大學英語語法 第十講 被動語態(tài)

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肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃羂莂蚇螂肄膅薃螁芆莀蕿螀羆芃蒅蝿肈葿莁螈膀芁蝕螈袀蕆薆螇羂芀蒂袆肅蒅莈裊膇羋蚇襖袇肁蚃袃聿莆蕿袂膁腿蒅袂袁蒞莁袁羃膇蠆袀肆莃薅罿膈膆蒁羈袈莁莇羇羀膄螆羆膂葿螞羆芅節(jié)薈羅羄蒈蒄薁肆芁莀薀腿蒆蚈蝕袈艿薄蠆羈蒄蒀蚈膃芇蒆蚇芅膀螅蚆羅蒞蟻蚅肇膈薇蚄膀莄蒃蚄衿膇荿螃 第十講被動語態(tài) 一、構成英語有兩種語態(tài): 主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者, 被動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動作的承受者, 其構成為be + 過去分詞。例如: They will widen the road . (主動) The road will be widened . (被動) Granny takes care of the girl . (主動) The girl is taken care of by Granny . (被動) Privileges must be done away with . 特權必須廢除。The matter will be dealt with as soon as possible . 這事將盡快處理。1 . 被動語態(tài)各種時態(tài)形式表一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)現(xiàn)在am is ar e asked am is a re being asked has have been asked 過去was we re asked was were being asked had been asked 將來shall will be asked shall will have been asked 過去將來should would be asked should would have been asked I.m afraid I am being f ollowed . 恐怕我被人跟蹤了。(現(xiàn)在進行時) We had to take a detour . The road was being repaired . 我們得繞行, 這條路在加寬。(過去進行時) The case has recently been tried . 案子最近已經審過了。(現(xiàn)在完成時) All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived . 他們到達時, 所有的票已經售完。(過去完成時) English is taught in most schools in China . 中國大多數(shù)學校都教英語。(一般現(xiàn)在時) They were given a warm send-off . 他們受到熱烈的歡送。(一般過去時) Their wedding will be held in the church . 他們的婚禮將在這個教堂里舉行。(一般將來時) They were told that the result would be announced the next week . 他們被告知, 結果將在下一周宣布。(過去將來時) 2 . 情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時, 結構為: 一般式: 情態(tài)動詞( can, could, may, might , must , should, need 等) + be + 過去分詞完成式: 情態(tài)動詞( can, could, may, might , must , should, need 等) + have + 過去分詞This can be done by hand . 這可以手工做。This musn.t be neglected . 這一點不可忽視。大學英語語法講座與測試(第二版) 535 二、被動語態(tài)使用要點It needn.t be mentioned in your talk . 這一點你在談話中不必提及。The environment should be improved . 環(huán)境應當改善。The project might have been completed earlier . 這項工程本可以早些完工的。Such a situation could have been changed . 這種狀況本可以改變的。They shouldn.t have been told about the plan . 這個計劃是不應當告訴他們的。3 . be going to 等不定式結構的被動形式這類不定式結構的被動形式為: be going to ought to be to be bound to be sure to be cer tain to be due to be about to have( has) to had to + be + 過去分詞The patient ought to be operated on at once . 這病人應當立即動手術。The flowers ought to be watered every other day . 這些花應隔天澆一次水。The meeting is going to be held next week . 會議將于下周舉行。Other problems also have to be f aced . 還需面對其他問題。It.ll have to be proof read once more . 這得重新校對一遍。Such people are to be punished . 這種人應受到懲罰。Not a cloud was to be seen . 看不到一絲云彩。The thief is sure to be caught . 那個小偷一定會被抓住的。They are certain to be given more care . 他們一定會得到更多的關照的。The enemy is bound to be de f eated . 敵人一定會被打敗的。The book is due to be published in the coming spring . 這本書將在來年春天出版。The decoration is about to be f inished . 裝修即將結束。Another railway is going to be built in this area . The t rip is to be cancelled because of the bad weather . 二、被動語態(tài)使用要點1 . 不及物動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)appear , rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart , belong to, break out , take place 等都屬此類動詞。