2019年高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí) 語法專項(xiàng)突破 考點(diǎn)精講 第六節(jié) 非謂語動(dòng)詞.doc

2019年高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí) 語法專項(xiàng)突破 考點(diǎn)精講 第六節(jié) 非謂語動(dòng)詞考點(diǎn)一非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式動(dòng)詞不定式一般式to doto be done進(jìn)行式to be doing完成式to have doneto have been done完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing動(dòng)詞ing形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done過去分詞只有一種形式done考點(diǎn)二非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語1不定式作狀語(1)作目的狀語，有時(shí)用in order to或so as to。To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成為贏家，你要付出所有并竭盡全力。(2)作結(jié)果狀語，常用結(jié)構(gòu)enough to，too.to.，only to等。Im too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了，不能再熬夜了。(3)作原因狀語，此時(shí)常與表示情感的形容詞連用，如glad，happy，frightened，surprised等。Im very glad to hear the news.我非常高興聽到這個(gè)消息。(4)在“主語系動(dòng)詞形容詞to do”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。The question is very difficult to answer.這個(gè)問題很難回答。2動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作狀語(1)動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作狀語時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，having done表示先于謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。Not knowing his address, I cant call on him.由于不知道他的地址，我無法拜訪他。Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.由于沒有收到回信，他打算再寫一封。(2)動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)可作時(shí)間、原因、方式、伴隨、結(jié)果、讓步等狀語。The children came in, talking and laughing.孩子們進(jìn)來時(shí)邊說邊笑。3過去分詞作狀語(1)過去分詞作狀語時(shí)與句中主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且先于謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生。Inspired by his speech, we took action at once.在他演講的鼓舞下，我們馬上行動(dòng)了起來。(2)某些動(dòng)詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)形容詞化，此時(shí)作狀語時(shí)相當(dāng)于形容詞作狀語。After a days work, he returned home，exhausted. 工作了一天后，他回到家，疲憊不堪。4不定式與動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作結(jié)果狀語的比較不定式作結(jié)果狀語表示意想不到的結(jié)果；而動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作結(jié)果狀語表示自然而然的結(jié)果。He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.他匆忙到達(dá)車站，結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)出站了。It rained heavily in the south，causing serious flooding in several provinces.南方下了大雨，造成了幾個(gè)省嚴(yán)重的洪澇災(zāi)害。5動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)與過去分詞作狀語的比較作狀語時(shí)，是用動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)還是過去分詞，取決于該動(dòng)詞與主語之間的關(guān)系，若為意義上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，則用動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)；若為動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞。Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful.從山頂上看，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)公園更加美麗。Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even more beautiful.從山頂上看，這個(gè)公園顯得更加美麗?？键c(diǎn)三非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語1不定式作定語(1)不定式作定語時(shí)與所修飾的詞之間存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果不定式中的動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，一般要跟相應(yīng)的介詞。但是，如果不定式修飾的名詞是time，place，way等，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣省去。He has a lot of things to deal with.他有許多事情需要處理。(2)若名詞前有序數(shù)詞、最高級(jí)或no，all，only等修飾，后面一般用不定式作定語。He is always the first to e to school.他總是第一個(gè)到校。(3)用來修飾抽象名詞時(shí)常用不定式作定語，常見的有ability，chance，attempt，warning等。I dont trust his promise to e for a call.我不相信他來訪的諾言。2動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作定語動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作定語時(shí)與它修飾的名詞之間為邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行。The girl singing on the stage is his sister.在臺(tái)上唱歌的那個(gè)女孩是他的妹妹。