[英語學(xué)習(xí)]山東自考英語二課文翻譯

Unit 1 Text AHow Difficult Is English? 英語有多難Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教養(yǎng)，有讀寫能力） in Australia，就如澳大利亞在全國推行學(xué)亞洲語言一樣，there has been foreign languages fervorf?v? in China，中國也掀起一股外語熱，with English on top of the list. 在這股熱潮中，英語高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV不僅各級學(xué)校教英語，夜校、電臺、電視臺也都設(shè)有英語課程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母為學(xué)齡的孩子聘請英語家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英語學(xué)習(xí)者會犧牲周末休息日，到公園參加英語角，與志趣相投的英語學(xué)習(xí)者練習(xí)口語。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英語真的有這么難，需要人們投入大量的時(shí)間和精力才能掌握嗎? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes如果我被問及這個(gè)問題，那么毫無疑問，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 從我個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看， I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc英語學(xué)習(xí)不僅僅是學(xué)習(xí)英語發(fā)音、語法規(guī)則、詞匯等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it它包括學(xué)習(xí)與使用該語言的國家和民族有關(guān)的所有內(nèi)容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 對英語沒有這樣全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses即使發(fā)音、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、措辭毫無錯(cuò)誤，一個(gè)外國人所講的英語也難免聽起來稀奇古怪甚至難以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it講英語民族者的社會風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣增加了外國人學(xué)習(xí)英語的難度。Take the Chinese English learners for example以學(xué)英語的中國人為例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people"你好"和"早上好"是非常簡單的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when theyre addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese"你去哪兒?"是中國人常用的問候語，若英語母語者被問及"你去哪兒?"，他們會因此感到不悅，這一點(diǎn)讓中國的英語學(xué)習(xí)者大為不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 這個(gè)英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)不對嗎? Of course not當(dāng)然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 學(xué)英語的中國人得費(fèi)點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間才能理解這一問候語侵犯了西方人的隱私。By the same token，同樣，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英語母語者聽到"你吃了嗎?"(中國人常用的另外一個(gè)問候語)，會覺得中國人非常好客，會在事先毫無準(zhǔn)備的情況下請人吃飯。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，its very nice of youWhen?"， if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果聽話者此刻正希望品嘗一下中國美食，又碰巧沒有吃飯，他會回答"太好了，什么時(shí)候?"，中國人為此也會大吃一驚。"We can say we are going to have chicken for dinnerWhy cant we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions中國的英語學(xué)習(xí)者可能會這樣問："我們可以說吃雞，為什么不能說吃豬、吃牛、吃羊，而要說吃豬肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners對學(xué)習(xí)英語的中國人來說，為這些特殊的英語詞匯找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history問題在于如果不懂英國歷史，死記硬背英語單詞毫無效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken所以說，學(xué)英語(其他語言亦如此)還包括學(xué)習(xí)使用該語言國家的歷史知識。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history學(xué)習(xí)英語的中國人要做到這一點(diǎn)比其他非英語國家的西方人要困難得多，因?yàn)闈h字和英語這種拼音文字毫無共同之處，并且中國和西方世界在近代史上很少接觸。Consequently，所以，the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few在中國，英語背景知識既吸引了大量英語愛好者，也使許多人喪失信心。The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English英語學(xué)習(xí)中，東西方的價(jià)值觀念是相互沖突的。Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she"，for the two words sound the same，though，different in written forms in Chinese英語母語的人會混淆漢語中"他""她"的用法，因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)字盡管字形不同，讀音卻相同，他們因此常常抱怨。As a result，some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes結(jié)果有些英語母語的人得出結(jié)論，認(rèn)為中國人不區(qū)分兩種性別。But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins但是在涉及表親的時(shí)候，英語母語的人更是混淆性別。The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values，to a certain extent，東西方價(jià)值觀的沖突造成的語言上的混淆，affects the Chinese English learners comprehension of what heshe reads and hears在一定程度上影響學(xué)習(xí)英語的中國人對自己所讀或所聽到的內(nèi)容的理解。