例如: Great changes have been taken place in my hometown . (誤) Great changes have taken place in my hometown . (正) 2 . 表示狀態(tài)的動詞不能用于被動語態(tài)英語中有些動詞(短語動詞)不是表示動作, 而是表示某種狀態(tài)或情況, 有“擁有、容納、適合、缺少、明白”等意, 這類動詞不能用于被動語態(tài), 常見的有: lack , fit , mean, hold , resemble, have, cost , equal , contain, suit , comprise, become, last , possess, benefit , lack, befall 降臨, fail, consist of, look like 等。例如:新/ 世/ 紀/ 英/ 語/ 叢/ 書536 第十講被動語態(tài)The book costs 10 yuan . What.s become o f her ? Her mother is resembled by Jane . (誤) Jane resembles her mother . (正)珍妮長得像她母親。Note: 當have 作“吃, 接收, 經歷, 度過”解時, 雖用作行為動詞, 但一般不用于被動語態(tài)。參閱有關章節(jié)。例如: The children had a most enjoyable holiday . (正) A most enjoyable holiday was had by the children . (誤) . 但當have 作“得到, 獲得, 欺騙”解, 或同某些介詞、副詞結合構成及物性短語動詞時, 可用于被動語態(tài)。例如: She has been had in the dealing( over the bargain) . 她在那項交易(買賣)中受騙了。The ticket can be had for the asking . 票索要即得。The young man was had up by the boss . ( = was summoned)那個年輕人被老板召走了。3 . 某些動詞的進行時也可表示被動意義, 常見的這類詞有: bake, owe, brew, cook, print, bind, do 等。例如: The meat is cooking . 肉在煮著。The cakes are baking . 蛋糕在烘。The tea is brewing . 茶在煮。The money is still owing . 那筆錢仍欠著。The bridge is building . 橋正在修建。( = is being built ) The book is printing . 這本書正在印刷. Apples are selling cheaply . 蘋果賣得很便宜。( = are being sold) The cow was milking . 那頭牛正在擠奶。( = was being milked) Drums and gongs are beating . 鼓在打, 鑼在敲。( are being beaten) The eggs are f rying . 蛋正在煎。The dictionary is binding . 詞典在裝訂。Some clothes are airing on the fence . 籬笆上晾著一些衣服。A new film is showing in town . 城里在放一部新影片。The guns are f iring . 槍炮正在開火。Trumpets are sounding . 號角在吹響。A grand ceremony is preparing . 一個盛大的儀式正在準備中。Some measures are taking . 正在采取一些措施。My work is f inishing . 我的工作在完成。The house is completing . 房屋正在完工。The book is reprinting already . 這本書又在重印了。4 . 不及物動詞構成的短語動詞能否用于被動語態(tài)1)及物動詞構成的短語動詞總是及物性的, 故可以用于被動語態(tài)(注意不可省掉或漏掉介詞或副詞) , 如win over, give up, ask for , make mention of 等。但是, 不及物動詞構成的短語可以是及物性的, 也可以是不及物性的; 不及物性的短語動詞不可用于被動語態(tài), 如look up/ down, speak for 等(參閱本章下文) The fact speaks for itself . 這一事實不言自明。(正) Itself is spoken f or by the fact . (誤)大學英語語法講座與測試(第二版) 537 二、被動語態(tài)使用要點Things are looking up . 情況看來有好轉。(正) Things are being looked up . (誤) 2)不及物動詞構成的及物性短語動詞則可以用于被動語態(tài)She was much looked up to for her kindnesses . 她因多行善事而受人尊敬。That ticket has been spoken f or . 那張票有人訂了。The man has always been looked upon with disapproval by his wife . 那人總被妻子以非難的態(tài)度看待。The problem has been gone into . 這個問題已經得到研究。The house was once lived in by a monk . 這所房子曾有一個和尚住過。The ground has been sat on and the bed has been slept in . 地上有人坐過, 床上有人睡過。Note: pay attention to, take care of 等短語動詞可以有兩種被動語態(tài)形式。例如: The situation has been paid attention to . Attentions have been paid to the situation . The wounded are taken good care o f . Good care is taken of the wounded . The house has been made a mess of . A mess has been made of the house . 3) rain 等不及物動詞, 有時也轉用作及物動詞(參閱第八講) Sometimes it rains small fish . 有時候, 天上下小魚。The meeting was rained out (off ) . 會議因雨停開了。A wheat crop has been rained out . 小麥收成被連續(xù)雨天糟蹋了。Note: 下列短語動詞不用于被動語態(tài), 或在某層意思上不用于被動語態(tài): 動詞+ 介詞 aim for , agree with, admit of (有. 