesin2004,andhewrotehisfirstbookinthesameyear.”這兩處細(xì)節(jié)可知作者寫(xiě)第一本書(shū)的年齡是20041980=24（歲)。點(diǎn)撥：答題時(shí)，先弄清題干要求，帶著問(wèn)題回讀文章，瀏覽查找所需的信息。重點(diǎn)注意事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、數(shù)字等具體信息，同時(shí)注意命題者為迷惑而在選項(xiàng)上變換一種說(shuō)法。,2、推理判斷題推理判斷題屬于主觀題，是難度較高的題目。推理判斷題的答案無(wú)法在文章中直接找到。這類(lèi)題目要求在理解表面文字的基礎(chǔ)上，作出判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含的深層的意思，也就是通過(guò)文字信息、上下邏輯關(guān)系及事物的發(fā)展變化等已知的信息，推斷出文章沒(méi)有直接表達(dá)的信息。l推測(cè)作者寫(xiě)作目的或意圖的設(shè)題形式有：(1)Thepurposeinwritingthistextisto(2)Theauthorwritethispassageto_.,2推測(cè)文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論的設(shè)題形式有：(1)Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage？(2)Whatsthewritersopinionabout?(3)Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?3推斷文章出處的設(shè)題形式有：(1)Wherecanwereadthepassage?(2)Thepassageismostlikelytobetakenfrom.,例題：Soisthereaconnection(聯(lián)系)betweentraditionaltattoos（文身）andfashionabletattoos?Andcanyoucalltattoosafashion?ChrisRainierisanexpertintattoosandhisbookAncientMarkshasphotosoftattoosfromallovertheworld.Hethinkspeopleinmodernsocietiesoftenhavetattoosbecausetheyareaconnectiontothetraditionalworld.Buttattoosarentafashionlikeclothesorahaircutbecauseyoucantputthemonandtakethemoffagainlikeajacketorahat.Theyarepermanent(永久的)andforlife.,Whatsthewritersopinionabouttattoos?A.Tattoosarereligiousinmodernsocieties.B.Tattoosconnecttraditionwithfashion.C.Tattoosareafashionamongfamouspeople.D.Tattoosshowinformationaboutapersonshobby.解析：根據(jù)文中“Hethinkspeopleinmodernsocietiesoftenhavetattoosbecausetheyareaconnectiontothetraditionalworld.”可知答案選B。點(diǎn)撥：推理時(shí)我們必須忠于原文，在文章中尋找并確定可推論的依據(jù)。不可妄加評(píng)論，把自己的觀點(diǎn)當(dāng)成作者的觀點(diǎn)。,3、詞義猜測(cè)題詞義猜測(cè)題是指在閱讀過(guò)程中根據(jù)對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的信息、邏輯、背景知識(shí)、語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)及生活常識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)等的綜合理解去猜測(cè)或推斷單詞或短語(yǔ)的意義。詞義猜測(cè)題一般為推斷生詞詞義和猜測(cè)熟詞新義的能力，一般常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題形式有以下兩種：1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“”mean?2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“指示代詞”referto?,例題：Inmanycountries,tattoosareinfashion(時(shí)尚).OnTVyoucanoftenseeafamousactorormusicianwithatattooonhisarmorfoot.Manysportsplayershavethem,too.IntheUS,tattoosareverypopular.FortypercentofAmericansagedbetween26and40haveatattoo,and60percentofcustomersinUStattooparlorsarewomen.Thesepeopleareoftenprofessionalpeoplelikedoctor,teachersandlawyers.題目：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“parlors”mean?A.School.B.Stores.C.Hospitals.D.Theaters.,解析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知inUStattooparlors是介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)修飾customers，由此可推知Parlors是與買(mǎi)賣(mài)關(guān)系有關(guān)的地點(diǎn)名詞。所以答案選B。