Only by developing an understanding and tolerance（忍受） of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers學(xué)習(xí)英語的中國人只有增加不同文化價(jià)值觀之間的理解和寬容，才能達(dá)到與英語母語者交流的目標(biāo)。A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all，of course!)in learning English學(xué)習(xí)英語的中國人，只有在學(xué)習(xí)英語的過程中克服文化障礙才能很好地掌握英語。(當(dāng)然不可能是克服全部文化障礙!)Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write很多中國人說話或?qū)懽鞯臅r(shí)候，將自己漢語思維的內(nèi)容翻譯成英語，This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech，the amount of information conveyed，and，above all，the quality of communication這勢必會影響英語表達(dá)的流暢、傳達(dá)的信息量，最重要的是，影響交流的質(zhì)量。The above is，not wholly，how difficult English is盡管不完全，以上就是學(xué)習(xí)英語的困難。Some native speakers might have said， "You foreigners dont use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying英語母語者被外國人誤解的時(shí)候可能會說："你們外國人不懂地道的英語!""Why should l?"1 would protest，我要反駁："我們?yōu)槭裁匆?"thoughStill，I have to keep asking myself：Is it possible for a foreigner to command English?我還要問：一個(gè)外國人可能精通英語嗎?IVAny living language is in a constant state of change任何 一種活生生的語言都是處于不停的變化之中的。That change is gradual（逐漸的） and continuous(連續(xù)的) 該變化是逐漸并且連續(xù)不斷的。At any particular moment，it is almost hard to notice like most of the changes that affect your own body就像影響你身體的大部分變化一樣，這種變化在某一特定時(shí)刻是很難察覺的。You dont notice them, 身體的這些變化不容易覺察，but youre lucky if it feels as good and serves you as well as ten years ago但是如果你的身體如十年前一樣好的話，你是非常幸運(yùn)的。In that period of time it has changed但是在這十年間，你的身體已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化。It is the same with Language .語言的變化也是這樣的。 The most common and the most noticeable可覺察的 kind of change is what happens to vocabulary語言的變化中，最常見、最容易察覺的是詞匯的變化。New words appear；old words take on new meanings . 新詞出現(xiàn)，老詞增加新義。Even the native speaker might feel surprised. 即使是母語者對這些變化也會感到吃驚的。Mouse began to mean a small，hand-held device which can be used to give instructions to a computer to which it is connected by a short cable(電纜)Mouse一詞開始表示一種小型的手動裝置，這種裝置通過一根短短的導(dǎo)線連到計(jì)算機(jī)上，可以向計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)指令。To describe a person as green is a way of saying that he is naive(缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)的) or inexperiencedGreen可以用來描述一個(gè)人缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Now the word indicates a whole philosophy of life or a political opinion，目前這個(gè)詞表示一整套生活哲學(xué)和政治觀點(diǎn)。and we have greenism (綠色主義)which is supported by greenists我們現(xiàn)在有綠色主義這種提法，綠色主義者支持這種提法。In their shopping they will look for products which carry greenlabeling(綠色標(biāo)志)which indicates that they have been made in a way which is not harmful to the environment . 購物時(shí)，他們尋找?guī)в芯G色標(biāo)志的產(chǎn)品。綠色標(biāo)志代表該產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程對環(huán)境是無害的。Such products are eco-friendly(有利于生態(tài)環(huán)境的)and they are preferred by those who are eco- conscious.這種商品是無害于生態(tài)環(huán)境的，有生態(tài)意識的人偏愛這種產(chǎn)品。Text BLearning a Language 學(xué) 語 言Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. 大部分學(xué)生都想知道如何能夠輕松地學(xué)好一門語言，Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this大部分語言學(xué)家和語言教師也想弄清楚這個(gè)問題。Linguists are working on this problem in two ways語言學(xué)家從兩個(gè)方面研究這個(gè)問題。First，they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. 一方面，他們致力于弄清楚兒童是如何學(xué)會母語、理解母語的。They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language另一方面致力于研究人是如何學(xué)習(xí)第二語言的。Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak語言學(xué)家并不確定兒童是如何學(xué)說話的。Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage一些語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為兒童生來就有學(xué)習(xí)和使用語言的能力。 This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. 