3過去分詞作定語過去分詞作定語時(shí)與它修飾的名詞之間為邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，表示動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)和完成。Have you read the novel written by Mo Yan?你看過莫言的那本小說嗎？4to be done, being done與done作定語時(shí)的比較This is the problem to be discussed tomorrow.這是明天要討論的問題。(表被動(dòng)、將來)This is the problem being discussed now.這是現(xiàn)在正在討論的問題。(表被動(dòng)、進(jìn)行)This is the problem discussed yesterday.這是昨天討論過的問題。(表被動(dòng)、完成)考點(diǎn)四非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語(主語)補(bǔ)足語1不定式作賓補(bǔ)(1)常跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有advise，allow，ask，tell，teach，encourage，cause等，常構(gòu)成結(jié)構(gòu)tell sb.to do sth.(以tell為例)。The teacher encouraged us to write a position every week.老師鼓勵(lì)我們每周寫一篇作文。(2)感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)，作主補(bǔ)的不定式需帶to。常見的詞有：一感覺：feel；二聽：listen to，hear；三使：let，have，make；四看：see，watch，notice，observe等。另外，help后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to可有可無。I saw him go into the room just now.我剛才看見他走進(jìn)了這個(gè)屋子。He was seen to go into the room just now.有人看見他剛才走進(jìn)了這個(gè)屋子。(3)下列結(jié)構(gòu)中用不定式作主補(bǔ)，例如be said/reported/believed/considered to等。Our football team is reported to have won the match.據(jù)報(bào)道，我們的足球隊(duì)贏得了這場(chǎng)比賽。2動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。常見帶有這種復(fù)合賓語的動(dòng)詞有：六讓：make，let，have，get，keep，leave；三看：look at，see，watch；兩聽：listen to，hear；一注意：notice；一發(fā)現(xiàn)：find；一感覺：feel等。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?聽！你聽到有人喊救命嗎？3過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)其動(dòng)詞形式與賓語發(fā)出的動(dòng)作有邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且表示完成。Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.在史密斯先生度假期間，他家被盜了?？键c(diǎn)五非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓語1有些動(dòng)詞只能跟不定式作賓語，常見的有agree，afford，decide，determine，expect，hope，manage，refuse，offer，pretend，wish，promise等。We agreed to meet here, but so far she hasnt turned up yet.我們約好在此地見面，但她到現(xiàn)在還未露面。2有些動(dòng)詞或短語只能跟動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)作賓語，常見的有admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，imagine，mind，miss(錯(cuò)過)，risk，suggest, be used to(習(xí)慣于)，cant stand(無法忍受)，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote to，stick to，object to，get down to等。He got wellprepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.他為這次面試做了充分準(zhǔn)備，因?yàn)樗荒苊笆ミ@次好機(jī)會(huì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。3有些動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式又可跟動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)作賓語，意義區(qū)別不大，但表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作常用動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)，表示具體的動(dòng)作常用不定式，常見的有begin，start，continue，like，love，prefer等。I like playing/to play football. 我喜歡踢足球。4有些動(dòng)詞或短語既可跟不定式又可跟動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)作賓語，但意義有著明顯的區(qū)別，常見的有：forget to do sth.忘記去做某事(未做)forget doing sth.忘記做過某事(已做)remember to do sth. 記得去做某事(未做)remember doing sth. 記得做過某事(已做)try to do sth. 盡力去做某事try doing sth. 試著做某事regret to do sth. 對(duì)即將做的事感到遺憾(未做)regret doing sth. 對(duì)做過的事感到后悔(已做)stop to do sth. 停下來去做另一件事(此處不定式作狀語)stop doing sth. 停止做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味著做某事go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做另一件事go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)做同一件事cant help (to) do sth. 不能幫助做某事cant help doing sth. 情不自禁做某事That would mean wasting a lot of labor.那將意味著浪費(fèi)很多勞動(dòng)力。Really? I dont mean to waste any labor.真的嗎？我并沒打算浪費(fèi)勞動(dòng)力。5動(dòng)詞need，want，require后跟doing作賓語時(shí)，主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義，另外be worth doing也是主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)。The young trees need watering/to be watered. 這些小樹需要澆水。