點(diǎn)撥：應(yīng)根據(jù)詞語(yǔ)所處的具體語(yǔ)境，運(yùn)用如同義詞、反義詞、舉例、或定義等信息推測(cè)詞義也可運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞法及語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和生活常識(shí)與經(jīng)驗(yàn)等知識(shí)。,4.主旨大意題主旨大意題主要考查對(duì)文章或段落的中心思想的理解。主旨大意的題型主要有：選擇最佳標(biāo)題、概括段落大意、指明寫(xiě)作目的等。一般而言，文章或段落的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾會(huì)有主題句，其他內(nèi)容都是圍繞主題句展開(kāi)的。做主旨大意題的關(guān)鍵是找到主題句并進(jìn)行概括。其主要設(shè)題方式有：1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?2.Whatsthemainideaofthepassage?3.WhatisthemainideaofParagraph2？,例題：AtworkCarltonalwayswearsblacktrousersandablankcoat,butathome,orwhenhegoesout,hewearsclotheswithbrightcolors(red,blueandyellow).Heisespeciallycrazyaboutnewglasses,hebuysanewpaireveryfewweeks.“Iliketolookdifferenteveryday,”hesays.題目：WhatisthemainideaofParagraph5?A.Carltonlikestolookdifferent.B.Carltonisahardworkingperson.C.Carltoniscrazyaboutnewglasses.D.Carltonloveswearingcolorfulclothes.,解析：根據(jù)這一段最后一句“Iliketolookdifferenteveryday,hesays.”及段落主要講他在工作時(shí)穿黑色衣服，外出或是在家時(shí)穿亮顏色的衣服，戴眼鏡可知他想要看起來(lái)與眾不同。答案：A,二、選句子補(bǔ)全短文型閱讀1.利用關(guān)鍵詞解題語(yǔ)篇中的關(guān)鍵詞可分為中心詞、或是表示并列、對(duì)比、轉(zhuǎn)折、因果關(guān)系、時(shí)間的先后關(guān)系與空間關(guān)系、列舉與例證等邏輯概念的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)。如later，then，nearby，firstly，next，last，but，however，though，because，for等。尤其要注意上下文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)、語(yǔ)義相近、相反或語(yǔ)義之間有包含關(guān)系的詞。,2.利用照應(yīng)關(guān)系解題英語(yǔ)文章中常使用照應(yīng)來(lái)連句成篇。照應(yīng)通常利用人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞和限定詞來(lái)完成。3.排比關(guān)系解題英語(yǔ)文章中常使用結(jié)構(gòu)一致的句式來(lái)使文章節(jié)奏勻稱(chēng)。所以，七選五的閱讀理解選與上下文結(jié)構(gòu)相同的句子常常是解題的關(guān)鍵。,題型專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練,(2016江西中考)HumansGreatestAchievementsTheEarthis4.5billionyearsold,butthehumanracehaslivedonitforjust200,000years.Inthatshorttime,wehaveachievedsomeamazingthings.76Thelistisalmostendless.Theinventionoftheairplanehaschangedourlives.Thediscoveryofantibiotics(抗生素)hassavedthelivesofmillionsofpeople.Canyouimaginelivingwithoutelectricity?Whatabouttheprintingpress(印刷術(shù))?Withouttheprintingpress,youwouldntbereadingthis.Inthelast50years,therehavebeengreatachievementsincommunication,suchasradio,TV,computers,theInternet,andsmartphones(智能手機(jī)).77,Whataboutthearts?Theartshavebroughtpleasuretomanypeople,butaretheBeatlesandBachmoreimportantthanantibiotics?78Finally,wemustnotforgethumansearlyachievements.79Wecantimaginemodernlifewithoutcookedfoodandcars.Whatarehumansgreatestachievements?Toanswerthequestion,weneedtodecidewhatwemeanby“great”.80Orisitjustsomethingthatmakesussay“Wow,”liketheGreatWall?Whatdoyouthink?,A.Doyouthinkitisdifficulttohavegreatachievements?B.Isitsomethingthatmakesusrichorhappyorsavelives?C.Weenjoythesethingseverydaybecausetheyarefreetouse.D.Theyusedfireforcookingandheatingandinventedthewheel.E.Manyofhumansgreatachievementsareinscienceandtechnology.F.AndisMickeyMouseasimportantanachievementasgoingtospace?G.Wecouldprobablylivewithoutthem,butlifewouldntbeasinteresting.,76.E解析：根據(jù)上下文可知空格處是一個(gè)承上啟下的句子。