職稱英語 衛(wèi)生類C級 閱讀理解考試押題 小抄版【必考】

第八篇 Eat Healthy"Clean your plate!" and "Be a member of the clean-plate -club!" Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent. Often，its accompanied by an appeal:" Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!" Sure, we should be grateful for every bite of food. Unfortunately, many people in the US take too many bites. Instead of staying "clean the plate", perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow.According to news reports, US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer, with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little.Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University, told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the American waistline began to expand.Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. Now, apparently，some customers are calling for this too. The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who cant afford fine dining still prefer large portions. Seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller.Its not that working class Americans dont want to eat healthy. Its just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. They live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next years Christmas presents.詞匯:orphan /?:f?n / n.孤兒belly /beli/ n.肚子nutrition / nju:tri?n / n.營養(yǎng)waistline / weistlain / n.腰圍paycheck / peit?ek / n.薪金支票注釋:1. Be a member of the clean - plate club! 做清盤俱樂部的成員2. Just think about those starving orphans in Africa! 只要想想在非洲挨餓的孤兒們!3. take too many bites 吃得太多4. A Waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a USA Today story. 根據(jù)今日美國刊登的一個故事，服務(wù)員給每個顧客一盤飯菜，其量是政府推薦的2至4倍。5. Its just that, after long hours at low-paying jobs, getting less on their plate hardly seems like agood deal. 事情是這樣的，美國工人覺得做許多個小時低收入的工作下來，盤子里的飯菜量小有點不合算。練習(xí)：1. Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenAto save food.Bto wash the dishes.C not to waste food.Dnot to eat too much2. Why do American restaurants serve large portions?A Because Americans associate quantity with value.B Because Americans have big bellies.C Because Americans are good eaters.D Because Americans are greedy.3. What happened in the 1970s?A The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer.B Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions.C The United States produced more grain than needed.D The American waistline started to expand.4. What does the survey indicate?AMany poor Americans want large portions.B Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions.C Fifty seven percent Americans earn $150 ,000 per year.D Twenty three percent Americans earn less than $25,000 per year.5. Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans?A They work long hours.BThey live from paycheck to paycheck.C They dont want to be healthy eaters.DThey want to save money for their children答案與題解:1. C 本題問的是:美國父母總是叫他們的孩子干什么?文章開頭說到，每個美國孩子都能從父母或爺爺奶奶那里聽到這樣的話，"吃光你盤子里的東西"，"做清盤俱樂部的成員"。這些話表達(dá)的意思就是不要浪費糧食。因此 C 是正確的答案。2. A 本題問的是:美國飯館為什么飯菜給得多？第二段相關(guān)的話是這么說的：美國人在傳統(tǒng)上把東西值不值是跟數(shù)量聯(lián)系在一起，因此大多數(shù)的飯館給的量大。這些飯館樂于讓顧客們抱怨飯菜給得太多而不樂于讓他們抱怨飯菜給得太少。所以 A 是正確的答案。3. D 本題問的是：20 世紀(jì) 70 年代發(fā)生了什么？文章第三段是這樣說的：一位賓州大學(xué)營養(yǎng)教授，Barbara Rolls ，告訴今日美國20 世紀(jì) 70 年代飯館給的飯菜的量開始增加，與此同時，美國人的腰圍也開始增大。所以 D 是對的。4. A 本題問的是：調(diào)查報告說明了什么？選項 B、C和 D 所說的數(shù)字不對。因此唯有 A 是正確的。A說的是：許多美國窮人希望量大。這個信息可以在第四段中找到。相關(guān)的句子是這么說的：許多吃不起精美正餐的美國人仍然要量大。5. C 本題問的是:下面的哪種說法不帶合美國工人的實際情況？ C 說的是：他們不想做吃得健康的人。這個說法是不對的。最后一段的第一句話是這么說的：美國工人不是不想做吃得健康的人。因此 C 正確。第十九篇 Prolonging Human LifeProlonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.詞匯：dependency / dipend?nsi/ n.依賴性contemporary / k?ntemp?r?ri / .現(xiàn)代的obligation / ,?bliei?n / n. 義務(wù)insurance / in?u?r?ns / n. 保險welfare / welf? / n.福利senile / si:nail / dj. 衰老的grave /reiv / dj. 嚴(yán)肅的convalescent /,k?nv?les?nt/ dj.康復(fù)的sponsor / sp?ns?/ v. 發(fā)起，資助institution /,institju:?n / n. 機(jī)構(gòu)注釋:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延長人類生命的結(jié)果使得人口的數(shù)量有了增加。句中的 prolonging human life是動名詞短語。由動名詞短語作句子的主語時，句中動詞必須用單數(shù)形式。如 : Collecting stamps is his hobby.2. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago:如果今天活著的很多人生于一百年以前，他們會死于各種兒童疾病。3. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time:因為有更多的人壽命更長，所以在任何一個特定的時間里的人也就更多。4. the dependency load: 撫養(yǎng)人口數(shù)量。5. In times of famine: 在饑荒年代6. go on welfare : 靠福利救濟(jì)go on 有許多意思，其中的一個意思是"依靠過活"。例:Many people go on welfare when jobs become scarce.(工作難找時，許多人靠政府救濟(jì)金過日子。)7. grave problems: 嚴(yán)重的問題8. convalescent hospitals: 康復(fù)醫(yī)院;療養(yǎng)院9. profit-making organizations: 贏利機(jī)構(gòu)10. dumping grounds: 垃圾場練習(xí):1. The writer believes that the population explosion results fromA an increase in birthrates.B the industrial development.C a decrease in death rates.D cultural advances.2. It can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures A it was a moral responsibility to keep old-aged people alive.B infants could be left dead in times of starvation. C parents had to impart the cultural wisdom of the tribe to their children. D death was considered to be freedom from hardships.3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the United States is true?A Many of them have a very hard life.B They cannot live a decent life without enough bank savings.C They rely mainly on their children for financial support.D Most of them live with their children and therefore are well looked after.4. In Paragraph 3, the phrase "this need" refers toA the need to prolong the lives of old people.B the need to enrich the life of the retired people.C the need to build profit-making nursing homes.D the need to take care of a sick and weak person.5. Which of the following best describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals?A Sympathetic.B Unfriendly.C Optimistic.D Critical.答案與題解 :1. C 第一段最后一句說： In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. 事實上，是由于死亡率的下降，而不是出生率的上升，導(dǎo)數(shù)了人口爆炸。因此，選項 C是正確答案。2. B 第二段第四句說： In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. 在災(zāi)年，可能會容忍嬰兒死亡，因為，如果他們的父母餓死了，他們也無法生存，而如果父母生存下來可重新生兒育女。因此，選項 B是正確的答案。3. A 第二段倒數(shù)第二句是這么說的：In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. （在美國，許多退休人員依靠社會保障金生活，其數(shù)額之小差不多使人窮困潦倒。）可以看出，在美國許多退休人員的生活是很艱難的。這正是選項A表達(dá)的意思，因而選項A是正確的答案。4. D 第三段第三句：Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. （當(dāng)今，由于家庭中大多數(shù)人都出去工作或上學(xué)，家里常常沒有人來照顧有病或虛弱的人。）"this need" 出現(xiàn)在下面這個短語中："To meet this need"（為了滿足這種需要），它指句子前面的care for a sick or weak person。這正是選項D表達(dá)的意思。5. D文章昀后一句說 : most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.大多數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)只不過是傾倒垂死的人的"垃飯場"，所謂的"照顧"都是由收入低、超量工作、技術(shù)水平低下的人員提供的。作者如此措辭顯然是對大多數(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)烈批評。因此，選項 D是正確答案。