全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)考試 衛(wèi)生類A級(jí) 閱讀理解與完形填空考前預(yù)測(cè) 已排序 密押(衛(wèi)生A)

閱讀理解：第四十二篇More about Alzheimers Disease Scientists have developed skin tests that may be used in the future to identify people with Alzheimers disease1 and may ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological disorder. The only current means of diagnosing the disease in a living patient is a long and expensive series of tests that eliminate every other cause of dementia. “ Since Alois Alzheimer described the disease nearly a century ago，people have been trying to find a way to accurately diagnose it in its early stages2，” said Patricia Grady，acting director3 of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland. "This discovery, if confirmed, could prove a big step forward in our efforts to deal with and understand the disease. ” Alzheimers is the single greatest cause4 of mental deterioration in older people, affecting between 2. 5 million and 4 million people in the United States alone5. The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function，and eventually causes death.6 There is currently no known treatment for the disease. Researches discovered that the skin cells of Alzheimer s patients have defects that interfere with their ability to regulate the flow of potassium in and out of the cells. The fact that the cell defects are present in the skin suggests that7 Alzheimers results from physiological changes throughout the body，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes as the defects affect the cells in the brain, scientists said. The flow of potassium is especially critical in cells responsible for memory formation8. The scientists also found two other defects that affect the cells supply of calcium, another critical element. One test developed by researches calls for9 growing skin cells in a laboratory culture and then testing them with an electrical detector to determine if the microscopic tunnels that govern the flow of potassium are open. Open potassium channels create a unique electrical signature.A spokesman for the Alzheimers Association said that if the validity of the diagnostic test can be proven it would be an important development, but cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimers have been disappointing.10 詞匯：neurological /inju9r9lDd3ik9l/ adj.神經(jīng)病 學(xué)的dementia /di丨menjis/ n.癡呆 deterioration /dtiomreijan/ n.惡化，退化 devastating /devosteitiB/ adj.破壞性極大的，毀滅性的 defect /diifekt，difekt / n.缺損，毛病 physiological / 丨fizio 丨lt)d3ikal/ adj.生理的； 生理學(xué)的 potassium /pstaesiom/ n.鐘formation /fo: meijsn/ n.形成，組成calcium /kaelsism/ n.考丐microscopic / 丨maikrs丨skDpik / adj.極小的，微小的 一signature /signitj9(r) / n. i只另!J標(biāo)志；署名，簽名，簽字 validity /vslidsti/ n.效力，有效（性注釋：1. to identify people with Alzheimers disease ； 老性癡呆識(shí)別患早老性癡呆的人;Alzheimers disease:早2. in its early stages：在它的早期階段 3. acting director：執(zhí)行主任4. the singly greatest cause：唯一的重要原因5. in the United States alone：僅在美國(guó)6. The devastating disorder gradually destroys memory and the ability to function, and eventually causes death.這種毀滅性的疾病逐漸破壞記憶和行動(dòng)的能力，最終導(dǎo)致死亡。7. The fact that. suggests that.：事實(shí)表明 ，8. cells responsible for memory formation ：對(duì)記憶的形成至關(guān)重要的細(xì)胞9. call for：要求10. . but cautioned that other promising tests for Alzheimers have been disappointing. 但提醒人們其他有關(guān)早老性癡呆癥的試驗(yàn)曾經(jīng)也頗有吸引力，結(jié)果卻令人失望。