E選項(xiàng)的many與下文的endless語(yǔ)義上有照應(yīng)關(guān)系。77.G解析：根據(jù)第二段多次出現(xiàn)的without可知答案選G。78.F解析：空格前是一個(gè)疑問(wèn)句，是講藝術(shù)方面的成就與科技方面成就的對(duì)比。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞important也可知答案。79.D解析：與下文中提到的做飯和車(chē)有關(guān)的只有D選項(xiàng)。80B解析：根據(jù)下文的“or”可知前面也是一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句。,Whatshouldyoudoiftheresanearthquakeatschool?Howcanyouprotectyourselfwhenyouarecaughtinastampede(踩踏)?March25thisyearprovidesyouwithagoodchancetolearnaboutsafety.ThisdayiscalledtheNationalDayofEducationontheSafetyofElementaryandMiddleSchoolStudents(NDESEMSS)（全國(guó)中小學(xué)生安全教育日）Thethemeofthedaythisyearistogivestudentsmoreknowledgeaboutsafetyandmakesuretheirlivessafe.AsurveydonebytheChinaYouthandChildrenResearchCentershowedthatschoolaccidentskillmoreelementaryandmiddleschoolstudentsthananythingelse.Themainaccidentscomefromstampedes,earthquakes,firesandsportsinjuries(傷害).Whatcanwedotokeepourselvessafe?Stayingcalm(鎮(zhèn)靜)isthefirstandmostimportantrulewhenfacingaccidents.Butdifferentaccidentshavedifferentself-protectionadvice.,（2016年南充）,Astampedeispossibleanywhere.Thelargerahumancrowdgets.themorelikelystampedesbecome.Whenstudentsaroundyoubegintopush,standstillandtrytoholdontosomething,orstayinacorneruntilthecrowdleaves.Ifyoufalldowninamovingcrowd,coveryourheadwithbothhands.Leantooneside,curlupyourbodyandbendyourlegs.Earthquakesarecommonnaturaldisasters(災(zāi)難).Whenyoufeelthegroundshake,dropdown,takecoverunderadeskandholdon.Youshouldstayindoorsuntiltheshakingstops.Ifyouareoutdoors,dontstaynearbuildings,treesorpowerlines.Whentheresafire,followtheteachersinstructions,leavetheclassroomquicklyanduseapieceofclothtocoveryourmouthandnosesothatyoudontbreatheinsmoke.,()l.WhatsthethemeofNDESEMSSthisyear?A.Togivestudentsmoreknowledgeaboutsafetyandmakesuretheirlivessafe.B.Togivestudentsmoreknowledgeabouthealthandmakesuretheyeathealthily.C.Togivestudentsmoreknowledgeaboutscienceandmaketheirstudybetter.D.Togivestudentsmoreknowledgeaboutaccidentsandmakethemrunaway.()2.Whatshouldyoudofirstwhenaccidentshappenaccordingtothispassage?A.Runaway.B.Standthere.C.Keepcalm.D.Cryloudly.,A,C,()3.Accordingtothispassage,whichofthefollowingistrue?A.Caraccidentskillthemostelementaryandmiddleschoolstudentsofallaccidents.B.Whentheresafire,youshoulduseclothtocoveryourmouthandnose.C.Ifyoufalldowninamovingcrowd,youcandonothingbutwaitthere.D.Whenanearthquakehappens,youshouldstaynearbuildingsortrees.()4.Whatsthebesttitleforthispassage?A.BeAfraidofAccidentsB.TheEarthquakeIsComingC.RunAwayFromAccidentsD.HowtoProtectYourself,B,D,()5.Ifthewritercontinuestowritethispassage.Whatwillhewriteabout?A.Thechangesoffires.B.Thereasonsofaccidents.C.Sportsinjuries.D.Smokingdisadvantages.,C,