的余地) , adjust to, come to( 涉及) , become of(結果是) , belong to, accord with, abound in 動詞+ 副詞get back, face out(堅持到底) , answer back(頂嘴) , have on(穿上) 動詞+ 名詞+ 介詞 set sail for, give way to(讓位于) , have a hand in (插手) , give place to 動詞+ 副詞+ 介詞keep up with He answered his father back . (正) His father was answered back . (誤) The committee consists of ten members . (正) Ten members are consisted of the committee . (誤) . 但:No conclusion has been come to yet . 還沒有得出任何結論。( come to 表示“達成, 得出”可用于被動語態(tài)) When it comes to politics I know nothing . 關于政治我一竅不通。( come to 表示“關于, 涉及”不用于被動語態(tài)) 5 . 主動形式表示被動意義的詞1)某些感官動詞和系動詞加形容詞可以表示被動意義, 如: look , smell, taste, feel , prove, wear, sound 等The flower smells sweet . 花聞起來很香。The dish tastes delicious . 菜吃起來非?？煽凇?38 第十講被動語態(tài)The cloth f eels very soft . 這種布摸著很柔軟。The stones have worn smooth . 石頭都磨得光滑了。2)某些及物動詞后加副詞( 有些可不加副詞) 也可以表示被動意義, 如: wash, write, sell , read, open , cut , lock, peel , pack, play , shut , spot , split , strike, record, act , clean, draw, iron , keep, photo-graph 等This type of recorder sells well . 這種型號的錄音機銷路很好。That kind of shirt washes very well . 這種襯衫很耐洗。Ripe apples peel easily . 熟了的蘋果削皮容易。The plays won.t act . 這些戲不宜上演。Nylon dries quickly . 尼龍織物干得快。It eats well . 這東西吃上去味道好。The flat lets for 60 yuan a month . 這套公寓每月租金60 元。The door won.t shut . 這門關不上。The novel reads well . 這部小說易讀。The door opens with difficulty . 這個門很難開。The wood won.t burn . 這木頭燒不著。He does not photograph well . 他不上照。Water heats rapidly . 水容易燒熱。The meat cuts easily . 肉容易切。Her coat caught in the door . 她的上衣鉤在門上了。This kind of shirt cleans easily . 這種襯衫容易洗干凈。The work does not pay . 這項工作是沒有報酬的。比較: The box doesn.t lock . 這個箱子鎖不上。(箱子本身的性質) The box was not locked . 這個箱子沒有上鎖。(箱子當時的狀態(tài)) The door opened . 門開了。(強調門自身開了) The door was opened . 門被打開了。(強調被人打開了) The theory proved to be correct . 那個理論證明是正確的。(含有自身“證明”的特征) The theory was proved to be cor rect . 那個理論被證明是正確的。(被人證明) 3)want , deserve, need, require, repay, stand, take, won.t bear 和worth 等詞的后面可以用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義這時, 動名詞同句中的主語有動賓關系, 若動名詞是不及物的, 后面還應有適當?shù)慕樵~。例如: The book is worth reading . 這本書值得一讀。This point deserves mentioning . 這一點值得提到。The coat requires mending . 大衣需要補了。The children need looking a f ter . 孩子們需要照看。The table wants cleaning . 這張桌該擦了。The rule will take some learning . 這規(guī)則需下點功夫才能學會。That won.t bear thinking of . 那是不堪想象的。4)某些作表語的形容詞后, 用不定式主動形式表示被動意義(參閱第十一講中不定式的被動語態(tài)部分) The rock is hard to break . 這塊巖石很難打碎。大學英語語法講座與測試(第二版) 539 二、被動語態(tài)使用要點She is easy to app roach . 她平易近人。The fish is not fit to eat . He is hard to please . The passage is difficult to read . 6 . 被動語態(tài)結構和系表結構的比較“be + 過去分詞”可以是被動語態(tài)結構, 也可以是系動詞+ 表語結構, 其區(qū)別在于: 被動語態(tài)表示動作; 而系表結構則表示主語的特點、狀態(tài)或性質。試比較: The gate to the garden was closed by a girl . 花園的門被一個女孩關上了。(被動語態(tài)強調動作) The gate to the garden was closed . 花園的門關著。(系表結構強調狀態(tài)) The novel is written by a young writer . 這部小說是一位青年作家寫的。(被動語態(tài)強調動作) The novel is well written . 這部小說寫得好。(系表結構強調特點) The door was closed all day long . 門整天關著。(系表結構) The door was closed earlier than usual . 門比平常關得早。(被動語態(tài)) The project was not completed yet . 工程尚未完工。(系表結構) Th project was completed within a year . 工程一年就完成了。(被動語態(tài)) 1)如果過去分詞前有too、very、so 等程度副詞修飾, 該結構常為系表結構The man was too f rightened to stand up . She was so worn out that she couldn.t move one step fur ther . I am very surprised at your words . 