練習(xí)：1. The newly developed skin tests may be used in the future to allow doctors to A cure those with Alzheimers disease.B discover the cause of Alzheimers disease. C predict who might get Alzheimers disease. D find the consequences of Alzheimers disease.2. The passage indicates that Alzheimers is a diseaseA common to people，old and young.B not costly to be cured. C easy to be handled. D not easy to be diagnosed.3. Which of the following statements about the Alzheimers disease is NOT true? A It was so named because Alois Alzheimer first described it.B It is the greatest cause of mental deterioration in older people. C It can gradually destroy memory and eventually cause death. D There are many ways to deal with and cure the disease now.4. What is the relationship between Alzheimers and dementia? A Dementia is one of the signs of Alzheimers.B Alzheimers is one of the causes of dementia. C They are two completely different diseases. D They are similar defects of the human brain.5. The last paragraph implies that the diagnostic testA will not be as promising as others.B is a very important development. C may not be proven valid smoothly. D will surely be disappointing in the end.答案與題解：1. C 第一段中談到試驗(yàn)的最終目的在于 ultimately allow physicians to predict who is at risk of getting this neurological disorder,所以只有 C 項(xiàng)符合題意。2. D根據(jù)文章第二段我們可以推斷。 3. D與該題有關(guān)的內(nèi)容在第三段和第四段，選項(xiàng)D與原文There is currently no known treatment for the disease 正好相反。4. A 第五段中談至U了二者的關(guān)系，Alzheimers results from physiological changes.，and that dementia may be the first noticeable effect of these changes. ?.,也就是說(shuō)，dementia 是 Alzheimers 的表現(xiàn)之一。? 5. C最后一段發(fā)言人談到這一試驗(yàn)的前途時(shí)較為含蓄，只說(shuō)如能證明有效自然是一大發(fā)展， 但提醒人們以前的試驗(yàn)看上去也很有前途，結(jié)果卻令人失望，據(jù)此，只有C項(xiàng)符合這一段的 蘊(yùn)涵意義。譯文：早老性癡呆研究的新進(jìn)展科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，采用皮膚化驗(yàn)的方法可以判斷病人是否患有早老性癡呆癥，并且最終有助于醫(yī) 生預(yù)測(cè)哪些人有患上這種神經(jīng)功能紊亂性疾病的危險(xiǎn)。要診斷一個(gè)病人是否患有這類疾病，目前唯一的方法是進(jìn)行一系列長(zhǎng)期而昂貴的測(cè)試，以排除 導(dǎo)致癡呆的其他病因?！白詮陌逡了拱柎暮Ｄ涊d了這一病癥以后，近一百年來(lái)人們一直在努力尋找能夠在早 期階段就精確地診斷出這種疾病的方法，”馬里蘭州貝色斯達(dá)神經(jīng)紊亂與中風(fēng)國(guó)家研究院執(zhí)行主任 Patricia Grady如是說(shuō)?！斑@個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)如果得到證實(shí)，將會(huì)意味著我們?cè)谥委熀土私膺@種病癥方面前進(jìn) 了一大步。”早老性癡呆是導(dǎo)致老年人大腦功能退化的唯一的重要原因。僅在美國(guó)，就有約250萬(wàn)到400萬(wàn) 人患有這種疾病。這種毀滅性的疾病會(huì)逐漸破壞記憶和行動(dòng)的能力，并最終導(dǎo)致死亡。目前仍然沒(méi) 有辦法治愈這種病癥。研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)早老性癡呆癥患者的皮膚細(xì)胞有缺損。這種缺損會(huì)影響人體對(duì)出入于細(xì)胞的鉀的 流量的調(diào)控?？茖W(xué)家認(rèn)為皮膚細(xì)胞有缺損這個(gè)事實(shí)表明，早老性癡呆是由人體全身的生理變化引起 的，并且大腦細(xì)胞受損帶來(lái)的變化所產(chǎn)生的最為明顯的后果就是癡呆。鉀的流量對(duì)于與記憶密切相關(guān)的細(xì)胞至關(guān)重要?？茖W(xué)家還發(fā)現(xiàn)還有兩種細(xì)胞的缺損會(huì)影響細(xì) 胞中鈣的含量。鈣也是一種關(guān)鍵的元素。研究者進(jìn)行的皮膚測(cè)試中有一種要求在實(shí)驗(yàn)室環(huán)境中培養(yǎng)皮膚細(xì)胞，然后使用檢電器進(jìn)行測(cè) 試，檢查輸送鉀的極微小管道是否暢通。如果暢通無(wú)阻，這些管道會(huì)放出一種特殊的電子信號(hào)。早老性癡呆研究協(xié)會(huì)的一名發(fā)言人說(shuō)，這種診斷性測(cè)試如果得到證實(shí)，將是一個(gè)重要的進(jìn)步，但 同時(shí)提醒人們其他有關(guān)早老性癡呆癥的試驗(yàn)曾經(jīng)也頗有吸引力，然而結(jié)果卻令人失望。第四十八篇IQ-gene In the angry debate over how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how much comes from experiences, one little fact gets overlooked1 ： no one has identified any genes ( other than2 those that cause retardation) that affect intelligence. So researchers led by Robert Plomin of Londons Institute of Psychiatry decided to look for some. They figured that if you want to find a “ smart gene, ” you should look in smart kids. They therefore examined the DNA of students like those who are so bright that they take college entrance exams four