這并不是指一個(gè)人的母語是與生俱來的；It means that，along with many other things，they are born with the ability to learn their native language.而是指一個(gè)人生來具有學(xué)習(xí)其母語的能力，這種能力與人在其他方面表現(xiàn)出來的能力是相同的。With just a little exposure to the language，孩子只要與要學(xué)習(xí)的語言有一定接觸，and a little help from their parents，they are able to learn to speak在父母的些許幫助下就能夠?qū)W會說話。Another group of linguists does not think this is correct另外一派語言學(xué)家則對此持有異議。This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents持反對意見的語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為兒童是跟著父母學(xué)會使用語言的。They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language他們認(rèn)為父母首先教孩子發(fā)聲、吐字。When children know some words，their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences當(dāng)孩子掌握一定詞匯以后，父母就開始教他們?nèi)绾谓M織句子。These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language但是他們認(rèn)為，父母教孩子的方式不同于教成年人學(xué)習(xí)第二語言的方法。Instead，相反，parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. 父母是通過與孩子交談并糾正他們的語言錯(cuò)誤來教孩子說話的。These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . 這一派語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為，兒童主要通過語言環(huán)境學(xué)會使用語言的。 In this case，這種情況下，the environment is their family and their home. 語言環(huán)境是家庭和生活環(huán)境。As you see，可以看出，the first group of linguists disagrees第一派語言學(xué)家對此并不贊同。There are some other theories about how children learn a language關(guān)于兒童如何學(xué)習(xí)語言還有一些其他理論。 Many people are studying the process of language learning by childrenThis work is being done in many countries許多國家中有很多人正著手研究兒童學(xué)習(xí)語言的過程。Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this processMany psychologists，doctors， and parents are also interestedPeople who teach foreign languages are interested, too不僅語言學(xué)家，許多心理學(xué)家、醫(yī)生和父母都對兒童的語言學(xué)習(xí)過程感興趣。外語教師也對這一過程很感興趣。Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason外語教師對兒童如何學(xué)說母語感興趣，有其很重要的原因。If they knew how children learn their native language，他們?nèi)绻纼和绾螌W(xué)習(xí)母語，perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults，as well as children, a second language就可能找到一種簡便的方法教兒童和成年人學(xué)習(xí)第二語言。This is a very interesting idea這是一種非常有意思的想法。Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . 有些外語教師認(rèn)為成年人學(xué)習(xí)第二語言的過程和兒童學(xué)習(xí)母語的過程是相同的。These teachers try to make their students learning similar to that of children這部分外語教師模仿兒童學(xué)習(xí)語言的過程組織教學(xué)：These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom課堂上只講外語，They will not talk to students in the native language不與學(xué)生講母語。They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possibleThey do not teach them any rules for using the language他們使學(xué)生盡可能多地接觸所學(xué)外語的口語形式，不教學(xué)生語言使用的規(guī)則。Most parents dont teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how to say something correctlyForeign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. 外語教師采用這種口語教法是因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)父母在教孩子說話的時(shí)候也不教孩子語言使用規(guī)則，而只是告訴孩子怎樣講話是正確的。For some students，對一些學(xué)生來說，this method is successful這種方法是成功的，They learn to speak quickly and easily他們能夠輕而易舉地、很快地學(xué)會所學(xué)的語言。They seem to enjoy using the language，他們似乎很喜歡去用所學(xué)的語言，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say并不很在意是否使用了正確的語言規(guī)則。Some students, however，cannot learn a language this wayLinguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language另外一些學(xué)生則不適合這種方法，語言學(xué)家著手尋找一種適合他們的教學(xué)方法。A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students另外一種方法-語言規(guī)則學(xué)習(xí)法-更適合這部分學(xué)生。Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak ones native language一些語言學(xué)家認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)外語不同于學(xué)習(xí)母語。They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly學(xué)生必須通過記憶來學(xué)習(xí)語言使用規(guī)則，必須練習(xí)使用這種語言，練習(xí)正確地使用這些規(guī)則。