2)如果過去分詞前后有much( too much, so much , very much)修飾, 該結構為被動語態(tài)She was discouraged too much to make another try . He was so much shocked that he couldn.t utter a word . 3) -ed被動語態(tài), -en系表結構有些動詞的過去分詞有兩種形式, 一般說來, 以不規(guī)則形式的分詞或-ed 結尾的分詞構成被動語態(tài), 以-en 結尾的分詞構成系表結構。比較: She was struck by a snake . (被動) She was stricken with fever . (系表) Father gets shaved every other day . (被動) Father was clean shaven . (系表) 4)一般現(xiàn)在時的“be + 過去分詞”多為系表結構一般說來, 一般現(xiàn)在時的“be + 過去分詞”為系表結構, 因為被動語態(tài)不常用一般現(xiàn)在時(只有表示經常性、習慣性或多次重復的動作, 或講述科學真理時才用一般現(xiàn)在時被動語態(tài))。比較: The matter was decided at the meeting . (被動) The matter is decided . (系表) The glass was broken last night . (被動) The glass is broken . (系表) 其他如: The field is covered with snow . The building is completed . Where is the king buried ?新/ 世/ 紀/ 英/ 語/ 叢/ 書540 第十講被動語態(tài)All the seats are occupied . 5)名詞+ -ed 構成的詞作謂語時為系表結構由名詞加-ed 構成的詞如diseased, talented, skilled 等, 以及由過去分詞加前綴-un 構成的詞如unexpected, unwritten, unbroken 等, 雖形為過去分詞, 但實為形容詞。這類詞出現(xiàn)在be 后只能是系表結構。例如: Her leaving was unexpected . The law is unwritten . His liver is diseased . He is downhearted . 6)過去分詞是反身動詞或表示心理、感情、從事.活動、處所等時, 為系表結構(參閱下文)He is resolved to become an ar tist . (決心) The meadow was bathed in sunlight . (bathed itself 沐浴) The way was lost in the woods . ( lost itself 消失) She is seated in an armchair . He is shaved . The t roops are stationed in the open . The school is located at the foot of the hill . Our university is situated in the suburbs . She is dressed in the white shirt . He was puz zled about it . (為.困惑) The boy was scared out of his wits . (嚇得不知所措) He was charged with the task of keeping social order . ( charge himself with) 7)過去分詞是表示“必然性, 趨向性, 意向, 決心”等意義的動詞, 為系表結構The bus is destined for Nanjing . 本次班車開往南京。He is doomed to failure . 他注定要失敗。She is quite decided about it . 她對這件事十分果斷。. 其他如: be set on doing sth . , be resolved to do sth . , be disposed to do sth . (愿意)等。Note: 被動語態(tài)句中可使用soon, fast , slowly, rapidly, quickly 等表示時間、速度的副詞, 而系表結構則不可。例如: The girl was quickly dressed by the nurse . (被動) The girl was simply(或neatly) dressed . 那個女孩穿著很樸素。(系表) 被動語態(tài)結構不能同形容詞并列使用, 而系表結構則可以。例如: They were married at the church . (被動) They were married and happy . 他們已結了婚, 很幸福。(系表) 系表結構常可同副詞very, quite, rather , more 等連用, 被動語態(tài)則不可。例如: The house was quite deser ted after the old couple died . (系表) He felt rather downcast and annoyed with his failure . (系表) 8) be + 不及物動詞的過去分詞為系表結構有些不及物動詞(包括個別及物動詞)的過去分詞說明動作產生后的結果或狀態(tài), 同be 連用為系表結構, 表示主動意義。這類動詞常見的有: go, come, become, arrive, set , gather , fade, stop, do, agree, read, mistake, retire, return , flee, bear , change, advance 等。例如: Her money is all gone . 她的錢都花光了。大學英語語法講座與測試(第二版) 541 二、被動語態(tài)使用要點The guests are arrived . 客人們都到了。The moon is risen . 月亮升起來了。The sun is set . 太陽落下去了。The leaves are f allen . 樹葉落了。The weeds are grown in the fields . 田里長滿了野草。They are agreed on that point . 他們在那一點上意見一致。He.s prepared for the worst . 他已準備好應付最壞的情況。The enemy soldiers were f led . 敵兵逃跑了。Her attitude has been changed . He is quite mistaken . They are gathered around the desk . Note: be+ root , accustom, unite, graduate, strand( 擱淺) , tilt 等的過去分詞亦屬系表結構, 表示主動意義。例如: Their boat was stranded on the rock . 他們的船撞上礁石擱淺了。John was graduat