全國職稱英語考試理工類A級 閱讀理解押題孫偉

理工A閱讀押題機會只給有準備的人。Opportunities are only for the prepared person. 理工閱讀押題共2篇文章 第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)人類開始直立行走的原因Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation源于 to carrying 搬運scarce稀有的, high-quality高質(zhì)量的resources資源. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on two legs.我們大多數(shù)人每天都走路而且手里搬著東西。這樣的活動看似太簡單，大多數(shù)人沒有疑問。但是一個國際研究者（包括喬治o華盛頓大學(xué)哥倫比亞藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院的Richmond博士）團隊已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類直立行走可能源于數(shù)百萬年以前適應(yīng)搬運稀有的、高質(zhì)量的資源。這些來自美國、英國、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了當代黑猩猩爭搶食物時的行為特征，試圖對什么樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境竟然導(dǎo)致大猿（一種我們與現(xiàn)存的黑猩猩一樣的600萬年前的祖先）直立行走作出解釋。 "These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "said Dr. Richmond. "這些黑猩猩居住的生態(tài)環(huán)境和我們最早的祖先開始直立行走時是相同的，" Richmond博士說。The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of fourin situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.研究結(jié)果顯示，當黑猩猩需要獨占一種資源時，它們就從四肢行走轉(zhuǎn)換為直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它們的雙手，這使得它們能搬更多的東西。久而久之，雙足活動的強烈爆發(fā)可能導(dǎo)致了解剖學(xué)上的變化，因此這種變化也就成為自然選擇的主題，在那種情況下，對食物或其他 資源的爭奪是十分激烈的。 Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the teamin Kyoto Universitys "outdoor laboratory" in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchersallowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nutthe oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees" behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a small number of copula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.有兩項研究是在幾內(nèi)亞完成的。第一項研究是在京都大學(xué)博蘇森林的一塊天然空地-"室外實驗室"進行的。研究者們允許森林里的黑猩猩能得到兩種不同的堅果，一種叫油棕櫚堅果，自然界隨處可見，一種叫可樂果，自然環(huán)境中不常見。人們監(jiān)控黑猩猩在下列三種情形下的行為：(a)只有油棕櫚堅果；（b)只有少量的可樂果，大多數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果;(c)大多數(shù)是可樂果，少數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果。 When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for themmore intensely.當稀有的可樂果數(shù)量很少時，黑猩猩一次就會拿得多。同樣，當大部分是可樂果時，黑猩猩對油棕櫚堅果根本視而不見。黑猩猩認為可樂果才是珍貴的資源，并為得到可樂果激烈競爭。 In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available - even their mouths.處于這種激烈競爭的環(huán)境中，黑猩猩直立行走的頻率增加了四倍。很顯然，雙足行走可以使它們拿走更多的稀有資源，而且，為了盡可能地一口氣多拿，它們積極利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University", was a 14-monthstudy of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate andunpredictable resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.第二項研究是在牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)的Kimberley Hockings進行的。該研究歷時14個月，主題是博蘇的黑猩猩搶劫糧食，場景是它們不得不為稀有和不可預(yù)知的資源競爭。在這項研究中，黑猩猩35%的活動是直立行走。而這一次研究再一次證實了黑猩猩的直立行走與它們試圖一次搬走盡可能多的東西有關(guān)。練習：1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?根據(jù)前可段，下例那一個不對！A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingRichmond博士指出試驗發(fā)現(xiàn)A when humans began walking on two legs.B What made our ancestors祖先walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3. Kyoto Universitys study discovered that chimpanzees京都大學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)黑猩猩A regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred首選的 oil palm nuts to copula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored忽視 both types of nut altogether.4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment?在京都大學(xué)的試驗中黑猩猩為什么直立行走？A Because they imitated模仿the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5. What can we infer推斷from the reading passage?從本文中可以推斷出什么？A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.答案與題解：1.A 第一段第一句和第二句說明，大多數(shù)人對人類直立行走習以為常，并不質(zhì)疑這種習慣。而A 的內(nèi)容正好與此相反，所以是答案。其他選項所述內(nèi)容均可從第一段和第二段推斷出來.2.B 文章報道，科學(xué)家通過實驗證實黑猩猩直立行走是為了解放前肢，讓前肢搬運對其生命至關(guān)重要的資源，從而推斷出人類祖先也經(jīng)歷了從四足到二足的進化過程?？茖W(xué)家想通過對黑猩猩的實驗解釋人類直立行走的成因。所以B 是答案，A 、C、D 選項不是科學(xué)家進行研究的目的。3. C 第五段明白無誤地描述了黑猩猩全然不顧油棕櫚堅果(ignored the oil palm nuts altogether ) ，集中精力搶運可樂果。所以C 是答案，B 、C 、D 的內(nèi)容不符合文章原意。4.D 黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬運資源的效率提高了四倍。選項D 符合原意，是答案。選項A、B 、C 的內(nèi)容文章中沒有提到，所以不是答案。5. D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就會選擇選項D，人類直立行走是受生態(tài)環(huán)境所迫，是人類生存的一種手段.直立行走是自然選擇的結(jié)果。選項A 和C 的內(nèi)容文章中沒有涉及. 文章中有選項B 的內(nèi)容，但它不是文章的主旨。第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking UprightMost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, have discovered that human walking upright , may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape - one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees - to walk on two legs. "These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "said Dr. Richmond. The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of fourin situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time, intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong. Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the teamin Kyoto Universitys "outdoor laboratory" in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchersallowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nutthe oil palm nut, which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees" behavior was monitored in three situations: (a) when only oil palm nuts were available, (b) when a small number of copula nuts were available, and (c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource. When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for themmore intensely. In such high-competition settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource ,but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available - even their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University", was a 14-monthstudy of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rate andunpredictable resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.練習：1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of findingA when humans began walking on two legs.B What made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3. Kyoto Universitys study discovered that chimpanzeesA regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment?A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5. What can we infer from the reading passage?A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses（理工A） 病毒電池 What do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? Theyre all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to personIts no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer 躲避clear of viruses is whats on peoples minds 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之處呢?這些都是由病毒引起的 疾病。病毒是能夠在人與人之間傳染的微生物。難怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。 Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, thoughIn Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual wayThey are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries 然而，并不是每個人都躲避這些疾病攜帶者。在馬薩諸塞州劍橋市，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)有些病毒能起到非同尋常的作用。他們使病毒開始工作，使病毒構(gòu)成世界上最小的充電電池。 Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the ideaAt the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new waysIn the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques病毒和電池的搭檔似乎并不常見，但這對于工程師安吉拉貝爾徹來說卻并不陌生。安吉拉貝爾徹最早產(chǎn)生了這一想法。在位于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。在由病毒構(gòu)成的電池里，科學(xué)家融合了他們在生物、技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)工藝方面的知識。 Belchers team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery“Were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature” says Hammond 貝爾徹的團隊包括幫助組裝微型電池的寶拉哈蒙德和以電池形式存儲能量的專家蔣業(yè)明。哈蒙德說，“我們現(xiàn)在從事的行業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)中不會想到的?！?Many batteries are already pretty smallYou can hold A, C and D batteries in your handThe coinlike batteries that power watches are often smaller than a pennyHowever。every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year beforeAs these devices shrink, ordinary batteries wont be small enough to fit inside 許多電池已經(jīng)很小了。A型、C型和D型電池都可以握在手里。硬幣形狀的手表電池通常比分幣還小。然而，個人音樂播放器和手機等新型電子設(shè)備變得越來越小。這些設(shè)備變小了，普通電池就無法安裝進去了。 The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small packageRight now, Belchers model battery, a metallic disk completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch batteryBut inside，its components are very smallso tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope理想的電池應(yīng)當體積小、儲能多。目前，貝爾徹的電池模型是完全由病毒構(gòu)成的金屬圓盤，看起來就像普通手表電池。但里面的部件卻非常小小到用高倍顯微鏡才能看到。 How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your headPlace your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair ispretty thin，right? Although the width of each persons hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about l0 of these virusbuilt battery parts，side to side，across one hairThese microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses這些電池部件到底有多小呢？從頭上拔一根頭發(fā)，把它放到白紙上，看看頭發(fā)的寬度是不是很細呢？盡管每個人的頭發(fā)寬度不同，每個頭發(fā)上可以并列排放大約l0個病毒電池部件。這些微電池可能會改變我們對病毒的看法。詞匯：chicken pox水痘microorganism n微生物metallic adj金屬的collaborator n合作者，協(xié)作者pluck v拔，摘，采練習： 1 According to the first paragraph, people try to根據(jù)第一段，人們在努力做什么Akill microorganisms related to chicken pox, he flu, etcBkeep themselves away from viruses because they are invisibleCstay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.Dcure themselves of virusrelated diseases by taking medicines.2What is Belchers team doing at present?現(xiàn)在貝爾徹團隊在做什么？AIt is finding ways to get rid of virusesBIt is massproducing microbatteriesCIt is making batteries with viruses.D It is analyzing virus genes3.What expression below is opposite反義詞 in meaning to the word "shrink" 收縮appearing in paragraph 5？