years early and still score at Princeton-caliber levels3. The scientists found what they sought.4 “ We have，” says Plomin，“ the first specific gene ever associated with general intelligence. ” Plomins colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each, all 6 to 15 years old and living in six counties around Cleveland. In one group, the average IQ is 103. All the children are white. Isolating the blood cells, the researchers then examined each childs chromosome 6. Of the 37 landmarks on chromosome 6 that the researchers looked for, one jumped out5 ： a form of gene called IGF2R occurred in twice as many children in the high-IQ group as in the average group 32 percent versus 16 percent. The study, in the May issue of the journal Psychological Science, concludes that it is this form of the IGF2R gene that contributes to intelligence.IQ-gene Some geneticists see major problems with the IQ-gene study6. One is the possibility that Plomins group fell for7 ” chopsticks fallacy". Geneticists might think theyve found a gene for chopsticks flexibility, but all theyve really found is a gene more common in Asians than, say, Africans. Similarly, Plomins IQ gene might simply be one that is more common in groups that emphasize academic achievement8. “ What is the gene that theyve found reflects ethnicity?" asks geneticist Andrew Feinberg of Johns Hopkins University. “ That alone might explain the link to intelligence, since IQ tests are known for being culturally sensitive and affected by a childs environment. ” And Neil Risch of Standford University points out that if you look for 37 genes on a chromosome，as the researchers did，and find that one is more common in smarter kids，that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence9. Warns Feinberg： “I would take these findings with a whole box of salt10. ” 詞匯：psychiatry /saikaistri/ n.精字申病學(xué) chopsticks /tjDpstiks/ n. ( pi ) _子 figure /fig9(r)/.估計(jì)，想象 fallacy /faebsi/ n.謬誤 caliber /kaelib9(r) / n.能力，才干，水準(zhǔn) ethnicity /eGmsoti/ n.民族特性 geneticist /d3inetisist/ n.遺傳學(xué)家 causal /koizQl/ adj.原因的，因果關(guān)系的 注釋：one little fact gets overlooked：有一個(gè)小事實(shí)被忽視了。這里get與過(guò)去分詞一起相當(dāng)于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。other than：除了（以外） score at Princeton-caliber levels：得分可列入像美國(guó)普林斯頓大學(xué)那樣的重點(diǎn)大學(xué)的才子之列。The scientists found what they sought.科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)了他們所要尋找的東西。 jump out：顯得突出see major problems with the IQ-gene study：發(fā)現(xiàn)了智商基因研究的主要問(wèn)題fall for：受到的蒙蔽?groups that emphasize academic achievement：強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)術(shù)成就的群體. that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence. 那也許純屬偶然，而不反映基因與智力間的因果關(guān)系。 I would take these findings with a whole box of salt.我對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)的發(fā)現(xiàn)抱很大的懷疑。斜體部分 源自固定短語(yǔ)take sth. with a grain of salt，意為“抱有懷疑”。練習(xí)：1 In the beginning of paragraph one we are told that scientists can not agree A how much of IQ comes from intelligence. B how many children inherit genes from parents. C how much of IQ comes from genes. D how many children learn by experience.2. What does “some” in the second sentence of paragraph one stands for? A Parents. B Children.C Experiences. D Genes.3. A gene for chopsticks flexibility is found to be A unrelated to the ability to use chopsticks.B related to the ability to use chopsticks.C unrelated to the ability to use forks. D related to the ability to use forks.4. Plomins IQ-rgene study is similar to the chopsticks gene finding in that A there may not be a causal link between gene and intelligence.B there is a close correlation between gene and intelligence.C there may be a close relation between chopsticks flexibility and childrens academic score. D there is not a close relation between chopsticks flexibility and childrens academic score.5. What does Feinberg mean by saying “I would take these findings with a whole box of salt" ？ A He would consider them while eating his meals.B He definitely believes the findings. C He would consider them while shopping for salt. D He doubts the findings very much.答案與題解：1. C理解_一段的第一句話是關(guān)鍵，debate over后面跟了兩個(gè)并列的how much從句,第一個(gè) how much中談到孩子從父母處繼承的基因。只有C項(xiàng)符合題意。2. D 根據(jù)前一句提供的語(yǔ)境 no one has identified any genes that affect intelligence0 some 在這 里只能指genes。3. A第三段一開(kāi)頭就告訴我們關(guān)于使用筷子能力的發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)誤區(qū)（fallacy)，接下來(lái)說(shuō) Geneticists might think theyve found a gene for chopsticks flexibility, but all theyve really found is a gene more common in Asians than, say, Africans.所以選 A，而 C 項(xiàng)和 D 項(xiàng)文中均未提及。4. A此題的依據(jù)在最后一段，特別是Similarly. ?. 句和Neil Risch的結(jié)論.that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence. C 和 D 純屬文中未提及的、與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容。5. D with a whole box of salt意為“很懷疑”，源自固定短語(yǔ)with a grain of salt (抱懷疑態(tài)度）。 以a whole box (一整盒）替換a grain (一粒），加強(qiáng)了懷疑的程度。譯文：智商基因當(dāng)人們激烈爭(zhēng)辯智商中有多少來(lái)自孩子從父母身上繼承的基因，多少來(lái)自個(gè)人經(jīng)歷時(shí)，他們忽 視了一個(gè)小事實(shí):沒(méi)有人確定任何基因（除郝些造成大腦遲鈍的之外）能影響智力。所以在倫敦精 神病所的Robert Plomin的帶領(lǐng)下，研究者們決心找出一些這樣的基因。他們相信如果要找“聰明基 因，就得在聰明的孩子身上找。他們檢查了一些孩子的DNA,這些孩子非常聰明，提前四年便參加 了大學(xué)入學(xué)考試，而且得分可列入像美國(guó)普林斯頓大學(xué)那樣的重點(diǎn)大學(xué)的才子之列?？茖W(xué)家們找到 了他們想要的東西。Plomin說(shuō):“我們已找到了某種確定的基因，它與才智有關(guān)。”Plomin的同事們從兩組孩子中抽取血樣。每組51人，615歲不等，分別來(lái)自克利夫蘭周圍的 6個(gè)郡。第一組的平均智商為103，所有的孩子都是白人。研究者分離了他們的血液細(xì)胞，然后檢測(cè) 了每個(gè)孩子的染色體6。在研究者們所尋找的染色體6的37個(gè)界標(biāo)中，有一個(gè)非常突出：這是一種 叫IGF2R的基因，在高智商的一組中它出現(xiàn)的幾率是智商普通的一組的2倍，即32%比16%。此研 究被刊登在心理科學(xué)雜志的5月刊上。它總結(jié)說(shuō)，正是IGF2R基因造成了人的智力。一些遺傳學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了智商基因研究的主要問(wèn)題。一種是普魯敏的一組研究對(duì)象可能陷入了 “筷子謬誤”。遺傳學(xué)家可能會(huì)以為他們已發(fā)現(xiàn)了決定使用筷子時(shí)靈活性的基因，但實(shí)際上他們所 發(fā)現(xiàn)的只是在亞洲人身上比在非洲人身上更普遍的基因。同樣，Plomin發(fā)現(xiàn)的智商基因只是在強(qiáng)調(diào) 學(xué)術(shù)成就的群體中更普遍。“他們所發(fā)現(xiàn)的反映民族特性的基因是什么？”約翰霍布金大學(xué)的遺 傳學(xué)家Ardrew Feinberg問(wèn)道?！斑@或許能解釋與智力的聯(lián)系，因?yàn)橹巧虦y(cè)驗(yàn)對(duì)文化信息很敏感，而 且受到兒童周圍環(huán)境的影響?！彼固垢４髮W(xué)的Neil Risch指出，如果你像那些研究者那樣，在一個(gè)染 色體上找出37個(gè)基因，而且發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)在聰明的孩子身上更普遍，那也許純屬偶然，而不反映基 因與智力間的因果關(guān)系。Warns Feinberg說(shuō):“我對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)的發(fā)現(xiàn)有很大的懷疑?！钡谖迨?5 Million Americans Suffer from Social Anxiety DisorderSocial anxiety disorder prevents some 15 million Americans from leading normal social and romantic lives, a new survey finds. The disorder leaves many isolated, ashamed and often misdiagnosed. Thirty-six percent of those with social anxiety disorder have symptoms for 10 years or more before seeking help, the Anxiety Disorders Association of America reports. "Social anxiety disorder is when somebody has an intense, persistent and irrational fear of social or performance situations," Jerilyn Ross, the associations president and CEO, said during a teleconference Wednesday. "The condition causes people to avoid common, everyday