6介詞后一般跟動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)作賓語，但but/except后接不定式作賓語，若前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do則不帶to，反之則帶to。He had nothing to do but lie down and sleep.他無事可做，只好躺下睡覺。7動(dòng)詞如find，feel，expect，think，consider，make等詞后接不定式作賓語，賓語后跟形容詞或名詞作賓補(bǔ)，此時(shí)要用it作形式賓語。He found it hard to solve the problem.他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難解答這個(gè)難題。8某些動(dòng)詞跟動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)作賓語，但需跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)，常見的有allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider等。They dont allow smoking in the office.他們不允許在辦公室吸煙。They dont allow him to smoke in the office.他們不允許他在辦公室吸煙?？键c(diǎn)六非謂語動(dòng)詞作主語和表語1不定式與動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)作主語和表語的區(qū)別不定式表示某一具體的，尤其是未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作；動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)表示抽象的、泛指的動(dòng)作。作主語時(shí)常用it作形式主語而把不定式或動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)置后。Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危險(xiǎn)。To play with fire will be dangerous.玩火會(huì)發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)。It is no use crying over split milk. 覆水難收。2過去分詞與動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)作表語的區(qū)別兩者作表語時(shí)基本都是已經(jīng)形容詞化的動(dòng)詞ing形式(動(dòng)名詞)或過去分詞，此時(shí)表示“令人的”用動(dòng)詞ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞)；表示“感到的”用過去分詞。The boy was disappointing. His parents felt disappointed.這個(gè)孩子令人失望，他的父母感到很失望?？键c(diǎn)七獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)?？嫉莫?dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式1(with)名詞/代詞不定式(表主動(dòng)、將來)With so much work to do, I cant go swimming with you.有那么多工作要做，我不能和你一起去游泳。2(with)名詞/代詞動(dòng)詞ing形式(表主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行)With so many people looking at him, he felt very nervous.那么多人看著他，他感到很緊張。3(with)名詞/代詞過去分詞 (表被動(dòng)、完成)The problem solved, the quality has been improved.問題解決了，質(zhì)量也提高了。(對(duì)應(yīng)學(xué)生用書第250頁).用括號(hào)中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1(xx重慶高考改編)The engine just wont start. Something seems_(go) wrong with it.【解析】seem后面接不定式形式而不接ing形式；由于“出故障”發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞seems之前，所以應(yīng)用不定式的完成時(shí)。【答案】to have gone2(xx新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷改編)The sunlight is white and blinding，_(throw) hardedged shadows on the ground.【解析】句意：陽光明亮刺眼，在地上投下輪廓分明的影子。所填部分在句中作伴隨狀語，且the sunlight與throw之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞?！敬鸢浮縯hrowing3(xx新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷改編)I got to the office earlier that day，_(catch) the 7：30 train from Paddington.【解析】根據(jù)句意可知，趕上七點(diǎn)半的火車這件事發(fā)生在前，到達(dá)辦公室發(fā)生在后，為了體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作的先后，故使用分詞的完成時(shí)；主句主語與catch之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，所以用having caught?！敬鸢浮縣aving caught4(xx山東高考改編)The room is empty except for a bookshelf _(stand) in one corner.【解析】句意：這個(gè)房間空蕩蕩的，只不過是角落里立著一個(gè)書架。根據(jù)except for可知，后面不能用謂語動(dòng)詞形式，且bookshelf與stand之間存在邏輯上的主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語。故用standing?！敬鸢浮縮tanding5(xx湖南高考改編)The sun began to rise in the sky，_(bathe) the mountain in golden light.【解析】bathe“沐浴，籠罩”，可作及物動(dòng)詞?！癬the mountain in golden light”在題目中作狀語。句意：太陽開始在空中升起，那座山沐浴在金色的陽光里。邏輯主語“the sun”與“bathe”之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞形式作狀語?！敬鸢浮縝athing6(xx北京高考改編)Volunteering gives you a chance_(change) lives, including your own.【解析】句意：做志愿者工作給你一個(gè)改變生活的機(jī)會(huì)，包括你自己的生活。名詞chance后面通常用動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語。【答案】to change7(xx湖南高考改編)_(stay) warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.【解析】“_ warm at night”在句子中作目的狀語。句意：為了在晚上保持暖和，我填滿了柴爐。然后把鬧鐘定時(shí)到半夜，這樣我可以再填滿爐子。故用不定式形式。