These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn語言教師首先教學(xué)生要學(xué)的語法規(guī)則，Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again再給學(xué)生一些例句讓他們反復(fù)練習(xí)，The students are encouraged to make up new sentences，using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know同時(shí)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生使用所學(xué)過的語法規(guī)則和他們所掌握的詞造句。Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method一些學(xué)生使用這種語法規(guī)則學(xué)習(xí)法效果非常好，They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well.他們學(xué)得很快，用得也好。They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too他們掌握了語言使用規(guī)則，能夠使用所學(xué)的語言，也能夠理解別人的話。For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language對一些學(xué)生來說，這是學(xué)外語最好的方法。For some students, both of these methods may work.對另外一些學(xué)生來說，兩種方法都行之有效。Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class，有時(shí)候，老師在課堂上將兩種方法結(jié)合起來用，hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other.目的是讓每個(gè)學(xué)生都能受益。Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it有些人能夠到國外通過傾聽，與人交流等手段自然而然的學(xué)會那個(gè)國家的語言。 These people are rare但這畢竟是少數(shù)人。Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way.大多數(shù)人還是通過課堂或者其他方式來學(xué)語言的。Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily大多數(shù)老師也通過不同的教法來幫助學(xué)生輕松快速的學(xué)會一門語言。Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language語言學(xué)家和心理學(xué)家正致力于弄清楚人是如何學(xué)會并使用語言的。Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language 也許在解決了這個(gè)問題之后，語言學(xué)習(xí)會變得容易一些。Unit 2Text ACaught Between Two Cultures夾在兩種文化之間I was born and raised in Hong Kong. 我是土生土長的香港人。 For the past six years Ive been living in the United States六年來一直生活在美國，I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. 是一家大百貨商店的女售貨員。Right now Im going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about目前我正經(jīng)歷人生中一段痛苦，自己也很難講述。A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit幾個(gè)月前，我回香港探親，It was the first time Id gone back there since coming to the United States這也是我到美國后第一次回家探親。I was eager to see my parents，my brothers and sisters，and my friends我期待著見到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。I really got a shock when I arrived到達(dá)時(shí)，我確實(shí)大吃一驚。Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago香港已經(jīng)不是六年前我離開時(shí)的那座城市了。Things had changed so much that I didnt recognize parts of it這兒發(fā)生了巨大的變化，一些地方都認(rèn)不出來了。My elementary school was gone我讀書的那所小學(xué)已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在。The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings曾經(jīng)住過的那條街上的房子已被拆掉，代之而起的是辦公大樓。The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents home但是，我到了父母親家里不久，就發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些令我想不通的問題，情感上也受到了挫傷。與之相比，香港外觀上的變化給我的震驚算不得什么。My family greeted me warmly when I arrived我的家人熱情地迎接我回家。While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，我母親忙著備飯為我接風(fēng)，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States家里其余的人迫不及待地問我在美國的生活。I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，那天和之后的幾天我都非常高興。but then I began to feel that something was wrong但是不久我就開始感覺到事情有些不對勁兒。I noticed that my family，especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking我注意到，在我講話的時(shí)候，我的家人，尤其是我母親，會以一種奇怪的目光看我。They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，漸漸地，大家對我疏遠(yuǎn)起來，不像開始時(shí)那么熱情、友好了。and I became uncomfortable and confused as to（至于） why they were behaving that way.我感到不舒服，弄不明白他們?yōu)槭裁催@樣對待我。I decided to talk to my mother我決定和母親談一談。She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?” 她問我：“你忘了中國的規(guī)矩了嗎?”I asked her what she meant我問她指的是什么。She said“Youve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home她回答說：“你忘了中國家庭里女人的地位了。You talk when you should remain silent應(yīng)該保持沉默的時(shí)候，你卻在講話。You speak on matters that are of concern only to men你就那些只與男人有關(guān)的事情發(fā)表見解。