situations and even other people for fear of being judged or criticized or humiliated or embarrassing themselves," Ross said. Social anxiety disorder can interfere with daily routines and job performance, Ross noted. "It also makes it very difficult for people to develop friends and romantic partnerships," she said. People with this disorder recognize their fear is excessive and irrational, Ross noted. "But they feel powerless to do anything about it," she said. Social anxiety disorder can start in the early teens, Dr. Mark H. Pollack, director of the Center for Anxiety and Traumatic Stress Disorders and a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, said during the teleconference. "This is a disorder that starts affecting people early on 1," Pollack said. "The typical age of onset is early adolescence, age 12 or 13, and many individuals report a history of anxiety dating back to2 earlier childhood." The disorder also has physical symptoms, including heart palpitations, feelings that their throat will close up3, sweating, blushing, faintness, trembling and stammering, Ross said. Among people with the disorder, 75 percent said the condition affected their ability to do normal activities. In addition, 69 percent said they didnt want people to think they were crazy, and 58 percent said they were embarrassed by their condition, Ross said. However, when the condition is diagnosed and treated, many reported improvement in their lives. In fact, 59 percent who were receiving treatment said treatment had a positive effect on their ability to have a romantic relationship. In addition, 39 percent who had received treatment said knowing that treatment can be successful aided their decision to get help, Ross noted. 詞匯： Teleconference n電話會(huì)議 onset 咒開(kāi)始 Traumatic adj.心靈創(chuàng)傷的 palpitation n心悸 注釋： 1。early on：在初期：早年 2date back to：追溯到 3close up：堵塞；封閉 練習(xí)： 1. People with social anxiety disorder are known for their fear of _. A being left alone. B leading normal lives. C embarrassing other people. D facing social or performance situations. 2. What do people with social anxiety disorder think of their fear? A They think its beyond their control. B They think its beneficial. C They think its controllable. D They think its justified. 3. Which is NOT true of people with social anxiety disorder? A Theyre often isolated and ashamed. B They find it difficult to make friends. C They often fail to get timely treatment. D They tend to judge or criticize other people. 4. The symptoms of social anxiety disorder include all the following EXCEPT _. A heart palpitations. B sore throat. C sweating. D blushing.5. It can be seen from the last paragraph that treatment of the disorder _. A has no positive effect at all. B is unavailable to most sufferers. C tends to be refused by the sufferers. D can lead to improvement in the sufferers lives. 答案與題解： 1D 短文的第三段明確說(shuō)明，患有social anxiety disorder的人對(duì)social or performance situations具有強(qiáng)烈的、持久的、非理性的恐懼感。 2A短文的第六段說(shuō)，患有social anxiety disorder的人意識(shí)到他們的恐懼是過(guò)分的和非理性的，然而卻對(duì)此無(wú)能為力。 3D頭三項(xiàng)在短文的第二段和第五段都有提及，只有第四項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的，他們不是常常評(píng)判或批評(píng)別人，而是害怕遭到別人的評(píng)判或批評(píng)。 4B第一、三、四項(xiàng)在短文的倒數(shù)第三段中都有提及，第二項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槎涛恼f(shuō)的是“一種嗓子被堵塞的感覺(jué)”，而不是sore throat，即“嗓子痛”。 5D短文的最后一段表明，不少患者在經(jīng)過(guò)治療后都有好轉(zhuǎn)。 