第五段"shrink"的反意詞是什么？ABroaden BSpread CExtend DExpand膨脹.4. Which of the following is true of Belchers battery mentioned in paragraph 6？第六段中關(guān)于貝爾徹電池那一個是真的？AIt is made of metal BIt is a kind of watch batteryCIt can only be seen with a microscopeDIt is a metallic金屬的 disk 圓盤with viruses inside it.5. How tiny is one battery part?一個電池有多?。緼Its width is one tenth of a hair.BIt equals the width of a hairCIt is as thin as a piece of paperDIts width is too tiny to measure答案與題解：1C短文第一段的大致意思是，許多疾病都由病毒引起，諸如水痘、感冒和艾滋病，所以人們想盡辦法躲避病毒。這是C所表達的意思。A不是正確選擇，因為文章并沒有說人們想方設(shè)法去殺死病毒。B的后半句的內(nèi)容(病毒肉眼看不見)和D的內(nèi)容(吃藥治療病毒引起的疾病)文中沒有提到.2C短文的第二段明確提供了答案。3D 根據(jù)上下文，shrink在此的意思是“收縮”，即“縮小”。所以，它的反義詞是expand(增大，擴張)。C不是正確選擇，因為extend的意思是become longer，即“延伸”或“加長”。A的意思是“加寬”，也不是答案。B的意思是“伸展，展開”，在一定的上下文里也可以做shrink的反義詞，但在第五段這個語境里，B不是最佳選擇。4D第六段第二句中提到的metallic disk是指“金屬圓盤”，它是微型電池的外形，其內(nèi)部是由病毒構(gòu)成的電池部件。微型電池不是由金屬組成的，所以A不是答案。本段提到，這種電池looks like a regular watch battery，與手表里電池外形相似，但并不等同手表電池，所以B也不是正確選擇。文章只是說電池的部件(但并沒有說整個電池)小到只能用顯微鏡才能看到，所以C也不是正確的選擇。D才是第六段所要表達的主要內(nèi)容，因此是答案。5A 短文最后一段的第四句(“you could probably fit about lo of these virus-built battery parts，side to side，across one hair”)提供了本題的答案。第三十四篇 病毒電池 水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之處呢?這些都是由病毒引起的疾病。病毒是能夠在人與人之間傳染的微生物。難怪大部分人一提到病毒，首先想到的是如何躲避病毒。然而，并不是每個人都躲避這些疾病攜帶者。在馬薩諸塞州劍橋市，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)有些病毒能起到非同尋常的作用。他們使病毒開始工作，使病毒構(gòu)成世界上最小的充電電池。病毒和電池的搭檔似乎并不常見，但這對于工程師安吉拉貝爾徹來說卻并不陌生。安吉拉貝爾徹最早產(chǎn)生了這一想法。在位于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院，她和合作者一起用新方式融合了不同的科學(xué)領(lǐng)域。在由病毒構(gòu)成的電池里，科學(xué)家融合了他們在生物、技術(shù)和生產(chǎn)工藝方面的知識。 貝爾徹的團隊包括幫助組裝微型電池的寶拉哈蒙德和以電池形式存儲能量的專家蔣業(yè)明。哈蒙德說，“我們現(xiàn)在從事的行業(yè)是傳統(tǒng)中不會想到的。” 許多電池已經(jīng)很小了。A型、C型和D型電池都可以握在手里。硬幣形狀的手表電池通常比分幣還小。然而，個人音樂播放器和手機等新型電子設(shè)備變得越來越小。這些設(shè)備變小了，普通電池就無法安裝進去了。理想的電池應(yīng)當體積小、儲能多。目前，貝爾徹的電池模型是完全由病毒構(gòu)成的金屬圓盤，看起來就像普通手表電池。但里面的部件卻非常小小到用高倍顯微鏡才能看到。這些電池部件到底有多小呢？從頭上拔一根頭發(fā)，把它放到白紙上，看看頭發(fā)的寬度是不是很細呢？盡管每個人的頭發(fā)寬度不同，每個頭發(fā)上可以并列排放大約l0個病毒電池部件。這些微電池可能會改變我們對病毒的看法。第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses（理工A） What do chicken pox，the common cold, the flu，and AIDS have in common? Theyre all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to personIts no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways t0 steer clear of viruses is whats on peoples minds Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carders, thoughIn Cambridge, Massachusetts, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual wayThey are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the worlds smallest rechargeable batteries Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair，but theyre not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher，who first came up with the ideaAt the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new waysIn the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology, technology and production techniques Belchers team includes Paula Hammond，who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang， an expert on how to store energy in the form of a battery“Were working on things we traditionally dont associate with nature” says Hammond Many batteries are already pretty smallYou can hold A, C and D batteries in your handThe coinlike batteries that power watches are often smaller than a pennyHowever。every year，new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year beforeAs these devices shrink, ordinary batteries wont be small enough to fit inside The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small packageRight now, Belchers model battery, a metallic disk completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch batteryBut inside，its components are very smallso tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope How small are these battery parts? To get some idea of the size，pluck one hair from your headPlace your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair ispretty thin，right? Although the width of each persons hair is a bit different，you could probably fit about l0 of these virusbuilt battery parts，side to side，across one hairThese microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses詞匯：chicken pox水痘microorganism n微生物metallic adj金屬的collaborator n合作者，協(xié)作者pluck v拔，摘，采注釋：1no wonder：不足為奇的，難怪2steer clear of：避開，繞開3though：意思為“然而，可是”。在句中使用時通常放在句末。4Cambridge，Massachusetts：馬薩諸塞州的劍橋市。本文第三段提到的the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge即指坐落于劍橋市的麻省理工學(xué)院。麻省理工學(xué)院于1861年由著名自然科學(xué)家威廉巴羅吉杰斯創(chuàng)立。這是美國的一所私立研究型大學(xué)，培養(yǎng)高級科技人才和管理人才，是以理工科為主的、世界一流的綜合性大學(xué)。5came up with：提出6A, C and D batteries：A、C、D均為電池型號。7These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses：這些微型電池可能會改變我們看待病毒的方式。作者想表達的意思是：人們一直認為病毒有害無益，現(xiàn)在病毒可用來制作