【答案】To stay8(xx山東高考改編)I stopped the car _(take) a short break as I was feeling tired.【解析】句意：我感到累了，因此將車停了下來稍做休息。此處用不定式表示目的。【答案】to take9(xx陜西高考改編)Let those in need_(understand)that we will go all out to help them.【解析】句意：讓那些需要援助的人們明白，我們將盡全力幫助他們。動(dòng)詞let后接不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，故填understand?！敬鸢浮縰nderstand10(xx四川高考改編)The airport_(plete)next year will help promote tourism in this area.【解析】句意：明年要竣工的飛機(jī)場(chǎng)將有助于促進(jìn)這個(gè)地區(qū)的旅游業(yè)。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時(shí)，表進(jìn)行；不定式作定語時(shí)，表將來；過去分詞作定語時(shí)，表被動(dòng)和完成。由空后的next year 可知應(yīng)填to be pleted。【答案】to be pleted11(xx江蘇高考改編)Lionel Messi，_(set) the record for the most goals in a calendar year，is considered the most talented football player in Europe.【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，該句的主句結(jié)構(gòu)是非常完整的，缺少的成分只能是非謂語形式，主語Lionel Messi與set the record是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，而且“創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄”已經(jīng)完成，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式?！敬鸢浮縣aving set12(xx新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷改編)They might just have a place _(leave) on the writing coursewhy dont you give it a try?【解析】句意：他們的寫作課可能僅剩下一個(gè)空位了，你為什么不去試一試呢？分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知所填部分在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語，且place與leave之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過去分詞?！敬鸢浮縧eft13(xx天津高考改編)In some languages，100 words make up half of all words _(use) in daily conversations.【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)知，“_ in daily conversations”作all words的定語。all words與use之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過去分詞形式。句意：在有些語言里，100個(gè)詞匯就占了日常會(huì)話所有詞匯的一半?！敬鸢浮縰sed14What moved us most was that some ordinary people volunteered to help those _ (catch) in the storm in Beijing.【解析】句意：最讓我們感動(dòng)的是，一些普通人主動(dòng)幫助那些被困在北京那場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨中的人。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，“_ in the storm in Beijing”是分詞短語作后置定語修飾those，且catch與those構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，故應(yīng)用catch的過去分詞形式?！敬鸢浮縞aught15Changes _ (make) to the construction laws in Los Angeles have strengthened the citys buildings and highways，_(make)them more resistant to quakes.【解析】“made to the construction laws in Los Angeles”是過去分詞短語作后置定語，修飾changes，make與changes之間是邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系；后半句是ing分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語。【答案】made；making.語法填空根據(jù)短語的意思用括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。We decide _1_(give)a gift to our school for her birthday before our graduation.We had a heated discussion about what gift _2_(give)We think we should do whatever we can _3_(help)our school.Some advise _4_(plant)trees on the _5_(e)Treeplanting day _6_(make)our campus more beautiful，while others hold the view that we ought _7_(introduce)the history of our school to friends，schoolmates or relatives.Besides，_8_(show)them around our school is a better way to make her better _9_(know)I feel _10_(honour)to study in a key university，thanks to the teachers in our school.We all feel proud of her.【答案】1to givedecide to do sth.“決定做某事”，為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。2to give此處為不定式作后置定語，修飾gift，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)。3to help此處為不定式作目的狀語，構(gòu)成“do what sb. can to do sth.”“盡某人所能去做某事”這一句式。4plantingadvise doing sth.“建議做某事”，為固定搭配。5ing此處為現(xiàn)在分詞形式作前置定語，意為“即將到來的”。6to make此處為不定式作目的狀語。7to introduce此處為ought to do sth.“應(yīng)該做某事”，為固定結(jié)構(gòu)。8showing此處為動(dòng)名詞作主語，且表示主動(dòng)。9known此處her指的是“our school”，與作賓語補(bǔ)足語的know有在邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故用過去分詞形式。10honoured此處為過去分詞作表語。