You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires你直言不諱你的內(nèi)心感受和愿望，Thats not the way of a Chinese woman這不是中國女人的做法。We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves”我們的想法和感情都不說出來。”As my mother spoke，聽著母親這樣講，I realized what had happened to me我意識到了是怎么回事。American including American women，美國人，包括美國女性，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings都非常自由地表達(dá)自己的思想和感情。Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject美國男女一樣，對任何問題都自由地發(fā)表見解。They dont take a silent back seat during a discussion在討論中，她們不會做一個(gè)沉默的旁觀者。I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，我想，過去六年和美國人的交往中，I had gradually adopted some of their ways我漸漸學(xué)了他們的一些做法。During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman接下來的幾天，我盡力作一名中國女性，But it didnt work可是沒用。My family remained distant from me家人和我疏遠(yuǎn)。They could no longer accept me fully as on e of them他們無法完全把我當(dāng)作自己人。I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country身在家鄉(xiāng)卻被視為外人，這使我更加不自在，感覺受到了深深的傷害。I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States我提前三周結(jié)束了這次探親，回到美國。But coming back here didnt lessen the confusion and pain但是回來之后并沒有減輕我的困惑和苦惱。In fact，事實(shí)上，I feel more confused than before我比以前更加困惑，I now feel homeless感到無家可歸。I dont feel like an American我感覺自己不是美國人，Americans havent accepted me美國人也不接受我。The women I work with at the store are polite enough，商店里一起工作的女同事們都對我非常禮貌，but they dont try to get close to me or let me get close to them但是她們不接近我，我也無法接近她們。During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping上午工作休息喝咖啡時(shí)她們計(jì)劃一起吃午飯，一起購物；On Fridays they talk about the disco place theyre going to that night星期五她們談?wù)撏砩弦ツ募业蠌d，They never include me in their plans 。但是從未將我列入她們的計(jì)劃。My accent，我的口音、my name，and my oriental features mark me as a foreigner名字和東方人的長相顯示我是個(gè)外國人。Ive felt for a long time that I wasnt being accepted by Americans，but Id felt that I was Chinese and that my home was Hong Kong長期以來，我感到自己是中國人，我的故鄉(xiāng)是香港，自己不被美國人接受。Now I no longer consider Hong Kong my home現(xiàn)在我不再將香港視為我的故鄉(xiāng)，And so I feel homeless因此感到無家可歸。Im caught between the old world where I no 1onger belong and the new world which has not yet accepted me我被夾在兩個(gè)世界當(dāng)中不再屬于原來的世界，還未被新世界接納。 “Culture shock”occurs as a result of total immersion in a new culture“文化沖擊”是完全浸人一種新文化所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。It happens to “people who have been suddenly moved abroad” 這一現(xiàn)象經(jīng)常發(fā)生在“突然移居國外的人”身上。Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language，know the customs，or understand peoples behavior in daily deili ad. 每日地，日常地a. 每日的，日常的life初來乍到者與當(dāng)?shù)厝酥v不同的語言，不了解當(dāng)?shù)氐牧?xí)俗，也無法理解人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械男袨椤Ｋ麄儠虼硕械浇箲]不安。The visitor finds that “yes”may not always mean“yes",旅游者發(fā)現(xiàn)“是”并非總代表“贊同”，that friendliness does not necessarily mean friendship，友好不一定代表友誼，or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes聽起來嚴(yán)肅的話語也許只是玩笑。The foreigner may be unsure as to （至于）when to shake hands or hug，外國人無法確定什么情況下該握手，什么情況下該擁抱，when to start conversations，什么時(shí)候開始說話，or how to approach a stranger如何結(jié)識陌生人。The notion(概念) of “culture shock” helps explain feelings of bewilderment （n.困惑 ）“文化沖擊”可以幫助我們解釋這種困惑感。Language problems do not account for all the frustrations （n.挫折）that people feel語言并非造成人們這種挫折感的全部原因。When one is deprived （ vt.奪去）of everything that was once(adv.一次) familiar ? a.熟悉的；冒昧的 ，such as understanding a transportation system，knowing how to register for university classes，or knowing how to make friends.difficulties in dealing with the new society may arise .像交通系統(tǒng)，注冊大學(xué)課程，交友等這些一個(gè)人曾經(jīng)熟悉的一切全部消失，他在新社會中肯定會碰到一些困難。Text BCulture Shock The Initial Stresses文化沖擊最初的壓力My friend DrDong had a wonderful chance to go to Seattle to present a paper at a professional meeting我的朋友董醫(yī)生有幸獲得了一次去西雅圖在一個(gè)專業(yè)會議上做學(xué)