第三十六篇Dangerous Sunshine to Children Two United Nations1 agencies warned on Tuesday that children are most at risk of developing skin cancers as a result of the long-term decline in the earths protective ozone layer. The agencies, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Environmental Programme (UNEP)2,issued the warning as they launched a global programme aimed at alerting schools to the dangers of exposure to the sun. "As ozone depletion becomes more marked, and as people around the world engage more in sun-seeking behaviour, the risk of health complications from over-exposure to ultra-violet radiation is becoming a substantial public health concern," said WHO Director-general3 Lee Jong-wook. By reducing the time children and adolescents are exposed to direct sunlight, he said： "We can substantially reduce the risk of contracting skin cancers，cataracts and other conditions4 which might only appear much later in life. ” In its 2002 World Health Report, the WHO said around the world an average of 66,000 people died every year from melanoma or other types of skin cancer. Independent scientific research shows that every year there are between two to three million new cases of non-malignant melanoma and around 130,000 malignant and normally fatal 一 new full-blown skin cancer cases. Although most known skin cancers seemed to occur in the industrialized world, WHO radiation and environmental health specialist Mike Repacholi told a news conference5，there were many cases believed to be unreported in poorer countries. Although people with darker skins were less susceptible to6 skin cancers, they were just as likely to contract eye cataracts as fairer-skinned populations，and people living close to the equator were even more likely to develop them. As for the protection method, the WHO said that under the school plan, dubbed the Intersun Project7，the two agencies will distribute packages showing teachers how to develop their own sun education programmes, the WHO said. In a joint statement from the two agencies which also marked the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, UNEP Executive Director8 Klaus Toepfer said latest studies showed the protective shield was on the road to9 recovery. This was the result of international agreements over the past two decades to phase out10 use of various chemicals 一 like those used in some pesticides, refrigerators and aerosols.“ But we must remain vigilant and more needs to be done before we can say that the problem is solved for good11，” said Toepfer. This included stopping illegal trade in banned chemicals and enforcing the agreements in developing countries. ” Only then can we . say that the sky above our heads will be safe for our children and their children to come, the former German environment minister said. 詞匯：protective /prstektiv/ adj.保護(hù)的，防護(hù)的 ozone /auzQun/ n.臭氧 alert /slait/vt.向發(fā)出警報(bào);使警覺(jué) depletion /dipHiJsn/ n.耗盡（精力或資源等）complication /ikomplikeijQn/ n.并發(fā)癥，并發(fā)病ultra-violet /丨Altrs丨vaiolit/ adj.紫夕卜（線）的；n.紫外線 radiation /,reidiei;9n/ n.放射,輻射 substantial /ssbstaenjsl/ adj.重大的 contract / 丨 kontraekt / vt.患（?。?；感染（惡 習(xí)等）cataract /kaetsraekt/ n.白內(nèi)障 melanoma /jmebnsum/ n.黑素瘤 non-malignant /丨nonms丨lignsnt/ adj.非惡性的 ：、malignant /malignant/ adj.惡性的 full-blown /fulbloun/ adj,成熟的 fairer-skinned /fesraskind/ adj.膚色較淺的 equator /i丨kweits(r) / n.赤道dub / dAb / (dubbed ； dubbing) vt.給 起外號(hào)preservation /iprezveijon/ n.保護(hù) shield /Jiild/ 屏，障；防護(hù)物,護(hù)罩 pesticide /pestisaid/ n.殺蟲(chóng)齊lj,農(nóng)藥 aerosol /esrsusDl/ n.煙，霧；煙霧劑 vigilant /vidsibnt/ adj.警惕的,警醒的 enforce /inf